"ciorać" meaning in Polish

See ciorać in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Verb

IPA: /ˈt͡ɕɔ.rat͡ɕ/, [ˈt͡ɕɔ.rat͡ɕ] (note: Kielce)
Rhymes: -ɔrat͡ɕ Etymology: Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *terh₁- Proto-Balto-Slavic *térˀtei Proto-Slavic *tèrti Old Polish trzeć Polish trzeć Proto-Indo-European *-h₂ Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂ Proto-Indo-European *-yéti Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂yéti Proto-Balto-Slavic *-ā́ˀtei Proto-Slavic *-ati Old Polish -ać Polish -ać Polish ciorać From trzeć + -ać. Etymology templates: {{ety|pl|:af<ref:<span class="cited-source">Brückner, Aleksander (<span class="None" lang="und">1927), “ciarać”, in <cite>Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego</cite> [<cite>Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language</cite>] (in Polish), Warsaw: Wiedza Powszechna</span></span>>|trzeć|-ać|text=+|tree=1}} Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *terh₁- Proto-Balto-Slavic *térˀtei Proto-Slavic *tèrti Old Polish trzeć Polish trzeć Proto-Indo-European *-h₂ Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂ Proto-Indo-European *-yéti Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂yéti Proto-Balto-Slavic *-ā́ˀtei Proto-Slavic *-ati Old Polish -ać Polish -ać Polish ciorać [Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "lang_name" : "Proto-Balto-Slavic", "term" : "*térˀtei", "status" : "inline", "lang" : "ine-bsl-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "Inherited from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "lang_name" : "Proto-Slavic", "term" : "*tèrti", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "sla-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "Inherited from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "lang_name" : "Old Polish", "term" : "trzeć", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "zlw-opl" } ], "keyword_label" : "Inherited from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "lang_name" : "Polish", "term" : "trzeć", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "pl" }, { "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "id" : "imperfective", "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "id" : "verbal suffix", "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "id" : "collective nouns", "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "id" : "collective nouns", "children" : [ ], "status" : "ok", "lang_name" : "Proto-Indo-European", "term" : "*-h₂", "lang" : "ine-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "From", "keyword" : "from" } ], "status" : "ok", "lang_name" : "Proto-Indo-European", "term" : "*-éh₂", "lang" : "ine-pro" }, { "id" : "intransitive verbs", "children" : [ ], "status" : "ok", "lang_name" : "Proto-Indo-European", "term" : "*-yéti", "lang" : "ine-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "From", "is_group" : true, "keyword" : "affix" } ], "lang_name" : "Proto-Indo-European", "term" : "*-eh₂yéti", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "ine-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "Inherited from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "lang_name" : "Proto-Balto-Slavic", "term" : "*-ā́ˀtei", "status" : "inline", "lang" : "ine-bsl-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "Inherited from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "status" : "ok", "lang_name" : "Proto-Slavic", "term" : "*-ati", "lang" : "sla-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "Inherited from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "status" : "ok", "lang_name" : "Old Polish", "term" : "-ać", "lang" : "zlw-opl" } ], "keyword_label" : "Inherited from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "lang_name" : "Polish", "term" : "-ać", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "pl" } ], "keyword_label" : "From", "is_group" : true, "keyword" : "affix" } ], "lang_name" : "Polish", "term" : "ciorać", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "pl" }" data-lang="pl" data-title="ciorać"> From trzeć + -ać. Head templates: {{pl-verb|impf}} ciorać impf Forms: imperfective [table-tags], ciorać [infinitive], cioram [present, singular], cioramy [plural, present], ciorasz [present, singular], cioracie [plural, present], ciora [present, singular, third-person], ciorają [plural, present, third-person], ciora się [impersonal, present], ciorałem [masculine, past, singular], -(e)m ciorał [masculine, past, singular], ciorałam [feminine, past, singular], -(e)m ciorała [feminine, past, singular], ciorałom [neuter, past, singular], -(e)m ciorało [neuter, past, singular], cioraliśmy [past, plural, virile], -(e)śmy ciorali [past, plural, virile], ciorałyśmy [nonvirile, past, plural], -(e)śmy ciorały [nonvirile, past, plural], ciorałeś [masculine, past, singular], -(e)ś ciorał [masculine, past, singular], ciorałaś [feminine, past, singular], -(e)ś ciorała [feminine, past, singular], ciorałoś [neuter, past, singular], -(e)ś ciorało [neuter, past, singular], cioraliście [past, plural, virile], -(e)ście ciorali [past, plural, virile], ciorałyście [nonvirile, past, plural], -(e)ście ciorały [nonvirile, past, plural], ciorał [masculine, past, singular, third-person], ciorała [feminine, past, singular, third-person], ciorało [neuter, past, singular, third-person], ciorali [past, plural, third-person, virile], ciorały [nonvirile, past, plural, third-person], ciorano [impersonal, past], będę ciorał [future, masculine, singular], będę ciorać [future, masculine, singular], będę ciorała [feminine, future, singular], będę ciorać [feminine, future, singular], będę ciorało [future, neuter, singular], będę ciorać [future, neuter, singular], będziemy ciorali [future, plural, virile], będziemy ciorać [future, plural, virile], będziemy ciorały [future, nonvirile, plural], będziemy ciorać [future, nonvirile, plural], będziesz ciorał [future, masculine, singular], będziesz ciorać [future, masculine, singular], będziesz ciorała [feminine, future, singular], będziesz ciorać [feminine, future, singular], będziesz ciorało [future, neuter, singular], będziesz ciorać [future, neuter, singular], będziecie ciorali [future, plural, virile], będziecie ciorać [future, plural, virile], będziecie ciorały [future, nonvirile, plural], będziecie ciorać [future, nonvirile, plural], będzie ciorał [future, masculine, singular, third-person], będzie ciorać [future, masculine, singular, third-person], będzie ciorała [feminine, future, singular, third-person], będzie ciorać [feminine, future, singular, third-person], będzie ciorało [future, neuter, singular, third-person], będzie ciorać [future, neuter, singular, third-person], będą ciorali [future, plural, third-person, virile], będą ciorać [future, plural, third-person, virile], będą ciorały [future, nonvirile, plural, third-person], będą ciorać [future, nonvirile, plural, third-person], będzie ciorać się [future, impersonal], ciorałbym [conditional, masculine, singular], bym ciorał [conditional, masculine, singular], ciorałabym [conditional, feminine, singular], bym ciorała [conditional, feminine, singular], ciorałobym [conditional, neuter, singular], bym ciorało [conditional, neuter, singular], cioralibyśmy [conditional, plural, virile], byśmy ciorali [conditional, plural, virile], ciorałybyśmy [conditional, nonvirile, plural], byśmy ciorały [conditional, nonvirile, plural], ciorałbyś [conditional, masculine, singular], byś ciorał [conditional, masculine, singular], ciorałabyś [conditional, feminine, singular], byś ciorała [conditional, feminine, singular], ciorałobyś [conditional, neuter, singular], byś ciorało [conditional, neuter, singular], cioralibyście [conditional, plural, virile], byście ciorali [conditional, plural, virile], ciorałybyście [conditional, nonvirile, plural], byście ciorały [conditional, nonvirile, plural], ciorałby [conditional, masculine, singular, third-person], by ciorał [conditional, masculine, singular, third-person], ciorałaby [conditional, feminine, singular, third-person], by ciorała [conditional, feminine, singular, third-person], ciorałoby [conditional, neuter, singular, third-person], by ciorało [conditional, neuter, singular, third-person], cioraliby [conditional, plural, third-person, virile], by ciorali [conditional, plural, third-person, virile], ciorałyby [conditional, nonvirile, plural, third-person], by ciorały [conditional, nonvirile, plural, third-person], ciorano by [conditional, impersonal], niech cioram [imperative, singular], ciorajmy [imperative, plural], cioraj [imperative, singular], ciorajcie [imperative, plural], niech ciora [imperative, singular, third-person], niech ciorają [imperative, plural, third-person], ciorający [active, adjectival, masculine, participle, singular], ciorająca [active, adjectival, feminine, participle, singular], ciorające [active, adjectival, neuter, participle, singular], ciorający [active, adjectival, participle, plural, virile], ciorające [active, adjectival, nonvirile, participle, plural], ciorany [adjectival, masculine, participle, passive, singular], ciorana [adjectival, feminine, participle, passive, singular], ciorane [adjectival, neuter, participle, passive, singular], ciorani [adjectival, participle, passive, plural, virile], ciorane [adjectival, nonvirile, participle, passive, plural], ciorając [adjectival, contemporary, participle], cioranie [noun-from-verb], ciarać [alternative]
  1. (transitive) to dirty, to soil, to sully Tags: imperfective, transitive Synonyms: brukać, walać
    Sense id: en-ciorać-pl-verb-HvpjFJRI Categories (other): Pages using etymon with no ID, Pages with 2 entries Disambiguation of Pages using etymon with no ID: 12 33 28 27 Disambiguation of Pages with 2 entries: 10 36 24 30
  2. (intransitive, slang, video games) to game (to play video games) [with w (+ accusative) ‘what game’] Tags: imperfective, intransitive, slang Synonyms: gierczyć
    Sense id: en-ciorać-pl-verb-9QfwPQmr Categories (other): Video games, Pages using etymon with no ID, Pages with 2 entries, Pages with entries, Pages with etymology trees, Polish entries with etymology texts, Polish entries with etymology trees, Polish entries with incorrect language header Disambiguation of Pages using etymon with no ID: 12 33 28 27 Disambiguation of Pages with 2 entries: 10 36 24 30 Disambiguation of Pages with entries: 7 38 15 40 Disambiguation of Pages with etymology trees: 9 31 31 28 Disambiguation of Polish entries with etymology texts: 9 32 32 28 Disambiguation of Polish entries with etymology trees: 9 32 32 28 Disambiguation of Polish entries with incorrect language header: 6 33 22 38 Topics: video-games
  3. (reflexive with się) to roll around, to wallow, to welter Tags: imperfective, reflexive Synonyms: tarzać się, walać się
    Sense id: en-ciorać-pl-verb-VCZKq62j Categories (other): Kielce Polish, Pages using etymon with no ID, Pages with 2 entries, Pages with entries, Pages with etymology trees, Polish entries with etymology texts, Polish entries with etymology trees, Polish entries with incorrect language header, Polish terms suffixed with -ać Disambiguation of Kielce Polish: 17 24 39 20 Disambiguation of Pages using etymon with no ID: 12 33 28 27 Disambiguation of Pages with 2 entries: 10 36 24 30 Disambiguation of Pages with entries: 7 38 15 40 Disambiguation of Pages with etymology trees: 9 31 31 28 Disambiguation of Polish entries with etymology texts: 9 32 32 28 Disambiguation of Polish entries with etymology trees: 9 32 32 28 Disambiguation of Polish entries with incorrect language header: 6 33 22 38 Disambiguation of Polish terms suffixed with -ać: 16 23 37 24
  4. (reflexive with się) to gad about, to traipse Tags: imperfective, reflexive Synonyms: włóczyć się
    Sense id: en-ciorać-pl-verb-t7SNR4Bc Categories (other): Pages using etymon with no ID, Pages with 2 entries, Pages with entries, Pages with etymology trees, Polish entries with etymology texts, Polish entries with etymology trees, Polish entries with incorrect language header Disambiguation of Pages using etymon with no ID: 12 33 28 27 Disambiguation of Pages with 2 entries: 10 36 24 30 Disambiguation of Pages with entries: 7 38 15 40 Disambiguation of Pages with etymology trees: 9 31 31 28 Disambiguation of Polish entries with etymology texts: 9 32 32 28 Disambiguation of Polish entries with etymology trees: 9 32 32 28 Disambiguation of Polish entries with incorrect language header: 6 33 22 38
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Derived forms: zaciorać [perfective, verb]

Alternative forms

{
  "derived": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "tags": [
        "perfective",
        "verb"
      ],
      "word": "zaciorać"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pl",
        "2": ":af<ref:<span class=\"cited-source\">Brückner, Aleksander (<span class=\"None\" lang=\"und\">1927), “ciarać”, in <cite>Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego</cite> [<cite>Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language</cite>] (in Polish), Warsaw: Wiedza Powszechna</span></span>>",
        "3": "trzeć",
        "4": "-ać",
        "text": "+",
        "tree": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *terh₁-\nProto-Balto-Slavic *térˀtei\nProto-Slavic *tèrti\nOld Polish trzeć\nPolish trzeć\nProto-Indo-European *-h₂\nProto-Indo-European *-éh₂\nProto-Indo-European *-yéti\nProto-Indo-European *-eh₂yéti\nProto-Balto-Slavic *-ā́ˀtei\nProto-Slavic *-ati\nOld Polish -ać\nPolish -ać\nPolish ciorać\n[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Balto-Slavic\", \"term\" : \"*térˀtei\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"ine-bsl-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Slavic\", \"term\" : \"*tèrti\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"sla-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old Polish\", \"term\" : \"trzeć\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"zlw-opl\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Polish\", \"term\" : \"trzeć\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"pl\" }, { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"imperfective\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"verbal suffix\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"collective nouns\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"collective nouns\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-h₂\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-éh₂\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"id\" : \"intransitive verbs\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-yéti\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-eh₂yéti\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Balto-Slavic\", \"term\" : \"*-ā́ˀtei\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"ine-bsl-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Slavic\", \"term\" : \"*-ati\", \"lang\" : \"sla-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Old Polish\", \"term\" : \"-ać\", \"lang\" : \"zlw-opl\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Polish\", \"term\" : \"-ać\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"pl\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Polish\", \"term\" : \"ciorać\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"pl\" }\" data-lang=\"pl\" data-title=\"ciorać\">\nFrom trzeć + -ać.",
