"քաղաք" meaning in Old Armenian

{
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "hy",
            "2": "քաղաք"
          },
          "expansion": "Armenian: քաղաք (kʻaġakʻ)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Armenian: քաղաք (kʻaġakʻ)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "xag",
            "2": "𐕣𐔰𐔾𐔰𐕣",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Aghwan: 𐕣𐔰𐔾𐔰𐕣 (kalak)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Aghwan: 𐕣𐔰𐔾𐔰𐕣 (kalak)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "oge",
            "2": "ქალაქი",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Old Georgian: ქალაქი (kalaki)\nGeorgian: ქალაქი (kalaki)\n→ Abkhaz: ақалақь (akalakʲ)\n→ Bats: ქალიქა (kalika), ქალაჲქა (kalayka)\n→ Ossetian: калак (kalak)\n→ Mingrelian: ქალაქი (kalaki)\n→ Svan: ქალა̈ქ (kaläk)",
          "name": "desctree"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Old Georgian: ქალაქი (kalaki)\nGeorgian: ქალაქი (kalaki)\n→ Abkhaz: ақалақь (akalakʲ)\n→ Bats: ქალიქა (kalika), ქალაჲქა (kalayka)\n→ Ossetian: калак (kalak)\n→ Mingrelian: ქალაქი (kalaki)\n→ Svan: ქალა̈ქ (kaläk)"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "xcl",
        "2": "ira"
      },
      "expansion": "Iranian",
      "name": "bor"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pal",
        "sc": "Phlv",
        "t": "name of a fortress in Khorasan (in Bundahishn)",
        "tr": "klʾk",
        "ts": "*kalāk"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (klʾk /⁠*kalāk⁠/, “name of a fortress in Khorasan (in Bundahishn)”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "mzn",
        "2": "کلا",
        "t": "suffix forming names of inhabited places",
        "tr": "-kalā"
      },
      "expansion": "Mazanderani کلا (-kalā, “suffix forming names of inhabited places”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fa",
        "2": "کلات",
        "tr": "kalât"
      },
      "expansion": "Persian کلات (kalât)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fa",
        "2": "کلاته",
        "gloss": "fortress, castle; market town",
        "tr": "kalâte"
      },
      "expansion": "کلاته (kalâte, “fortress, castle; market town”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "kmr",
        "2": "kelek"
      },
      "expansion": "Northern Kurdish kelek",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ckb",
        "2": "کەڵەک",
        "t": "pile of stones, dry stone wall"
      },
      "expansion": "Central Kurdish کەڵەک (kellek, “pile of stones, dry stone wall”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lrc",
        "2": "کٱل",
        "t": "castle, house, hill",
        "tr": "kal"
      },
      "expansion": "Northern Luri کٱل (kal, “castle, house, hill”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ira-pro",
        "2": "",
        "3": "*kata-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Iranian *kata-",
      "name": "m+"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ae",
        "2": "𐬐𐬀𐬙𐬀",
        "t": "habitation"
      },
      "expansion": "Avestan 𐬐𐬀𐬙𐬀 (kata, “habitation”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fa",
        "2": "کده",
        "t": "house",
        "tr": "kade"
      },
      "expansion": "Persian کده (kade, “house”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "wbl",
        "2": "kut",
        "3": "",
        "4": "roof"
      },
      "expansion": "Wakhi kut (“roof”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ps",
        "2": "کلی",
        "t": "village",
        "tr": "këlay"
      },
      "expansion": "Pashto کلی (këlay, “village”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sla-pro",
        "2": "*kotьcь",
        "3": "",
        "4": "cottage, pigsty"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Slavic *kotьcь (“cottage, pigsty”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "got",
        "2": "𐌷𐌴𐌸𐌾𐍉",
        "3": "",
        "4": "chamber"
      },
      "expansion": "Gothic 𐌷𐌴𐌸𐌾𐍉 (hēþjō, “chamber”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sa",
        "2": "चतति",
        "t": "to hide oneself",
        "tr": "cátati"
