See dun in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "doun",
"3": "doune"
},
"expansion": "Middle English: doun, doune",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle English: doun, doune"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "down"
},
"expansion": "English: down",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: down"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "doun",
"3": "down"
},
"expansion": "Scots: doun, down",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scots: doun, down"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*dūnā",
"4": "*dūnu"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *dūnu",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*dūnaz",
"t": "heap, pile"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *dūnaz (“heap, pile”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*dʰewh₂-",
"t": "to smoke, fume, raise dust"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂- (“to smoke, fume, raise dust”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "cel-pro",
"3": "*dūnom"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *dūnom",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-West Germanic *dūnu, *dūnā (“sand dune”), possibly from Proto-Germanic *dūnaz (“heap, pile”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂- (“to smoke, fume, raise dust”); or alternatively a late borrowing from Proto-Celtic *dūnom from the same Proto-Indo-European source.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "dūn",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ang-decl-noun-o-f",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "dūn",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dūna",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dūne",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dūne",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dūna",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dūne",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dūne",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dūna",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dūne",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dūnum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "nouns",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"g": "f",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": "dūn",
"head2": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "dūn f",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "f",
"head": "dūn"
},
"expansion": "dūn f",
"name": "ang-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dūn"
},
"name": "ang-decl-noun-o-f"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "dūn",
"2": "dūna,dūne",
"3": "dūne",
"4": "dūna,dūne",
"5": "dūne",
"6": "dūna",
"7": "dūne",
"8": "dūnum",
"num": "",
"title": "",
"type": "strong ō-stem"
},
"name": "ang-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "place",
"langcode": "ang",
"name": "Landforms",
"orig": "ang:Landforms",
"parents": [
"Earth",
"Places",
"Nature",
"Names",
"All topics",
"Proper nouns",
"Terms by semantic function",
"Fundamental",
"Nouns",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"english": "Abingdon",
"word": "Abban dūn"
},
{
"english": "Durholm",
"word": "Dūnhām"
},
{
"english": "a male given name",
"word": "Dūnstān"
},
{
"english": "a male given name",
"word": "Dūnweald"
},
{
"english": "Allington",
"word": "Ellendūn"
},
{
"english": "Edington",
"word": "Eþandūn"
},
{
"word": "Henġestdūn"
},
{
"english": "Repton",
"word": "Hreopadūn"
},
{
"english": "Huntington",
"word": "Huntandūn"
},
{
"english": "Maldon",
"word": "Mældūn"
},
{
"word": "ofdūne"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "\"Take your only-begotten son Isaac, whom you love, and quickly go to the land of Visionis, and sacrifice him there upon a mountain.\"",
"roman": "\"Nim þīnne āncennedan sunu Īsaac, þe þū lufast, and far tō þām lande Visionis hraþe, and ġeoffra hine þǣr uppan ānre dūne.\"",
"text": "Old English Heptateuch, Genesis 22:2",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"hill, mountain"
],
"id": "en-dun-ang-noun-0bBTfiCP",
"links": [
[
"hill",
"hill"
],
[
"mountain",
"mountain"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/duːn/"
}
],
"word": "dun"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "dun",
"name": "ang-adj"
}
],
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "dunn"
}
],
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "97 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Alternative form of dunn"
],
"id": "en-dun-ang-adj-byDkbWik",
"links": [
[
"dunn",
"dunn#Old_English"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/dun/"
}
],
"word": "dun"
}
{
"categories": [
"Old English adjectives",
"Old English entries with incorrect language header",
"Old English feminine nouns",
"Old English lemmas",
"Old English nouns",
"Old English terms derived from Proto-Celtic",
"Old English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Old English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Old English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Old English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Old English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Old English ō-stem nouns",
"Pages with 22 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"ang:Landforms"
],
"derived": [
{
"english": "Abingdon",
"word": "Abban dūn"
},
{
"english": "Durholm",
"word": "Dūnhām"
},
{
"english": "a male given name",
"word": "Dūnstān"
},
{
"english": "a male given name",
"word": "Dūnweald"
},
{
"english": "Allington",
"word": "Ellendūn"
},
{
"english": "Edington",
"word": "Eþandūn"
},
{
"word": "Henġestdūn"
},
{
"english": "Repton",
"word": "Hreopadūn"
},
{
"english": "Huntington",
"word": "Huntandūn"
},
{
"english": "Maldon",
"word": "Mældūn"
},
{
"word": "ofdūne"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "doun",
"3": "doune"
},
"expansion": "Middle English: doun, doune",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle English: doun, doune"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "down"
},
"expansion": "English: down",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: down"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "doun",
"3": "down"
},
"expansion": "Scots: doun, down",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scots: doun, down"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*dūnā",
"4": "*dūnu"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *dūnu",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*dūnaz",
"t": "heap, pile"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *dūnaz (“heap, pile”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*dʰewh₂-",
"t": "to smoke, fume, raise dust"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂- (“to smoke, fume, raise dust”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "cel-pro",
"3": "*dūnom"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *dūnom",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-West Germanic *dūnu, *dūnā (“sand dune”), possibly from Proto-Germanic *dūnaz (“heap, pile”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂- (“to smoke, fume, raise dust”); or alternatively a late borrowing from Proto-Celtic *dūnom from the same Proto-Indo-European source.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "dūn",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ang-decl-noun-o-f",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "dūn",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dūna",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dūne",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dūne",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dūna",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dūne",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dūne",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dūna",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dūne",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dūnum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "nouns",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"g": "f",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": "dūn",
"head2": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "dūn f",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "f",
"head": "dūn"
},
"expansion": "dūn f",
"name": "ang-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dūn"
},
"name": "ang-decl-noun-o-f"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "dūn",
"2": "dūna,dūne",
"3": "dūne",
"4": "dūna,dūne",
"5": "dūne",
"6": "dūna",
"7": "dūne",
"8": "dūnum",
"num": "",
"title": "",
"type": "strong ō-stem"
},
"name": "ang-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Old English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "\"Take your only-begotten son Isaac, whom you love, and quickly go to the land of Visionis, and sacrifice him there upon a mountain.\"",
"roman": "\"Nim þīnne āncennedan sunu Īsaac, þe þū lufast, and far tō þām lande Visionis hraþe, and ġeoffra hine þǣr uppan ānre dūne.\"",
"text": "Old English Heptateuch, Genesis 22:2",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"hill, mountain"
],
"links": [
[
"hill",
"hill"
],
[
"mountain",
"mountain"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/duːn/"
}
],
"word": "dun"
}
{
"categories": [
"Old English adjectives",
"Old English entries with incorrect language header",
"Old English lemmas",
"Old English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Pages with 22 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "dun",
"name": "ang-adj"
}
],
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "dunn"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Alternative form of dunn"
],
"links": [
[
"dunn",
"dunn#Old_English"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/dun/"
}
],
"word": "dun"
}
Download raw JSONL data for dun meaning in Old English (5.1kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Old English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-04-18 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-04-03 using wiktextract (ada610d and ea19a0a). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.