See 來 in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "ki1taru",
"word": "來る"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "ki1naku",
"word": "來鳴く"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"roman": "kuru",
"word": "来る"
}
],
"etymology_number": "1",
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ojp",
"2": "jpx-pro",
"3": "*ku",
"sort": "くる"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Japonic *ku",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Japonic *ku. First attested in the Kojiki of 712. Compare the development of す.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "ku",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "く",
"tags": [
"hiragana"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ja-conj-bungo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "來",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"irrealis",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "こ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"irrealis",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "ko",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"irrealis",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "來",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "き",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "ki",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "來",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"stem",
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "く",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"stem",
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "ku",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"stem",
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "來る",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"attributive",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "くる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"attributive",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "kuru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"attributive",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "來れ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"realis",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "くれ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"realis",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "kure",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"realis",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "來",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "來よ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "こ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "こよ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "ko",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "koyo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "來ず",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "こず",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "kozu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "來れど",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"contrastive",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "くれど",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"contrastive",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "kuredo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"contrastive",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "來れば",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "くれば",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "kureba",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "來ば",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "こば",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "koba",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "來し",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "こし",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "きし",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "kosi",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "kisi",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "來けり",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "きけり",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "kikeri",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "來つ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "きつ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "kitu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "來ぬ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "きぬ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "kinu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "來たり",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "きたり",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "kitari",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "來む",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "こむ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "komu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"volitional"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ojp",
"2": "verb",
"3": "kana",
"4": "く",
"sort": "く",
"tr": "ku"
},
"expansion": "來 (ku) (kana く)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "irreg-k",
"sik": "來"
},
"name": "ja-conj-bungo"
}
],
"lang": "Old Japanese",
"lang_code": "ojp",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "13 1 7 0 1 0 8 1 15 1 4 1 0 17 2 0 0 12 2 2 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 6 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "16 0 8 0 1 0 9 0 15 1 4 1 0 17 1 0 0 14 1 1 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "92 5 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
32,
34
]
],
"ref": "711–712, Kojiki, poem 51:",
"roman": "...iranake₁ku so₂ko₂ ni omo₂pi₁de kanasike₁ku ko₂ko₂ ni omo₂pi₁de iki₁razu so kuru adusayumi₁ mayumi₁",
"text": "...伊良那祁久曾許爾淤母比傅加那志祁久許許爾淤母比傅伊岐良受曾久流阿豆佐由美麻由美",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
2
],
[
4,
6
],
[
9,
11
],
[
13,
15
],
[
19,
21
]
],
"ref": "c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 4, poem 527:",
"roman": "ko₂mu to₂ ipu mo ko₂nu to₂ki₁ aru wo ko₂zi to₂ ipu wo ko₂mu to₂ pa matazi ko₂zi to₂ ipu mono₂ wo",
"text": "將來云毛不來時有乎不來云乎將來常者不待不來云物乎",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to come (towards the speaker), approach"
],
"id": "en-來-ojp-verb-z-NpoUaJ",
"links": [
[
"come",
"come"
],
[
"toward",
"toward#English"
],
[
"speaker",
"speaker#English"
],
[
"approach",
"approach"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
22,
24
]
],
"ref": "c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 15, poem 3589:",
"roman": "yupu sareba pi₁gurasi ki₁naku Iko₂ma-yama ko₁yete so₂ a ga kuru imo ga me₂ wo pori",
"text": "由布佐禮婆比具良之伎奈久伊故麻山古延弖曾安我久流伊毛我目乎保里",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to go (to a direction or place far from the speaker but near the listener)"
],
"id": "en-來-ojp-verb-qbQocAWW",
"links": [
[