      },
      "expansion": "Sanskrit चतति (cátati, “to hide oneself”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-pro",
        "2": "*kelH-",
        "3": "",
        "4": "hill"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *kelH- (“hill”)",
      "name": "m+"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gem-pro",
        "2": "*burgz",
        "3": "",
        "4": "fortification"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *burgz (“fortification”)",
      "name": "m+"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-pro",
        "2": "*bʰerǵʰ-",
        "3": "",
        "4": "high"
      },
      "expansion": "*bʰerǵʰ- (“high”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "huy",
        "2": "kalaki",
        "t": "living room"
      },
      "expansion": "Hulaulá kalaki (“living room”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "xcl",
        "2": "sem"
      },
      "expansion": "Semitic",
      "name": "bor"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "xcl",
        "2": "akk",
        "3": "𒌷𒆗𒄷",
        "tr": "ᵁᴿᵁkal-ḫu",
        "ts": "Kalḫu"
      },
      "expansion": "Akkadian 𒌷𒆗𒄷 (ᵁᴿᵁkal-ḫu /⁠Kalḫu⁠/)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "akk",
        "2": "𒌷𒆗𒄭",
        "tr": "ᵁᴿᵁkal-ḫi",
        "ts": "Kalḫi"
      },
      "expansion": "𒌷𒆗𒄭 (ᵁᴿᵁkal-ḫi /⁠Kalḫi⁠/)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "akk",
        "2": "𒌷𒆗𒄩",
        "tr": "ᵁᴿᵁkal-ḫa"
      },
      "expansion": "𒌷𒆗𒄩 (ᵁᴿᵁkal-ḫa)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "akk",
        "2": "𒌷𒆕𒄩",
        "tr": "ᵁᴿᵁkàl-ḫa",
        "ts": "Kalḫa"
      },
      "expansion": "𒌷𒆕𒄩 (ᵁᴿᵁkàl-ḫa /⁠Kalḫa⁠/)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "akk",
        "2": "𒌷𒅗𒈛",
        "tr": "ᵁᴿᵁka-làḫ"
      },
      "expansion": "𒌷𒅗𒈛 (ᵁᴿᵁka-làḫ)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "grc",
        "2": "Χαλαχ"
      },
      "expansion": "Ancient Greek Χαλαχ (Khalakh)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "akk",
        "2": "𒇥",
        "t": "excavation, trench; pit; underground store, silo, cellar",
        "tr": "TUL₂",
        "ts": "kalakku"
      },
      "expansion": "Akkadian 𒇥 (TUL₂ /⁠kalakku⁠/, “excavation, trench; pit; underground store, silo, cellar”)",
      "name": "m+"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sux",
        "2": "𒇥",
        "t": "excavation, trench, store-cellar",
        "tr": "kalak"
      },
      "expansion": "Sumerian 𒇥 (kalak, “excavation, trench, store-cellar”)",
      "name": "m+"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ar",
        "2": "قَلْعَة",
        "t": "fortress, fort, castle"
      },
      "expansion": "Arabic قَلْعَة (qalʕa, “fortress, fort, castle”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "syc",
        "2": "ܟܪܟܐ",
        "t": "walled city or town, fortress; enclosure",
        "tr": "karəḵā"
      },
      "expansion": "Classical Syriac ܟܪܟܐ (karəḵā, “walled city or town, fortress; enclosure”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "he",
        "2": "כרך",
        "t": "large city",
        "tr": "kəraḵ"
      },
      "expansion": "Hebrew כרך (kəraḵ, “large city”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-pro",
        "2": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "grc",
        "2": "πτόλις"
      },
      "expansion": "Ancient Greek πτόλις (ptólis)",
      "name": "m+"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "grc",
        "2": "πόλις"
      },
      "expansion": "πόλις (pólis)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sa",
        "2": "पुर्",
        "tr": "púr"
      },
      "expansion": "Sanskrit पुर् (púr)",
      "name": "m+"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-pro",
        "2": "",
        "3": "*pwl̥H-s"
      },
      "expansion": "*pwl̥H-s",
