See espie in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "frm",
"2": "espie"
},
"expansion": "Middle French: espie",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle French: espie"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "épie"
},
"expansion": "French: épie",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "obsolete"
},
"expansion": "(obsolete)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "French: épie (obsolete)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "spie",
"3": "spye",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Middle English: spie, spye",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Middle English: spie, spye"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "spy",
"pos": "noun"
},
"expansion": "English: spy (noun)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: spy (noun)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "spia"
},
"expansion": "Italian spia",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "espía"
},
"expansion": "Spanish espía",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "See the verb espier. Compare also Italian spia, Spanish espía.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "espie oblique singular or",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"form": "espies",
"tags": [
"oblique",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "espies",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "espie",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m"
},
"expansion": "espie oblique singular, m (oblique plural espies, nominative singular espies, nominative plural espie)",
"name": "fro-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Old French",
"lang_code": "fro",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old French entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 4 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "23 19 4 31 19 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 4 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "19 24 3 27 24 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "As soon as Richard knew about it, he sent a spy\nto know where Thibalt was, and how many people he had with him.",
"ref": "c. 1170, Wace, Le Roman de Rou:",
"text": "Dez ke Richart le sout, un espie enveia\nSaveir u Thiebaut ert, e combien gent il a.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"spy"
],
"id": "en-espie-fro-noun-V9SqN3JQ",
"links": [
[
"spy",
"spy"
]
]
}
],
"word": "espie"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "frm",
"2": "espie"
},
"expansion": "Middle French: espie",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle French: espie"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "épie"
},
"expansion": "French: épie",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "obsolete"
},
"expansion": "(obsolete)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "French: épie (obsolete)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "spie",
"3": "spye",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Middle English: spie, spye",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Middle English: spie, spye"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "spy",
"pos": "noun"
},
"expansion": "English: spy (noun)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: spy (noun)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "spia"
},
"expansion": "Italian spia",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "espía"
},
"expansion": "Spanish espía",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "See the verb espier. Compare also Italian spia, Spanish espía.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "espie oblique singular or",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"form": "espies",
"tags": [
"oblique",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "espies",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "espie",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m"
},
"expansion": "espie oblique singular, m (oblique plural espies, nominative singular espies, nominative plural espie)",
"name": "fro-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Old French",
"lang_code": "fro",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Old French entries with incorrect language header",
"Old French lemmas",
"Old French masculine nouns",
"Old French nouns",
"Old French terms with quotations",
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "As soon as Richard knew about it, he sent a spy\nto know where Thibalt was, and how many people he had with him.",
"ref": "c. 1170, Wace, Le Roman de Rou:",
"text": "Dez ke Richart le sout, un espie enveia\nSaveir u Thiebaut ert, e combien gent il a.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"spy"
],
"links": [
[
"spy",
"spy"
]
]
}
],
"word": "espie"
}
Download raw JSONL data for espie meaning in Old French (2.1kB)
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1089",
"msg": "suspicious unhandled suffix in Old French: 'espie oblique singular or', originally 'espie oblique singular or m'",
"path": [
"espie"
],
"section": "Old French",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "espie",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1089",
"msg": "suspicious unhandled suffix in Old French: 'espie oblique singular or', originally 'espie oblique singular or m'",
"path": [
"espie"
],
"section": "Old French",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "espie",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1147",
"msg": "suspicious related form tags ['masculine', 'canonical']: 'espie oblique singular or' in 'espie oblique singular, m (oblique plural espies, nominative singular espies, nominative plural espie)'",
"path": [
"espie"
],
"section": "Old French",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "espie",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Old French dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-01-03 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-01-01 using wiktextract (eaedd02 and 8fbd9e8). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.