See scyld in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_text": "From earlier sċield.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "sċyld",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"masculine"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "nouns",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"g": "m",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": "sċyld",
"head2": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "sċyld m",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "m",
"head": "sċyld"
},
"expansion": "sċyld m",
"name": "ang-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "sċield"
}
],
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "65 18 17",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "40 31 29",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "64 27 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Alternative form of sċield"
],
"id": "en-scyld-ang-noun-RTcAtN3q",
"links": [
[
"sċield",
"scield#Old_English"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ʃyld/"
},
{
"ipa": "[ʃyɫd]"
}
],
"word": "scyld"
}
{
"antonyms": [
{
"word": "unsċyld"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "to offend",
"word": "ǣsċyldian"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "crime worthy of death",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "dēaþsċyld"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "condemned to death",
"word": "dēaþsċyldiġ"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "having forfeited his life: liable, responsible, in debt to",
"word": "ealdres sċyldiġ"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "equally guilty",
"word": "efensċyldiġ"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "guilty of death",
"word": "feorhsċyldiġ"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "to condemn",
"word": "forsċyldiġian"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "forsċyldiġod"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "guilty",
"word": "forsċyldeġod"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "original sin",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "frumsċyld"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "ġesċyld"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "sin against God, impiety",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "godsċyld"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "impious",
"word": "godsċyldiġ"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "guilty of murder",
"word": "morþorsċyldiġ"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "moral necessity",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "nīedsċyld"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "to accuse",
"word": "sċyldan"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "wicked craving",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "sċyldfrecu"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "sinful, guilty",
"word": "sċyldful"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "sċyldġian"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "to sin; place in the position of a criminal, render liable to punishment",
"word": "sċyldiġian"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "sum demanded as wergeld",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "sċyldġung"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "guilty",
"word": "sċyldiġ"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "guilt",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "sċyldiġnes"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "bailiff",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "sċyldlǣta"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "guiltless",
"word": "sċyldlēas"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "fine for a crime of violence",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "sċyldwīte"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "avenging sin",
"word": "sċyldwreċċende"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "evil-doing",
"word": "sċyldwyrcende"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "wicked",
"word": "synsċyldiġ"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "liable to a double penalty",
"word": "twisċyldiġ"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "guilty of theft",
"word": "þēofsċyldiġ"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "very guilty",
"word": "þurhsċyldiġ"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "innocence",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "unsċyld"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "innocence",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "unsċyldġung"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "guiltless, innocent, not responsible",
"word": "unsċyldiġ"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "excusable",
"word": "unsċyldiġlic"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "innocently",
"word": "unsċyldiġlīċe"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "innocence",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "unsċyldiġnes"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "shild",
"3": "schuld",
"alt": "shīld",
"alt2": "schüld"
},
"expansion": "Middle English: shīld, schüld",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle English: shīld, schüld"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "ine-pro",
"inh": "1"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "dercat"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*skuldi",
"4": "",
"5": "guilt"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *skuldi (“guilt”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "2",
"2": "cog"
},
"expansion": "Cognates",
"name": "col-top"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ofs",
"2": "schuld"
},
"expansion": "Old Frisian schuld",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "osx",
"2": "skuld",
"3": "",
"4": "crime, due"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon skuld (“crime, due”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "sculd"
},
"expansion": "Old High German sculd",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Schuld"
},
"expansion": "German Schuld",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "skuld"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse skuld",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-West Germanic *skuldi (“guilt”).\nCognates\nCognate with Old Frisian schuld, Old Saxon skuld (“crime, due”), Old High German sculd (German Schuld), Old Norse skuld. Related to shall, should.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "sċyld",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ang-decl-noun-o-f",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "sċyld",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "sċylda",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "sċylde",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "sċylde",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "sċylda",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "sċylde",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "sċylde",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "sċylda",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "sċylde",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "sċyldum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "nouns",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"g": "f",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": "sċyld",
"head2": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "sċyld f",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "f",
"head": "sċyld"
},
"expansion": "sċyld f",
"name": "ang-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sċyld"
},
"name": "ang-decl-noun-o-f"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sċyld",
"2": "sċylda,sċylde",
"3": "sċylde",
"4": "sċylda,sċylde",
"5": "sċylde",
"6": "sċylda",
"7": "sċylde",
"8": "sċyldum",
"num": "",
"title": "",
"type": "strong ō-stem"
},
"name": "ang-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "He begged forgiveness for his sins.",
"text": "Hē bæd his sċylde forġiefnesse.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"guilt, sin"
],
"id": "en-scyld-ang-noun-fAAa4-Ug",
"links": [
[
"guilt",
"guilt"
],
[
"sin",
"sin"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "He forgave the debt against him.",
"text": "Hē þā sċyld forlēt wiþ hine.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"debt, obligation, liability, due"
],
"id": "en-scyld-ang-noun-h6c0MAoZ",
"links": [
[
"debt",
"debt"
],
[
"obligation",
"obligation"
],
[
"liability",
"liability"
],
[
"due",
"due"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ʃyld/"
},
{
"ipa": "[ʃyɫd]"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "gylt"
}
],
"word": "scyld"