      "name": "ety"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *terh₁-\nProto-Balto-Slavic *térˀtei\nProto-Slavic *tèrti\nOld Polish trzeć\nPolish trzeć\nProto-Indo-European *-h₂\nProto-Indo-European *-éh₂\nProto-Indo-European *-yéti\nProto-Indo-European *-eh₂yéti\nProto-Balto-Slavic *-ā́ˀtei\nProto-Slavic *-ati\nOld Polish -ać\nPolish -ać\nPolish ciorać\nFrom trzeć + -ać.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "imperfective",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "l",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ciorać",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "cioram",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "cioramy",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ciorasz",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "cioracie",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ciora",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ciorają",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ciora się",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "impersonal",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ciorałem",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-(e)m ciorał",
      "links": [
        [
          "-(e)m",
          "-m#Polish"
        ],
        [
          "ciorał",
          "ciorał#Polish"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ciorałam",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-(e)m ciorała",
      "links": [
        [
          "-(e)m",
          "-m#Polish"
        ],
        [
          "ciorała",
          "ciorała#Polish"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ciorałom",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-(e)m ciorało",
      "links": [
        [
          "-(e)m",
          "-m#Polish"
        ],
        [
          "ciorało",
          "ciorało#Polish"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "cioraliśmy",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "plural",
        "virile"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-(e)śmy ciorali",
      "links": [
        [
          "-(e)śmy",
          "-śmy#Polish"
        ],
        [
          "ciorali",
          "ciorali#Polish"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "plural",
        "virile"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ciorałyśmy",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "nonvirile",
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-(e)śmy ciorały",
      "links": [
        [
          "-(e)śmy",
          "-śmy#Polish"
        ],
        [
          "ciorały",
          "ciorały#Polish"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "nonvirile",
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ciorałeś",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-(e)ś ciorał",
      "links": [
        [
          "-(e)ś",
          "-ś#Polish"
        ],
        [
          "ciorał",
          "ciorał#Polish"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ciorałaś",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-(e)ś ciorała",
      "links": [
        [
          "-(e)ś",
          "-ś#Polish"
        ],
        [
          "ciorała",
          "ciorała#Polish"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ciorałoś",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-(e)ś ciorało",
      "links": [
        [
          "-(e)ś",
          "-ś#Polish"
        ],
        [
          "ciorało",
          "ciorało#Polish"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "cioraliście",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "plural",
        "virile"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-(e)ście ciorali",
      "links": [
        [
          "-(e)ście",
          "-ście#Polish"
        ],
        [
          "ciorali",
          "ciorali#Polish"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "plural",
        "virile"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ciorałyście",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "nonvirile",
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-(e)ście ciorały",
      "links": [
        [
          "-(e)ście",
          "-ście#Polish"
        ],
        [
          "ciorały",
          "ciorały#Polish"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "nonvirile",
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ciorał",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "past",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ciorała",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "past",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ciorało",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "past",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ciorali",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "plural",
        "third-person",
        "virile"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ciorały",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "nonvirile",
        "past",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ciorano",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "impersonal",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będę ciorał",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "masculine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będę ciorać",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "masculine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będę ciorała",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "future",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będę ciorać",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "future",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będę ciorało",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "neuter",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będę ciorać",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "neuter",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będziemy ciorali",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "plural",
        "virile"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będziemy ciorać",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "plural",
        "virile"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będziemy ciorały",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "nonvirile",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będziemy ciorać",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "nonvirile",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będziesz ciorał",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "masculine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będziesz ciorać",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "masculine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będziesz ciorała",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "future",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będziesz ciorać",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "future",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będziesz ciorało",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "neuter",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będziesz ciorać",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "neuter",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będziecie ciorali",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "plural",
        "virile"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będziecie ciorać",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "plural",