      "name": "m"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Probably an Iranian borrowing. Compare Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (klʾk /⁠*kalāk⁠/, “name of a fortress in Khorasan (in Bundahishn)”), Mazanderani کلا (-kalā, “suffix forming names of inhabited places”), Persian کلات (kalât), کلاته (kalâte, “fortress, castle; market town”), Northern Kurdish kelek, Central Kurdish کەڵەک (kellek, “pile of stones, dry stone wall”), Northern Luri کٱل (kal, “castle, house, hill”). Bailey explains the Iranian words from Proto-Iranian *kata- which forms names for any \"covered place\": Avestan 𐬐𐬀𐬙𐬀 (kata, “habitation”), Persian کده (kade, “house”), Wakhi kut (“roof”), Pashto کلی (këlay, “village”) etc. with further cognates in Proto-Slavic *kotьcь (“cottage, pigsty”), Gothic 𐌷𐌴𐌸𐌾𐍉 (hēþjō, “chamber”), Sanskrit चतति (cátati, “to hide oneself”). He assumes a dialectal *t → l sound change in Western Iranian languages, as in Pashto. Klingenschmitt offers an alternative derivation of the Iranian terms from Proto-Indo-European *kelH- (“hill”), with the same semantic development as in Proto-Germanic *burgz (“fortification”) from *bʰerǵʰ- (“high”). Note also Hulaulá kalaki (“living room”).\nAlternatively, the Armenian and Iranian may be independently borrowed from Semitic, namely from Akkadian 𒌷𒆗𒄷 (ᵁᴿᵁkal-ḫu /⁠Kalḫu⁠/), 𒌷𒆗𒄭 (ᵁᴿᵁkal-ḫi /⁠Kalḫi⁠/), 𒌷𒆗𒄩 (ᵁᴿᵁkal-ḫa)/𒌷𒆕𒄩 (ᵁᴿᵁkàl-ḫa /⁠Kalḫa⁠/), less frequently written 𒌷𒅗𒈛 (ᵁᴿᵁka-làḫ), the ancient city capital of Assyria on the Tigris, called Calah in the Bible. The city name is rendered as Ancient Greek Χαλαχ (Khalakh) in the Septuagint. Another possibility is Akkadian 𒇥 (TUL₂ /⁠kalakku⁠/, “excavation, trench; pit; underground store, silo, cellar”), a loanword from Sumerian 𒇥 (kalak, “excavation, trench, store-cellar”).\nIt is often assumed Arabic قَلْعَة (qalʕa, “fortress, fort, castle”) is somehow connected. Further often connected with Classical Syriac ܟܪܟܐ (karəḵā, “walled city or town, fortress; enclosure”), Hebrew כרך (kəraḵ, “large city”).\nUnconvincing native Proto-Indo-European etymologies have also been proposed.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "kʻałakʻ",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "xcl-noun-ի-ա",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "a-type",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "class"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "քաղաք",
      "roman": "kʻałakʻ",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "քաղաքք",
      "roman": "kʻałakʻkʻ",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "քաղաքի",
      "roman": "kʻałakʻi",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "քաղաքաց",
      "roman": "kʻałakʻacʻ",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "քաղաքի",
      "roman": "kʻałakʻi",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "քաղաքաց",
      "roman": "kʻałakʻacʻ",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "քաղաք",
      "roman": "kʻałakʻ",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "քաղաքս",
      "roman": "kʻałakʻs",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "քաղաքէ",
      "roman": "kʻałakʻē",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "ablative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "քաղաքաց",
      "roman": "kʻałakʻacʻ",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "ablative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "քաղաքաւ",
      "roman": "kʻałakʻaw",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "քաղաքաւք = քաղաքօք (kʻałakʻawkʻ = kʻałakʻōkʻ)",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "քաղաքի",
      "roman": "kʻałakʻi",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "քաղաքս",
      "roman": "kʻałakʻs",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "xcl",
        "2": "noun",
        "cat2": "",
        "g": "",
        "head": ""
      },
      "expansion": "քաղաք • (kʻałakʻ)",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "քաղաք • (kʻałakʻ)",
      "name": "xcl-noun"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "քաղաք",
        "11": "քաղաքաց",
        "13": "քաղաք",
        "15": "քաղաքս",
        "17": "քաղաքէ",
        "19": "քաղաքաց",
        "21": "քաղաքաւ",
        "23": "քաղաքաւք = քաղաքօք",
        "25": "քաղաքի",
        "27": "քաղաքս",
        "3": "քաղաքք",
        "5": "քաղաքի",
        "7": "քաղաքաց",
        "9": "քաղաքի",
        "note": "",
        "type": "i-a-type"