}
{
"categories": [
"Old English entries with incorrect language header",
"Old English feminine nouns",
"Old English lemmas",
"Old English masculine nouns",
"Old English nouns",
"Old English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Old English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Old English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Old English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Old English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Old English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Old English ō-stem nouns",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_text": "From earlier sċield.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "sċyld",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"masculine"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "nouns",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"g": "m",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": "sċyld",
"head2": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "sċyld m",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "m",
"head": "sċyld"
},
"expansion": "sċyld m",
"name": "ang-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "sċield"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Alternative form of sċield"
],
"links": [
[
"sċield",
"scield#Old_English"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ʃyld/"
},
{
"ipa": "[ʃyɫd]"
}
],
"word": "scyld"
}
{
"antonyms": [
{
"word": "unsċyld"
}
],
"categories": [
"Old English entries with incorrect language header",
"Old English feminine nouns",
"Old English lemmas",
"Old English nouns",
"Old English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Old English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Old English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Old English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Old English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Old English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Old English ō-stem nouns",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries"
],
"derived": [
{
"english": "to offend",
"word": "ǣsċyldian"
},
{
"english": "crime worthy of death",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "dēaþsċyld"
},
{
"english": "condemned to death",
"word": "dēaþsċyldiġ"
},
{
"english": "having forfeited his life: liable, responsible, in debt to",
"word": "ealdres sċyldiġ"
},
{
"english": "equally guilty",
"word": "efensċyldiġ"
},
{
"english": "guilty of death",
"word": "feorhsċyldiġ"
},
{
"english": "to condemn",
"word": "forsċyldiġian"
},
{
"word": "forsċyldiġod"
},
{
"english": "guilty",
"word": "forsċyldeġod"
},
{
"english": "original sin",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "frumsċyld"
},
{
"word": "ġesċyld"
},
{
"english": "sin against God, impiety",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "godsċyld"
},
{
"english": "impious",
"word": "godsċyldiġ"
},
{
"english": "guilty of murder",
"word": "morþorsċyldiġ"
},
{
"english": "moral necessity",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "nīedsċyld"
},
{
"english": "to accuse",
"word": "sċyldan"
},
{
"english": "wicked craving",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "sċyldfrecu"
},
{
"english": "sinful, guilty",
"word": "sċyldful"
},
{
"word": "sċyldġian"
},
{
"english": "to sin; place in the position of a criminal, render liable to punishment",
"word": "sċyldiġian"
},
{
"english": "sum demanded as wergeld",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "sċyldġung"
},
{
"english": "guilty",
"word": "sċyldiġ"
},
{
"english": "guilt",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "sċyldiġnes"
},
{
"english": "bailiff",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "sċyldlǣta"
},
{
"english": "guiltless",
"word": "sċyldlēas"
},
{
"english": "fine for a crime of violence",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "sċyldwīte"
},
{
"english": "avenging sin",
"word": "sċyldwreċċende"
},
{
"english": "evil-doing",
"word": "sċyldwyrcende"
},
{
"english": "wicked",
"word": "synsċyldiġ"
},
{
"english": "liable to a double penalty",
"word": "twisċyldiġ"
},
{
"english": "guilty of theft",
"word": "þēofsċyldiġ"
},
{
"english": "very guilty",
"word": "þurhsċyldiġ"
},
{
"english": "innocence",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "unsċyld"
},
{
"english": "innocence",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "unsċyldġung"
},
{
"english": "guiltless, innocent, not responsible",
"word": "unsċyldiġ"
},
{
"english": "excusable",
"word": "unsċyldiġlic"
},
{
"english": "innocently",
"word": "unsċyldiġlīċe"
},
{
"english": "innocence",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "unsċyldiġnes"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "shild",
"3": "schuld",
"alt": "shīld",
"alt2": "schüld"
},
"expansion": "Middle English: shīld, schüld",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle English: shīld, schüld"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "ine-pro",
"inh": "1"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "dercat"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*skuldi",
"4": "",
"5": "guilt"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *skuldi (“guilt”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "2",
"2": "cog"
},
"expansion": "Cognates",
"name": "col-top"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ofs",
"2": "schuld"
},
"expansion": "Old Frisian schuld",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "osx",
"2": "skuld",
"3": "",
"4": "crime, due"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon skuld (“crime, due”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "sculd"
},
"expansion": "Old High German sculd",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Schuld"
},
"expansion": "German Schuld",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "skuld"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse skuld",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-West Germanic *skuldi (“guilt”).\nCognates\nCognate with Old Frisian schuld, Old Saxon skuld (“crime, due”), Old High German sculd (German Schuld), Old Norse skuld. Related to shall, should.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "sċyld",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ang-decl-noun-o-f",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "sċyld",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "sċylda",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "sċylde",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "sċylde",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "sċylda",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "sċylde",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "sċylde",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "sċylda",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "sċylde",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "sċyldum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "nouns",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"g": "f",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": "sċyld",
"head2": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "sċyld f",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "f",
"head": "sċyld"
},
"expansion": "sċyld f",
"name": "ang-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sċyld"
},
"name": "ang-decl-noun-o-f"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sċyld",
"2": "sċylda,sċylde",
"3": "sċylde",
"4": "sċylda,sċylde",
"5": "sċylde",
"6": "sċylda",
"7": "sċylde",
"8": "sċyldum",
"num": "",
"title": "",
"type": "strong ō-stem"
},
"name": "ang-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Old English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "He begged forgiveness for his sins.",
"text": "Hē bæd his sċylde forġiefnesse.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"guilt, sin"
],
"links": [
[
"guilt",
"guilt"
],
[
"sin",
"sin"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Old English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "He forgave the debt against him.",
"text": "Hē þā sċyld forlēt wiþ hine.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"debt, obligation, liability, due"
],
"links": [
[
"debt",
"debt"
],
[
"obligation",
"obligation"
],
[
"liability",
"liability"
],
[
"due",
"due"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ʃyld/"
},
{
"ipa": "[ʃyɫd]"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "gylt"
}
],
"word": "scyld"
}
Download raw JSONL data for scyld meaning in Old English (7.8kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Old English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-02-22 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-02-02 using wiktextract (9e2b7d3 and f2e72e5). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.