See bés in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ga",
"2": "béas"
},
"expansion": "Irish: béas",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Irish: béas"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gd",
"2": "beus"
},
"expansion": "Scottish Gaelic: beus",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scottish Gaelic: beus"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*bʰendʰ-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "cel-pro",
"3": "*banssus"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *banssus",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*bʰendʰ-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *bʰendʰ-",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*bʰeydʰ-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *bʰeydʰ-",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "besë"
},
"expansion": "Albanian besë",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Celtic *banssus, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰendʰ-. According to another theory, the word might derive from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeydʰ- instead, making it cognate with Albanian besë as an Albanian/Celtic isogloss.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "béso",
"head_nr": 1,
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sga-decl-u",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "u-stem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "Masculine u-stem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "bés",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bés",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "bésae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bésse",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bés",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "bés",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "bésu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "béssu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "bés",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bés",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "bésu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "béssu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "béso",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "béesso",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "béso",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "béesso",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "bésae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bés",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bésaib",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "béssaib",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "bésaib",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "béssaib",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"10": "",
"11": "",
"12": "",
"13": "",
"14": "{{{3}}}",
"15": "",
"16": "{{{pl2}}}",
"17": "",
"18": "{{{pl3}}}",
"2": "noun",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"5": "genitive",
"6": "béso",
"7": "",
"8": "",
"9": "",
"cat2": "",
"g": "m",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "bés m (genitive béso)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "m",
"2": "béso"
},
"expansion": "bés m (genitive béso)",
"name": "sga-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"acc_pl2": "béssu",
"dat_pl2": "béssaib",
"g": "m",
"gen_sg2": "béesso",
"nom_pl2": "bésse"
},
"name": "sga-decl-u"
},
{
"args": {
"acc_du": "bés+L",
"acc_du2": "",
"acc_du3": "",
"acc_pl": "bésu",
"acc_pl2": "béssu",
"acc_pl3": "",
"acc_sg": "bés+N",
"acc_sg2": "",
"acc_sg3": "",
"class": "u-m",
"dat_du": "bésaib",
"dat_du2": "béssaib",
"dat_du3": "",
"dat_pl": "bésaib",
"dat_pl2": "béssaib",
"dat_pl3": "",
"dat_sg": "bés+L",
"dat_sg2": "",
"dat_sg3": "",
"gen_du": "béso+L",
"gen_du2": "béesso+L",
"gen_du3": "",
"gen_du4": "",
"gen_pl": "bésae+N",
"gen_pl2": "",
"gen_pl3": "",
"gen_sg": "béso+H",
"gen_sg2": "béesso+H",
"gen_sg3": "",
"gen_sg4": "",
"n": "",
"nom_du": "bés+L",
"nom_du2": "",
"nom_du3": "",
"nom_pl": "bésae+H",
"nom_pl2": "bésse",
"nom_pl3": "",
"nom_pl4": "",
"nom_sg": "bés",
"nom_sg2": "",
"nom_sg3": "",
"voc_du": "bés+L",
"voc_du2": "",
"voc_du3": "",
"voc_pl": "bésu",
"voc_pl2": "béssu",
"voc_pl3": "",
"voc_sg": "bés",
"voc_sg2": "",
"voc_sg3": ""
},
"name": "sga-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Old Irish",
"lang_code": "sga",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "9 67 24",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old Irish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 71 19",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 3 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "11 71 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "The Beelzebub: it is the custom, then, of the stone that many blows are hit against it, and he who falls upon it breaks his bones; however, he whom it falls on perishes",
"text": "In Belzefuth: is béss didu ind lïacc benir il-béim friss, et intí do·thuit foir ɔ·boing a chnámi, intí fora tuit-som immurgu at·bail-side.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"custom"
],
"head_nr": 1,
"id": "en-bés-sga-noun-bN~Scdpj",
"links": [
[
"custom",