        "virile"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będziecie ciorały",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "nonvirile",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będziecie ciorać",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "nonvirile",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będzie ciorał",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "masculine",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będzie ciorać",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "masculine",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będzie ciorała",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "future",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będzie ciorać",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "future",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będzie ciorało",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "neuter",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będzie ciorać",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "neuter",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będą ciorali",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "plural",
        "third-person",
        "virile"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będą ciorać",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "plural",
        "third-person",
        "virile"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będą ciorały",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "nonvirile",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będą ciorać",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "nonvirile",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będzie ciorać się",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "impersonal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ciorałbym",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "masculine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bym ciorał",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "masculine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ciorałabym",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "feminine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bym ciorała",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "feminine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ciorałobym",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "neuter",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bym ciorało",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "neuter",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "cioralibyśmy",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "plural",
        "virile"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byśmy ciorali",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "plural",
        "virile"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ciorałybyśmy",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "nonvirile",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byśmy ciorały",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "nonvirile",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ciorałbyś",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "masculine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byś ciorał",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "masculine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ciorałabyś",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "feminine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byś ciorała",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "feminine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ciorałobyś",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "neuter",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byś ciorało",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "neuter",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "cioralibyście",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "plural",
        "virile"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byście ciorali",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "plural",
        "virile"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ciorałybyście",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "nonvirile",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byście ciorały",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "nonvirile",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ciorałby",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "masculine",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "by ciorał",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "masculine",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ciorałaby",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "feminine",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "by ciorała",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "feminine",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ciorałoby",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "neuter",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "by ciorało",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "neuter",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "cioraliby",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "plural",
        "third-person",
        "virile"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "by ciorali",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "plural",
        "third-person",
        "virile"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ciorałyby",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "nonvirile",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "by ciorały",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "nonvirile",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ciorano by",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "impersonal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "niech cioram",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ciorajmy",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "cioraj",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ciorajcie",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "niech ciora",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "niech ciorają",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ciorający",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "adjectival",
        "masculine",
        "participle",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ciorająca",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "adjectival",
        "feminine",
        "participle",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ciorające",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "adjectival",
        "neuter",
        "participle",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ciorający",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "adjectival",
        "participle",
        "plural",
        "virile"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ciorające",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "adjectival",
        "nonvirile",
        "participle",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ciorany",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "adjectival",
        "masculine",
        "participle",
        "passive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ciorana",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "adjectival",
        "feminine",
        "participle",
        "passive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ciorane",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "adjectival",
        "neuter",
        "participle",
        "passive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ciorani",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "adjectival",
        "participle",
        "passive",
        "plural",
        "virile"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ciorane",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "adjectival",
        "nonvirile",
        "participle",
