See ro- in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "cel-pro",
"3": "*ɸro-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *ɸro-",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*pro-",
"4": "",
"5": "forth, forward"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *pro- (“forth, forward”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πρό"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek πρό (pró)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "prō"
},
"expansion": "Latin prō",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "fram"
},
"expansion": "Old English fram",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Celtic *ɸro-, from Proto-Indo-European *pro- (“forth, forward”), from the root *per- (“to go forth, cross”). Cognate with Ancient Greek πρό (pró), Latin prō, and Old English fram.\nIn Old Irish ro- is the main preverb used as the augment indicating resultative or potential action. In pre-Old Irish its function was to turn an atelic verb into a telic verb, shown by the fact that certain inherently telic verbs remain immune to augmentation with ro- (or similar preverbs). It can therefore be inferred to have previously been a marker of the perfective aspect, but this can no longer be said to be the case in Old Irish proper.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "prefix"
},
"expansion": "ro-",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Old Irish",
"lang_code": "sga",
"pos": "prefix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "12 13 16 14 18 10 12 4 1 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using catfix",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "28 18 25 14 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old Irish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "it is the cry that they make [unaugm.] when their enemies are/have been routed [augm.] before them",
"text": "is in núall do·ngniat hó ru·maith fora naimtea remib",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"indicates anterior completion"
],
"id": "en-ro--sga-prefix-QjOzJeYw",
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "12 13 16 14 18 10 12 4 1 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using catfix",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "28 18 25 14 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old Irish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "c. early 8th century, Notes in the Book of Armagh, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. 2, pp. 238-43: p. 141.14-16",
"text": "Is di-sin didiu fu·rráith Fiacc Find Dubthach 7 berrsi Pátricc 7 baitzisi. Du·bbert grád n-epscoip fair conic é epscop insin cita-ru·oirtned la Laigniu 7 du·bbert Pátricc cumtach du Fíacc\nIt is thereupon, then, that Fiacc the Fair took [unaugm.] the place of Dubthach, and Patrick tonsured [unaugm.] him and baptized [unaugm.] him. He conferred [unaugm.] the order of bishop upon him, so that he is the bishop who was first ordained [augm.] among the Leinstermen, and Patrick gave [unaugm.] a case to Fíacc.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"forms a non-narrative past tense (sometimes called the perfect, used to denote that an event is to be considered outside of the strictly chronological order)"
],
"id": "en-ro--sga-prefix-E4pJbK9W",
"raw_glosses": [
"(with the preterite) forms a non-narrative past tense (sometimes called the perfect, used to denote that an event is to be considered outside of the strictly chronological order)"
],
"raw_tags": [
"with the preterite"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "12 13 16 14 18 10 12 4 1 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using catfix",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "28 18 25 14 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old Irish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "for the works of God cannot be falsified",
"text": "air ní-ru·guigter gnímai Dé",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"indicates possibility or ability"
],
"id": "en-ro--sga-prefix-qExyBEfA",
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "con·icc"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "28 18 25 14 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old Irish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
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"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "may it not escape from you",
"text": "ní-ro·héla úait",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"used to change jussive subjunctive into a weaker expression of wish"
],
"id": "en-ro--sga-prefix-~5ZR3OIF",
"links": [
[
"jussive",
"w:jussive"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(with subjunctive) used to change jussive subjunctive into a weaker expression of wish"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"with-subjunctive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "12 13 16 14 18 10 12 4 1 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using catfix",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "28 18 25 14 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old Irish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "ro- (“very”) + bec (“small”) → rubec (“very small”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "ro- (“very”) + már (“large”) → romár (“very large”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "ro- (“very”) + ocus (“near”) → ro-ocus (“very near”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"indicates a high degree: very"
],
"id": "en-ro--sga-prefix-NRl1bIR9",
"links": [
[
"very",
"very"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(with an adjective) indicates a high degree: very"
],
"raw_tags": [
"with an adjective"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/r͈o/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "ru-"
}
],
"word": "ro-"
}
{
"categories": [
"Old Irish entries with incorrect language header",
"Old Irish lemmas",
"Old Irish prefixes",
"Old Irish terms derived from Proto-Celtic",
"Old Irish terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "cel-pro",
"3": "*ɸro-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *ɸro-",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*pro-",
"4": "",
"5": "forth, forward"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *pro- (“forth, forward”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πρό"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek πρό (pró)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "prō"
},
"expansion": "Latin prō",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "fram"
},
"expansion": "Old English fram",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Celtic *ɸro-, from Proto-Indo-European *pro- (“forth, forward”), from the root *per- (“to go forth, cross”). Cognate with Ancient Greek πρό (pró), Latin prō, and Old English fram.\nIn Old Irish ro- is the main preverb used as the augment indicating resultative or potential action. In pre-Old Irish its function was to turn an atelic verb into a telic verb, shown by the fact that certain inherently telic verbs remain immune to augmentation with ro- (or similar preverbs). It can therefore be inferred to have previously been a marker of the perfective aspect, but this can no longer be said to be the case in Old Irish proper.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "prefix"
},
"expansion": "ro-",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Old Irish",
"lang_code": "sga",
"pos": "prefix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Old Irish terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "it is the cry that they make [unaugm.] when their enemies are/have been routed [augm.] before them",
"text": "is in núall do·ngniat hó ru·maith fora naimtea remib",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"indicates anterior completion"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Old Irish terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "c. early 8th century, Notes in the Book of Armagh, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. 2, pp. 238-43: p. 141.14-16",
"text": "Is di-sin didiu fu·rráith Fiacc Find Dubthach 7 berrsi Pátricc 7 baitzisi. Du·bbert grád n-epscoip fair conic é epscop insin cita-ru·oirtned la Laigniu 7 du·bbert Pátricc cumtach du Fíacc\nIt is thereupon, then, that Fiacc the Fair took [unaugm.] the place of Dubthach, and Patrick tonsured [unaugm.] him and baptized [unaugm.] him. He conferred [unaugm.] the order of bishop upon him, so that he is the bishop who was first ordained [augm.] among the Leinstermen, and Patrick gave [unaugm.] a case to Fíacc.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"forms a non-narrative past tense (sometimes called the perfect, used to denote that an event is to be considered outside of the strictly chronological order)"
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(with the preterite) forms a non-narrative past tense (sometimes called the perfect, used to denote that an event is to be considered outside of the strictly chronological order)"
],
"raw_tags": [
"with the preterite"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Old Irish terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "for the works of God cannot be falsified",
"text": "air ní-ru·guigter gnímai Dé",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"indicates possibility or ability"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "con·icc"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Old Irish terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "may it not escape from you",
"text": "ní-ro·héla úait",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"used to change jussive subjunctive into a weaker expression of wish"
],
"links": [
[
"jussive",
"w:jussive"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(with subjunctive) used to change jussive subjunctive into a weaker expression of wish"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"with-subjunctive"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "ro- (“very”) + bec (“small”) → rubec (“very small”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "ro- (“very”) + már (“large”) → romár (“very large”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "ro- (“very”) + ocus (“near”) → ro-ocus (“very near”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"indicates a high degree: very"
],
"links": [
[
"very",
"very"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(with an adjective) indicates a high degree: very"
],
"raw_tags": [
"with an adjective"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/r͈o/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "ru-"
}
],
"word": "ro-"
}
Download raw JSONL data for ro- meaning in Old Irish (4.5kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Old Irish dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-01-25 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-01-20 using wiktextract (c15a5ce and 5c11237). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.