"custom"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Be pl fatherlike, i.e. take your father’s heritage and imitate his manners",
"text": "Bed adthramli .i. gaibid comarbus for n-athar et intamlid a béssu.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"manner (customary method of acting; habit)"
],
"head_nr": 1,
"id": "en-bés-sga-noun-fkI8KHnp",
"links": [
[
"manner",
"manner"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/bʲeːs/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "béss"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "bǽs"
}
],
"word": "bés"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sga-mutation",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "bés",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"mutation",
"mutation-radical"
]
},
{
"form": "bés",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"mutation",
"mutation-nasal"
]
},
{
"form": "mbés",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"mutation"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "adverb",
"3": "precedes the verb, which is in the subjunctive"
},
"expansion": "bés (precedes the verb, which is in the subjunctive)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "b",
"2": "és"
},
"name": "sga-mutation"
}
],
"lang": "Old Irish",
"lang_code": "sga",
"pos": "adv",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"derived": [
{
"word": "bésu"
},
{
"english": "combined with the present subjunctive of the copula",
"word": "béso"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Maybe you would say that animus is its name though it may die.",
"text": "Bés as·bera-su as n‑ai⟨n⟩m dosom animus ci at·bela.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"perhaps"
],
"id": "en-bés-sga-adv-G6LrsnXo",
"links": [
[
"perhaps",
"perhaps"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/bʲeːs/"
}
],
"word": "bés"
}
{
"categories": [
"Old Irish adverbs",
"Old Irish entries with incorrect language header",
"Old Irish lemmas",
"Old Irish masculine nouns",
"Old Irish masculine u-stem nouns",
"Old Irish nouns",
"Old Irish terms derived from Proto-Celtic",
"Old Irish terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Old Irish terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *bʰendʰ-",
"Old Irish terms inherited from Proto-Celtic",
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ga",
"2": "béas"
},
"expansion": "Irish: béas",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Irish: béas"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gd",
"2": "beus"
},
"expansion": "Scottish Gaelic: beus",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scottish Gaelic: beus"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*bʰendʰ-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "cel-pro",
"3": "*banssus"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *banssus",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*bʰendʰ-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *bʰendʰ-",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*bʰeydʰ-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *bʰeydʰ-",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "besë"
},
"expansion": "Albanian besë",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Celtic *banssus, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰendʰ-. According to another theory, the word might derive from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeydʰ- instead, making it cognate with Albanian besë as an Albanian/Celtic isogloss.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "béso",
"head_nr": 1,
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sga-decl-u",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "u-stem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "Masculine u-stem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "bés",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bés",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "bésae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bésse",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bés",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "bés",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "bésu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "béssu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "bés",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bés",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "bésu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "béssu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "béso",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "béesso",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "béso",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "béesso",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "bésae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bés",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bésaib",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "béssaib",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "bésaib",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "béssaib",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"10": "",
"11": "",
"12": "",
"13": "",
"14": "{{{3}}}",
"15": "",
"16": "{{{pl2}}}",
"17": "",
"18": "{{{pl3}}}",
"2": "noun",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"5": "genitive",
"6": "béso",
"7": "",