        "passive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ciorając",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "adjectival",
        "contemporary",
        "participle"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "cioranie",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "noun-from-verb"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ciarać",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "impf"
      },
      "expansion": "ciorać impf",
      "name": "pl-verb"
    }
  ],
  "hyphenation": [
    "cio‧rać"
  ],
  "hyphenations": [
    {
      "parts": [
        "cio‧rać"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Polish",
  "lang_code": "pl",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "12 33 28 27",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages using etymon with no ID",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "10 36 24 30",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 2 entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to dirty, to soil, to sully"
      ],
      "id": "en-ciorać-pl-verb-HvpjFJRI",
      "links": [
        [
          "dirty",
          "dirty"
        ],
        [
          "soil",
          "soil"
        ],
        [
          "sully",
          "sully"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(transitive) to dirty, to soil, to sully"
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "brukać"
        },
        {
          "word": "walać"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "imperfective",
        "transitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "langcode": "pl",
          "name": "Video games",
          "orig": "pl:Video games",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "12 33 28 27",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages using etymon with no ID",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "10 36 24 30",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 2 entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "7 38 15 40",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "9 31 31 28",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with etymology trees",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "9 32 32 28",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Polish entries with etymology texts",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "9 32 32 28",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Polish entries with etymology trees",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "6 33 22 38",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Polish entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to game (to play video games)"
      ],
      "id": "en-ciorać-pl-verb-9QfwPQmr",
      "info_templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "pl",
            "2": ":w(acc)<what game>"
          },
          "expansion": "[with w (+ accusative) ‘what game’]",
          "extra_data": {
            "words": [
              "w",
              "(+",
              "accusative)",
              "‘what",
              "game’"
            ]
          },
          "name": "+obj"
        }
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "video game",
          "video game"
        ],
        [
          "game",
          "game"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(intransitive, slang, video games) to game (to play video games) [with w (+ accusative) ‘what game’]"
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "gierczyć"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "imperfective",
        "intransitive",
        "slang"
      ],
      "topics": [
        "video-games"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "17 24 39 20",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Kielce Polish",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "12 33 28 27",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages using etymon with no ID",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "10 36 24 30",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 2 entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "7 38 15 40",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "9 31 31 28",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with etymology trees",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "9 32 32 28",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Polish entries with etymology texts",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "9 32 32 28",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Polish entries with etymology trees",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "6 33 22 38",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Polish entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "16 23 37 24",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Polish terms suffixed with -ać",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to roll around, to wallow, to welter"
      ],
      "id": "en-ciorać-pl-verb-VCZKq62j",
      "links": [
        [
          "się",
          "się#Polish"
        ],
        [
          "roll around",
          "roll around"
        ],
        [
          "wallow",
          "wallow"
        ],
        [
          "welter",
          "welter"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(reflexive with się) to roll around, to wallow, to welter"
      ],
      "raw_tags": [
        "with się"
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "tarzać się"
        },
        {
          "word": "walać się"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "imperfective",
        "reflexive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "12 33 28 27",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages using etymon with no ID",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "10 36 24 30",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 2 entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "7 38 15 40",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "9 31 31 28",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with etymology trees",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "9 32 32 28",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Polish entries with etymology texts",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "9 32 32 28",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Polish entries with etymology trees",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "6 33 22 38",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Polish entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to gad about, to traipse"
      ],
      "id": "en-ciorać-pl-verb-t7SNR4Bc",
      "links": [
        [
          "się",
          "się#Polish"
        ],
        [
          "gad",
          "gad"
        ],
        [
          "traipse",
          "traipse"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(reflexive with się) to gad about, to traipse"
      ],
      "raw_tags": [
        "with się"
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "włóczyć się"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "imperfective",
        "reflexive"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈt͡ɕɔ.rat͡ɕ/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[ˈt͡ɕɔ.rat͡ɕ]",
      "note": "Kielce"
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-ɔrat͡ɕ"
    }
  ],
  "word": "ciorać"
}
{
  "categories": [
    "Kielce Polish",
    "Pages using etymon with no ID",
    "Pages with 2 entries",
    "Pages with entries",
    "Pages with etymology trees",
    "Polish 2-syllable words",
    "Polish entries with etymology texts",
    "Polish entries with etymology trees",
    "Polish entries with incorrect language header",
    "Polish imperfective verbs",
