See beste in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "frm",
"2": "beste"
},
"expansion": "Middle French: beste",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle French: beste"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "bête"
},
"expansion": "French: bête",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "French: bête"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-gal",
"2": "bestt"
},
"expansion": "Gallo: bestt",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Gallo: bestt"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nrf",
"2": "baête"
},
"expansion": "Norman: baête",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Cotentin"
},
"expansion": "(Cotentin)",
"name": "qualifier"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Pays de Caux, Pays de Rouen"
},
"expansion": "(Pays de Caux, Pays de Rouen)",
"name": "qualifier"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Sark"
},
"expansion": "(Sark)",
"name": "qualifier"
}
],
"text": "Norman: baête (Cotentin), beyte (Pays de Caux, Pays de Rouen), beet (Sark)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "beest",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Middle Dutch: beest",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Middle Dutch: beest"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "beest"
},
"expansion": "Dutch: beest\nAfrikaans: bees\nJersey Dutch: bêst, beîśe\nNegerhollands: beest\n→ Papiamentu: bichi\n→ Sranan Tongo: beist",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Dutch: beest\nAfrikaans: bees\nJersey Dutch: bêst, beîśe\nNegerhollands: beest\n→ Papiamentu: bichi\n→ Sranan Tongo: beist"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gml",
"2": "best",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Middle Low German: best",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Middle Low German: best"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "Beest"
},
"expansion": "Low German: Beest",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Low German: Beest"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "bæst",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Danish: bæst",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Danish: bæst"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Biest",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ German: Biest",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ German: Biest"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "→ Norwegian:"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nb",
"2": "beist",
"3": "best"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian Bokmål: beist, best",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Norwegian Bokmål: beist, best"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nn",
"2": "beist"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian Nynorsk: beist",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Norwegian Nynorsk: beist"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "best",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Swedish: best",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Swedish: best"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "beeste",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Middle English: beeste, beste, beest, best, beast, beaste\nEnglish: beast\nScots: beast, baste, baist, baest, beist, best\nYola: beast",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "→ Middle English: beeste, beste, beest, best, beast, beaste\nEnglish: beast\nScots: beast, baste, baist, baest, beist, best\nYola: beast"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "la",
"3": "bēstia"
},
"expansion": "Latin bēstia",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "biche"
},
"expansion": "French biche",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Probably a semi-learned term borrowed partly from Latin bēstia. Compare bisse (modern French biche), which was popularly inherited from a variant (bīstia) of the same word. An alternative hypothesis derives beste from an unattested Vulgar Latin variant form *bēsta (deduced through a supposed diminutive form bēstula), though this is unlikely as it would assume there was a second popular variant of bēstia (bīstia being well attested).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "beste oblique singular or",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "bestes",
"tags": [
"oblique",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "beste",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bestes",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f"
},
"expansion": "beste oblique singular, f (oblique plural bestes, nominative singular beste, nominative plural bestes)",
"name": "fro-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Old French",
"lang_code": "fro",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old French entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 11 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "lifeform",
"langcode": "fro",
"name": "Animals",
"orig": "fro:Animals",
"parents": [
"Lifeforms",
"All topics",
"Life",
"Fundamental",
"Nature"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "12 2 2 2 1 0 3 1 0 1 0 0 2 1 15 14 2 0 0 2 2 0 0 2 0 3 0 1 0 2 15 11 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 11 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 2 2 2 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 4 1 12 16 1 0 0 3 3 0 0 4 0 4 0 1 0 1 12 13 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"beast, animal"
],
"id": "en-beste-fro-noun-fxlbC0ms",
"links": [
[
"beast",
"beast"
],
[
"animal",
"animal"
]
]
}
],
"word": "beste"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 11 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "frm",
"2": "beste"
},
"expansion": "Middle French: beste",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle French: beste"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "bête"
},
"expansion": "French: bête",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "French: bête"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-gal",