"8": "",
"9": "",
"cat2": "",
"g": "m",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "bés m (genitive béso)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "m",
"2": "béso"
},
"expansion": "bés m (genitive béso)",
"name": "sga-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"acc_pl2": "béssu",
"dat_pl2": "béssaib",
"g": "m",
"gen_sg2": "béesso",
"nom_pl2": "bésse"
},
"name": "sga-decl-u"
},
{
"args": {
"acc_du": "bés+L",
"acc_du2": "",
"acc_du3": "",
"acc_pl": "bésu",
"acc_pl2": "béssu",
"acc_pl3": "",
"acc_sg": "bés+N",
"acc_sg2": "",
"acc_sg3": "",
"class": "u-m",
"dat_du": "bésaib",
"dat_du2": "béssaib",
"dat_du3": "",
"dat_pl": "bésaib",
"dat_pl2": "béssaib",
"dat_pl3": "",
"dat_sg": "bés+L",
"dat_sg2": "",
"dat_sg3": "",
"gen_du": "béso+L",
"gen_du2": "béesso+L",
"gen_du3": "",
"gen_du4": "",
"gen_pl": "bésae+N",
"gen_pl2": "",
"gen_pl3": "",
"gen_sg": "béso+H",
"gen_sg2": "béesso+H",
"gen_sg3": "",
"gen_sg4": "",
"n": "",
"nom_du": "bés+L",
"nom_du2": "",
"nom_du3": "",
"nom_pl": "bésae+H",
"nom_pl2": "bésse",
"nom_pl3": "",
"nom_pl4": "",
"nom_sg": "bés",
"nom_sg2": "",
"nom_sg3": "",
"voc_du": "bés+L",
"voc_du2": "",
"voc_du3": "",
"voc_pl": "bésu",
"voc_pl2": "béssu",
"voc_pl3": "",
"voc_sg": "bés",
"voc_sg2": "",
"voc_sg3": ""
},
"name": "sga-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Old Irish",
"lang_code": "sga",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Old Irish terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "The Beelzebub: it is the custom, then, of the stone that many blows are hit against it, and he who falls upon it breaks his bones; however, he whom it falls on perishes",
"text": "In Belzefuth: is béss didu ind lïacc benir il-béim friss, et intí do·thuit foir ɔ·boing a chnámi, intí fora tuit-som immurgu at·bail-side.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"custom"
],
"head_nr": 1,
"links": [
[
"custom",
"custom"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Old Irish terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Be pl fatherlike, i.e. take your father’s heritage and imitate his manners",
"text": "Bed adthramli .i. gaibid comarbus for n-athar et intamlid a béssu.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"manner (customary method of acting; habit)"
],
"head_nr": 1,
"links": [
[
"manner",
"manner"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/bʲeːs/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "béss"
},
{
"word": "bǽs"
}
],
"word": "bés"
}
{
"categories": [
"Old Irish adverbs",
"Old Irish entries with incorrect language header",
"Old Irish lemmas",
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "bésu"
},
{
"english": "combined with the present subjunctive of the copula",
"word": "béso"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sga-mutation",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "bés",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"mutation",
"mutation-radical"
]
},
{
"form": "bés",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"mutation",
"mutation-nasal"
]
},
{
"form": "mbés",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"mutation"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "adverb",
"3": "precedes the verb, which is in the subjunctive"
},
"expansion": "bés (precedes the verb, which is in the subjunctive)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "b",
"2": "és"
},
"name": "sga-mutation"
}
],
"lang": "Old Irish",
"lang_code": "sga",
"pos": "adv",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Old Irish terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Maybe you would say that animus is its name though it may die.",
"text": "Bés as·bera-su as n‑ai⟨n⟩m dosom animus ci at·bela.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"perhaps"
],
"links": [
[
"perhaps",
"perhaps"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/bʲeːs/"
}
],
"word": "bés"
}
Download raw JSONL data for bés meaning in Old Irish (7.4kB)
{
"called_from": "page/1713/20221215",
"msg": "later head without list of senses,template node #, bés/Old Irish",
"path": [
"bés"
],
"section": "Old Irish",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "bés",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/2466",
"msg": "accepted heuristic header: table cell identified as header and given candidate status, AND the cleaned text is in LANGUAGES_WITH_CELLS_AS_HEADERS[Old Irish]; cleaned text: Initial mutations of a following adjective: *ᴴ = triggers aspiration *ᴸ = triggers lenition *ᴺ = triggers nasalization",
"path": [
"bés"
],
"section": "Old Irish",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "bés",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1698",
"msg": "unrecognized head form: precedes the verb",
"path": [
"bés"
],
"section": "Old Irish",
"subsection": "adverb",
"title": "bés",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1698",
"msg": "unrecognized head form: which is in the subjunctive",
"path": [
"bés"
],
"section": "Old Irish",
"subsection": "adverb",
"title": "bés",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Old Irish dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-11-28 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-11-21 using wiktextract (65a6e81 and 0dbea76). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.