    "Polish lemmas",
    "Polish terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *terh₁-",
    "Polish terms suffixed with -ać",
    "Polish terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Polish verbs",
    "Rhymes:Polish/ɔrat͡ɕ",
    "Rhymes:Polish/ɔrat͡ɕ/2 syllables"
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "tags": [
        "perfective",
        "verb"
      ],
      "word": "zaciorać"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pl",
        "2": ":af<ref:<span class=\"cited-source\">Brückner, Aleksander (<span class=\"None\" lang=\"und\">1927), “ciarać”, in <cite>Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego</cite> [<cite>Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language</cite>] (in Polish), Warsaw: Wiedza Powszechna</span></span>>",
        "3": "trzeć",
        "4": "-ać",
        "text": "+",
        "tree": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *terh₁-\nProto-Balto-Slavic *térˀtei\nProto-Slavic *tèrti\nOld Polish trzeć\nPolish trzeć\nProto-Indo-European *-h₂\nProto-Indo-European *-éh₂\nProto-Indo-European *-yéti\nProto-Indo-European *-eh₂yéti\nProto-Balto-Slavic *-ā́ˀtei\nProto-Slavic *-ati\nOld Polish -ać\nPolish -ać\nPolish ciorać\n[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Balto-Slavic\", \"term\" : \"*térˀtei\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"ine-bsl-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Slavic\", \"term\" : \"*tèrti\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"sla-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old Polish\", \"term\" : \"trzeć\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"zlw-opl\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Polish\", \"term\" : \"trzeć\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"pl\" }, { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"imperfective\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"verbal suffix\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"collective nouns\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"collective nouns\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-h₂\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-éh₂\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"id\" : \"intransitive verbs\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-yéti\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-eh₂yéti\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Balto-Slavic\", \"term\" : \"*-ā́ˀtei\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"ine-bsl-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Slavic\", \"term\" : \"*-ati\", \"lang\" : \"sla-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Old Polish\", \"term\" : \"-ać\", \"lang\" : \"zlw-opl\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Polish\", \"term\" : \"-ać\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"pl\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Polish\", \"term\" : \"ciorać\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"pl\" }\" data-lang=\"pl\" data-title=\"ciorać\">\nFrom trzeć + -ać.",
      "name": "ety"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *terh₁-\nProto-Balto-Slavic *térˀtei\nProto-Slavic *tèrti\nOld Polish trzeć\nPolish trzeć\nProto-Indo-European *-h₂\nProto-Indo-European *-éh₂\nProto-Indo-European *-yéti\nProto-Indo-European *-eh₂yéti\nProto-Balto-Slavic *-ā́ˀtei\nProto-Slavic *-ati\nOld Polish -ać\nPolish -ać\nPolish ciorać\nFrom trzeć + -ać.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "imperfective",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "l",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ciorać",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "cioram",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "cioramy",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ciorasz",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "cioracie",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ciora",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ciorają",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ciora się",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "impersonal",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ciorałem",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-(e)m ciorał",
      "links": [
        [
          "-(e)m",
          "-m#Polish"
        ],
        [
          "ciorał",
          "ciorał#Polish"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ciorałam",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-(e)m ciorała",
      "links": [
        [
          "-(e)m",
          "-m#Polish"
        ],
        [
          "ciorała",
          "ciorała#Polish"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ciorałom",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-(e)m ciorało",
      "links": [
        [
          "-(e)m",
          "-m#Polish"
        ],
        [
          "ciorało",
          "ciorało#Polish"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "cioraliśmy",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "plural",
        "virile"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-(e)śmy ciorali",
      "links": [
        [
          "-(e)śmy",
          "-śmy#Polish"
        ],
        [
          "ciorali",
          "ciorali#Polish"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "plural",
        "virile"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ciorałyśmy",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "nonvirile",
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-(e)śmy ciorały",
      "links": [
        [
          "-(e)śmy",
          "-śmy#Polish"
        ],
        [
          "ciorały",
          "ciorały#Polish"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "nonvirile",
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ciorałeś",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-(e)ś ciorał",
      "links": [
        [
          "-(e)ś",
          "-ś#Polish"
        ],
        [
          "ciorał",
          "ciorał#Polish"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ciorałaś",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-(e)ś ciorała",
      "links": [
        [
          "-(e)ś",
          "-ś#Polish"
        ],
        [
          "ciorała",
          "ciorała#Polish"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ciorałoś",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-(e)ś ciorało",
      "links": [
        [
          "-(e)ś",
          "-ś#Polish"
        ],
        [
          "ciorało",
          "ciorało#Polish"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "cioraliście",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "plural",
        "virile"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-(e)ście ciorali",
      "links": [
        [
          "-(e)ście",
          "-ście#Polish"
        ],
        [
          "ciorali",
          "ciorali#Polish"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "plural",
        "virile"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ciorałyście",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "nonvirile",
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-(e)ście ciorały",
      "links": [
        [
          "-(e)ście",
          "-ście#Polish"
        ],
        [
          "ciorały",
          "ciorały#Polish"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "nonvirile",
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ciorał",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "past",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ciorała",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "past",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ciorało",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "past",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ciorali",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "plural",