"2": "bestt"
},
"expansion": "Gallo: bestt",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Gallo: bestt"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nrf",
"2": "baête"
},
"expansion": "Norman: baête",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Cotentin"
},
"expansion": "(Cotentin)",
"name": "qualifier"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Pays de Caux, Pays de Rouen"
},
"expansion": "(Pays de Caux, Pays de Rouen)",
"name": "qualifier"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Sark"
},
"expansion": "(Sark)",
"name": "qualifier"
}
],
"text": "Norman: baête (Cotentin), beyte (Pays de Caux, Pays de Rouen), beet (Sark)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "beest",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Middle Dutch: beest",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Middle Dutch: beest"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "beest"
},
"expansion": "Dutch: beest\nAfrikaans: bees\nJersey Dutch: bêst, beîśe\nNegerhollands: beest\n→ Papiamentu: bichi\n→ Sranan Tongo: beist",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Dutch: beest\nAfrikaans: bees\nJersey Dutch: bêst, beîśe\nNegerhollands: beest\n→ Papiamentu: bichi\n→ Sranan Tongo: beist"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gml",
"2": "best",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Middle Low German: best",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Middle Low German: best"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "Beest"
},
"expansion": "Low German: Beest",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Low German: Beest"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "bæst",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Danish: bæst",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Danish: bæst"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Biest",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ German: Biest",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ German: Biest"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "→ Norwegian:"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nb",
"2": "beist",
"3": "best"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian Bokmål: beist, best",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Norwegian Bokmål: beist, best"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nn",
"2": "beist"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian Nynorsk: beist",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Norwegian Nynorsk: beist"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "best",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Swedish: best",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Swedish: best"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "beeste",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Middle English: beeste, beste, beest, best, beast, beaste\nEnglish: beast\nScots: beast, baste, baist, baest, beist, best\nYola: beast",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "→ Middle English: beeste, beste, beest, best, beast, beaste\nEnglish: beast\nScots: beast, baste, baist, baest, beist, best\nYola: beast"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "la",
"3": "bēstia"
},
"expansion": "Latin bēstia",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "biche"
},
"expansion": "French biche",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Probably a semi-learned term borrowed partly from Latin bēstia. Compare bisse (modern French biche), which was popularly inherited from a variant (bīstia) of the same word. An alternative hypothesis derives beste from an unattested Vulgar Latin variant form *bēsta (deduced through a supposed diminutive form bēstula), though this is unlikely as it would assume there was a second popular variant of bēstia (bīstia being well attested).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "beste oblique singular or",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "bestes",
"tags": [
"oblique",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "beste",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bestes",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f"
},
"expansion": "beste oblique singular, f (oblique plural bestes, nominative singular beste, nominative plural bestes)",
"name": "fro-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Old French",
"lang_code": "fro",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Old French entries with incorrect language header",
"Old French feminine nouns",
"Old French lemmas",
"Old French nouns",
"Old French terms derived from Latin",
"Pages with 11 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"fro:Animals"
],
"glosses": [
"beast, animal"
],
"links": [
[
"beast",
"beast"
],
[
"animal",
"animal"
]
]
}
],
"word": "beste"
}
Download raw JSONL data for beste meaning in Old French (4.5kB)
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1089",
"msg": "suspicious unhandled suffix in Old French: 'beste oblique singular or', originally 'beste oblique singular or f'",
"path": [
"beste"
],
"section": "Old French",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "beste",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1089",
"msg": "suspicious unhandled suffix in Old French: 'beste oblique singular or', originally 'beste oblique singular or f'",
"path": [
"beste"
],
"section": "Old French",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "beste",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1147",
"msg": "suspicious related form tags ['feminine', 'canonical']: 'beste oblique singular or' in 'beste oblique singular, f (oblique plural bestes, nominative singular beste, nominative plural bestes)'",
"path": [
"beste"
],
"section": "Old French",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "beste",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Old French dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-03-21 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-03-02 using wiktextract (db0bec0 and 633533e). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.