"go",
"go"
],
[
"direction",
"direction#English"
],
[
"place",
"place#English"
],
[
"listener",
"listener#English"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
27,
31
]
],
"ref": "c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 14, poem 3453:",
"roman": "kaze no₂ to₂ no₂ kaze no₂ to₂poki₁ wagi₁mo ga ki₁sesi ki₁nu tamoto₂ no₂ kudari mayo₁piki₁nike₁ri",
"text": "可是能等能登抱吉和伎母賀吉西斯伎奴多母登乃久太利麻欲比伎爾家利",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to gradually begin to"
],
"id": "en-來-ojp-verb-VYMMO1Qv",
"links": [
[
"suffix",
"suffix"
],
[
"連用形",
"連用形#Japanese"
],
[
"gradually",
"gradually"
],
[
"begin",
"begin"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(suffixed to the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem form”) of a verb) to gradually begin to [verb]"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Kojiki"
],
"word": "來"
}
{
"etymology_number": "2",
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ojp",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Old Japanese",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Eastern Old Japanese form of the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 來 (ku) above.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "ke₁",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "け",
"tags": [
"hiragana"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ojp",
"2": "verb form",
"3": "kana",
"4": "け",
"sort": "け",
"tr": "ke₁"
},
"expansion": "來 (ke₁) (kana け)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Old Japanese",
"lang_code": "ojp",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Forms linking to themselves",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Regional Old Japanese",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "13 1 7 0 1 0 8 1 15 1 4 1 0 17 2 0 0 12 2 2 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 6 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "16 0 8 0 1 0 9 0 15 1 4 1 0 17 1 0 0 14 1 1 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "24 1 1 75",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 1 1 76",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
19,
20
]
],
"ref": "c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 20, poem 4337:",
"roman": "miduto₂ri no₂ tati no₂ iso₁gi₁ ni titipapa ni mono₂pazu ke₁nite ima zo kuyasiki₁",
"text": "美豆等利乃多知能已蘇岐爾父母爾毛能波須價爾弖已麻叙久夜志伎",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"stem or continuative conjugation of 來 (ku, “to come”) (regional, Southern Eastern Old Japanese)"
],
"id": "en-來-ojp-verb-euoJtVJz",
"links": [
[
"來",
"來#Old_Japanese"
],
[
"regional",
"regional#English"
]
]
}
],
"word": "來"
}
{
"categories": [
"Old Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"Old Japanese lemmas",
"Old Japanese non-lemma forms",
"Old Japanese terms derived from Proto-Japonic",
"Old Japanese terms inherited from Proto-Japonic",
"Old Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Old Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
"Old Japanese verb forms",
"Old Japanese verbs",
"Pages with 6 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"derived": [
{
"roman": "ki1taru",
"word": "來る"
},
{
"roman": "ki1naku",
"word": "來鳴く"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"roman": "kuru",
"word": "来る"
}
],
"etymology_number": "1",
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ojp",
"2": "jpx-pro",
"3": "*ku",
"sort": "くる"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Japonic *ku",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Japonic *ku. First attested in the Kojiki of 712. Compare the development of す.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "ku",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "く",
"tags": [
"hiragana"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ja-conj-bungo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "來",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"irrealis",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "こ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"irrealis",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "ko",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"irrealis",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "來",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "き",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "ki",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "來",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"stem",
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "く",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"stem",
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "ku",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"stem",
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "來る",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"attributive",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "くる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"attributive",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "kuru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"attributive",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "來れ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"realis",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "くれ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"realis",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "kure",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"realis",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "來",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "來よ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "こ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "こよ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "ko",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "koyo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "來ず",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "こず",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "kozu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "來れど",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"contrastive",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "くれど",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"contrastive",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "kuredo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"contrastive",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "來れば",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "くれば",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "kureba",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "來ば",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "こば",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "koba",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "來し",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "こし",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "きし",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "kosi",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "kisi",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "來けり",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "きけり",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "kikeri",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "來つ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "きつ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "kitu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "來ぬ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "きぬ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "kinu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "來たり",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "きたり",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "kitari",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "來む",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "こむ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "komu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"volitional"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ojp",
"2": "verb",
"3": "kana",
"4": "く",
"sort": "く",
"tr": "ku"
},
"expansion": "來 (ku) (kana く)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "irreg-k",
"sik": "來"
},
"name": "ja-conj-bungo"
}
],
"lang": "Old Japanese",
"lang_code": "ojp",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Old Japanese terms with quotations",
"Requests for translations of Old Japanese quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
32,
34
]
],
"ref": "711–712, Kojiki, poem 51:",
"roman": "...iranake₁ku so₂ko₂ ni omo₂pi₁de kanasike₁ku ko₂ko₂ ni omo₂pi₁de iki₁razu so kuru adusayumi₁ mayumi₁",
"text": "...伊良那祁久曾許爾淤母比傅加那志祁久許許爾淤母比傅伊岐良受曾久流阿豆佐由美麻由美",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
2
],
[
4,
6
],
[
9,
11
],
[
13,
15
],
[
19,
21
]
],
"ref": "c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 4, poem 527:",
"roman": "ko₂mu to₂ ipu mo ko₂nu to₂ki₁ aru wo ko₂zi to₂ ipu wo ko₂mu to₂ pa matazi ko₂zi to₂ ipu mono₂ wo",
"text": "將來云毛不來時有乎不來云乎將來常者不待不來云物乎",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to come (towards the speaker), approach"
],
"links": [
[
"come",
"come"
],
[
"toward",
"toward#English"
],
[
"speaker",
"speaker#English"
],
[
"approach",
"approach"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Old Japanese terms with quotations",
"Requests for translations of Old Japanese quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
22,
24
]
],
"ref": "c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 15, poem 3589:",
"roman": "yupu sareba pi₁gurasi ki₁naku Iko₂ma-yama ko₁yete so₂ a ga kuru imo ga me₂ wo pori",
"text": "由布佐禮婆比具良之伎奈久伊故麻山古延弖曾安我久流伊毛我目乎保里",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to go (to a direction or place far from the speaker but near the listener)"
],
"links": [
[
"go",
"go"
],
[
"direction",
"direction#English"
],
[
"place",
"place#English"
],
[
"listener",
"listener#English"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Old Japanese terms with quotations",
"Requests for translations of Old Japanese quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
27,
31
]
],
"ref": "c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 14, poem 3453:",
"roman": "kaze no₂ to₂ no₂ kaze no₂ to₂poki₁ wagi₁mo ga ki₁sesi ki₁nu tamoto₂ no₂ kudari mayo₁piki₁nike₁ri",
"text": "可是能等能登抱吉和伎母賀吉西斯伎奴多母登乃久太利麻欲比伎爾家利",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to gradually begin to"
],
"links": [
[
"suffix",
"suffix"
],
[
"連用形",
"連用形#Japanese"
],
[
"gradually",
"gradually"
],
[
"begin",
"begin"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(suffixed to the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem form”) of a verb) to gradually begin to [verb]"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Kojiki"
],
"word": "來"
}
{
"categories": [
"Old Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"Old Japanese non-lemma forms",
"Old Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
"Old Japanese verb forms",
"Pages with 6 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_number": "2",
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ojp",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Old Japanese",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Eastern Old Japanese form of the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 來 (ku) above.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "ke₁",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "け",
"tags": [
"hiragana"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ojp",
"2": "verb form",
"3": "kana",
"4": "け",
"sort": "け",
"tr": "ke₁"
},
"expansion": "來 (ke₁) (kana け)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Old Japanese",
"lang_code": "ojp",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Forms linking to themselves",
"Old Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Old Japanese terms with quotations",
"Regional Old Japanese",
"Requests for translations of Old Japanese quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
19,
20
]
],
"ref": "c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 20, poem 4337:",
"roman": "miduto₂ri no₂ tati no₂ iso₁gi₁ ni titipapa ni mono₂pazu ke₁nite ima zo kuyasiki₁",
"text": "美豆等利乃多知能已蘇岐爾父母爾毛能波須價爾弖已麻叙久夜志伎",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"stem or continuative conjugation of 來 (ku, “to come”) (regional, Southern Eastern Old Japanese)"
],
"links": [
[
"來",
"來#Old_Japanese"
],
[
"regional",
"regional#English"
]
]
}
],
"word": "來"
}
Download raw JSONL data for 來 meaning in Old Japanese (9.9kB)
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1831",
"msg": "unrecognized sense qualifier: suffixed to the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem form”) of a verb",
"path": [
"來"
],
"section": "Old Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "來",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1831",
"msg": "unrecognized sense qualifier: suffixed to the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem form”) of a verb",
"path": [
"來"
],
"section": "Old Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "來",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/865",
"msg": "inflection table: IF WITHOUT ELSE EVALS False: 來/Old Japanese 'Key constructions' base_tags={'stem'}",
"path": [
"來"
],
"section": "Old Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "來",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Old Japanese dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-08-02 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-07-06 using wiktextract (d9fa233 and 9e92f4b). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.