        "third-person",
        "virile"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ciorały",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "nonvirile",
        "past",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ciorano",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "impersonal",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będę ciorał",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "masculine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będę ciorać",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "masculine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będę ciorała",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "future",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będę ciorać",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "future",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będę ciorało",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "neuter",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będę ciorać",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "neuter",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będziemy ciorali",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "plural",
        "virile"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będziemy ciorać",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "plural",
        "virile"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będziemy ciorały",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "nonvirile",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będziemy ciorać",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "nonvirile",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będziesz ciorał",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "masculine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będziesz ciorać",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "masculine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będziesz ciorała",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "future",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będziesz ciorać",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "future",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będziesz ciorało",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "neuter",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będziesz ciorać",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "neuter",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będziecie ciorali",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "plural",
        "virile"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będziecie ciorać",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "plural",
        "virile"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będziecie ciorały",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "nonvirile",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będziecie ciorać",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "nonvirile",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będzie ciorał",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "masculine",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będzie ciorać",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "masculine",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będzie ciorała",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "future",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będzie ciorać",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "future",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będzie ciorało",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "neuter",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będzie ciorać",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "neuter",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będą ciorali",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "plural",
        "third-person",
        "virile"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będą ciorać",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "plural",
        "third-person",
        "virile"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będą ciorały",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "nonvirile",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będą ciorać",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "nonvirile",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będzie ciorać się",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "impersonal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ciorałbym",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "masculine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bym ciorał",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "masculine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ciorałabym",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "feminine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bym ciorała",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "feminine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ciorałobym",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "neuter",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bym ciorało",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "neuter",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "cioralibyśmy",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "plural",
        "virile"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byśmy ciorali",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "plural",
        "virile"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ciorałybyśmy",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "nonvirile",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byśmy ciorały",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "nonvirile",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ciorałbyś",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "masculine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byś ciorał",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "masculine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ciorałabyś",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "feminine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byś ciorała",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "feminine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ciorałobyś",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "neuter",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byś ciorało",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "neuter",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "cioralibyście",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "plural",
        "virile"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byście ciorali",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "plural",
        "virile"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ciorałybyście",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "nonvirile",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byście ciorały",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "nonvirile",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ciorałby",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "masculine",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "by ciorał",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "masculine",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ciorałaby",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "feminine",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "by ciorała",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "feminine",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ciorałoby",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "neuter",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "by ciorało",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "neuter",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "cioraliby",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "plural",
        "third-person",
        "virile"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "by ciorali",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "plural",
        "third-person",
        "virile"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ciorałyby",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "nonvirile",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "by ciorały",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "nonvirile",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ciorano by",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "impersonal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "niech cioram",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ciorajmy",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "cioraj",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ciorajcie",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "niech ciora",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "niech ciorają",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ciorający",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "adjectival",
        "masculine",
        "participle",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ciorająca",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "adjectival",
        "feminine",
        "participle",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ciorające",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "adjectival",
        "neuter",
        "participle",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ciorający",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "adjectival",
        "participle",
        "plural",
        "virile"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ciorające",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "adjectival",
        "nonvirile",
        "participle",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ciorany",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "adjectival",
        "masculine",
        "participle",
        "passive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ciorana",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "adjectival",
        "feminine",
        "participle",
        "passive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ciorane",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "adjectival",
        "neuter",
        "participle",
        "passive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ciorani",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "adjectival",
        "participle",
        "passive",
        "plural",
        "virile"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ciorane",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "adjectival",
        "nonvirile",
        "participle",
        "passive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ciorając",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "adjectival",
        "contemporary",
        "participle"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "cioranie",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "noun-from-verb"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ciarać",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "impf"
      },
      "expansion": "ciorać impf",
      "name": "pl-verb"
    }
  ],
  "hyphenation": [
    "cio‧rać"
  ],
  "hyphenations": [
    {
      "parts": [
        "cio‧rać"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Polish",
  "lang_code": "pl",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Polish transitive verbs"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to dirty, to soil, to sully"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "dirty",
          "dirty"
        ],
        [
          "soil",
          "soil"
        ],
        [
          "sully",
          "sully"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(transitive) to dirty, to soil, to sully"
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "brukać"
        },
        {
          "word": "walać"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "imperfective",
        "transitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Polish intransitive verbs",
        "Polish slang",
        "pl:Video games"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to game (to play video games)"
      ],
      "info_templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "pl",
            "2": ":w(acc)<what game>"
          },
          "expansion": "[with w (+ accusative) ‘what game’]",
          "extra_data": {
            "words": [
              "w",
              "(+",
              "accusative)",
              "‘what",
              "game’"
            ]
          },
          "name": "+obj"
        }
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "video game",
          "video game"
        ],
        [
          "game",
          "game"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(intransitive, slang, video games) to game (to play video games) [with w (+ accusative) ‘what game’]"
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "gierczyć"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "imperfective",
        "intransitive",
        "slang"
      ],
      "topics": [
        "video-games"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Polish reflexive verbs"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to roll around, to wallow, to welter"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "się",
          "się#Polish"
        ],
        [
          "roll around",
          "roll around"
        ],
        [
          "wallow",
          "wallow"
        ],
        [
          "welter",
          "welter"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(reflexive with się) to roll around, to wallow, to welter"
      ],
      "raw_tags": [
        "with się"
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "tarzać się"
        },
        {
          "word": "walać się"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "imperfective",
        "reflexive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Polish reflexive verbs"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to gad about, to traipse"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "się",
          "się#Polish"
        ],
        [
          "gad",
          "gad"
        ],
        [
          "traipse",
          "traipse"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(reflexive with się) to gad about, to traipse"
      ],
      "raw_tags": [
        "with się"
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "włóczyć się"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "imperfective",
        "reflexive"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈt͡ɕɔ.rat͡ɕ/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[ˈt͡ɕɔ.rat͡ɕ]",
      "note": "Kielce"
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-ɔrat͡ɕ"
    }
  ],
  "word": "ciorać"
}

Download raw JSONL data for ciorać meaning in Polish (18.4kB)


This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Polish dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-06-07 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-06-01 using wiktextract (e79dea5 and 7f4db16). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.