      },
      "name": "xcl-decl-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Old Armenian",
  "lang_code": "xcl",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Hulaulá terms in nonstandard scripts",
          "parents": [
            "Terms in nonstandard scripts",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Old Armenian entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Old Armenian links with redundant wikilinks",
          "parents": [
            "Links with redundant wikilinks",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Sanskrit terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
          "parents": [
            "Terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "derived": [
        {
          "roman": "ankʻałakʻ",
          "word": "անքաղաք"
        },
        {
          "roman": "ašxarhakʻałakʻacʻi",
          "word": "աշխարհաքաղաքացի"
        },
        {
          "roman": "astuacakʻałakʻ",
          "word": "աստուածաքաղաք"
        },
        {
          "roman": "Areg kʻałakʻ",
          "word": "Արեգ քաղաք"
        },
        {
          "roman": "arjakakʻałakʻ",
          "word": "արձակաքաղաք"
        },
        {
          "roman": "berdakʻałakʻ",
          "word": "բերդաքաղաք"
        },
        {
          "roman": "berdakʻałakʻacʻi",
          "word": "բերդաքաղաքացի"
        },
        {
          "roman": "gełakʻałakʻ",
          "word": "գեղաքաղաք"
        },
        {
          "roman": "giwłakʻałakʻ",
          "word": "գիւղաքաղաք"
        },
        {
          "roman": "erekʻkʻałakʻean",
          "word": "երեքքաղաքեան"
        },
        {
          "roman": "erknakʻałakʻacʻi",
          "word": "երկնաքաղաքացի"
        },
        {
          "roman": "cayrakʻałakʻ",
          "word": "ծայրաքաղաք"
        },
        {
          "roman": "hingkʻałakʻ",
          "word": "հինգքաղաք"
        },
        {
          "roman": "hngakʻałakʻkʻ",
          "word": "հնգաքաղաքք"
        },
        {
          "roman": "mayrakʻałakʻ",
          "word": "մայրաքաղաք"
        },
        {
          "roman": "mayrakʻałakʻakan",
          "word": "մայրաքաղաքական"
        },
        {
          "roman": "mayrakʻałakʻacʻi",
          "word": "մայրաքաղաքացի"
        },
        {
          "roman": "mardakʻałakʻacʻi",
          "word": "մարդաքաղաքացի"
        },
        {
          "roman": "mecakʻałakʻ",
          "word": "մեծաքաղաք"
        },
        {
          "roman": "mecakʻałakʻacʻi",
          "word": "մեծաքաղաքացի"
        },
        {
          "roman": "mōtakʻałakʻ",
          "word": "մօտաքաղաք"
        },
        {
          "roman": "nerakʻałakʻean",
          "word": "ներաքաղաքեան"
        },
        {
          "roman": "norakʻałakʻ",
          "word": "նորաքաղաք"
        },
        {
          "roman": "vernakʻałakʻ",
          "word": "վերնաքաղաք"
        },
        {
          "roman": "vernakʻałakʻamayr",
          "word": "վերնաքաղաքամայր"
        },
        {
          "roman": "kʻałakʻabašx",
          "word": "քաղաքաբաշխ"
        },
        {
          "roman": "kʻałakʻaberd",
          "word": "քաղաքաբերդ"
        },
        {
          "roman": "kʻałakʻabnak",
          "word": "քաղաքաբնակ"
        },
        {
          "roman": "kʻałakʻageł",
          "word": "քաղաքագեղ"
        },
        {
          "roman": "kʻałakʻagewł",
          "word": "քաղաքագեւղ"
        },
        {
          "roman": "kʻałakʻageōł",
          "word": "քաղաքագեօղ"
        },
        {
          "roman": "kʻałakʻagiwł",
          "word": "քաղաքագիւղ"
        },
        {
          "roman": "kʻałakʻagrem",
          "word": "քաղաքագրեմ"
        },
        {
          "roman": "kʻałakʻagrim",
          "word": "քաղաքագրիմ"
        },
        {
          "roman": "kʻałakʻažołov",
          "word": "քաղաքաժողով"
        },
        {
          "roman": "kʻałakʻakan",
          "word": "քաղաքական"
        },
        {
          "roman": "kʻałakʻakanagoyn",
          "word": "քաղաքականագոյն"
        },
        {
          "roman": "kʻałakʻakanutʻiwn",
          "word": "քաղաքականութիւն"
        },
        {
          "roman": "kʻałakʻakicʻ",
          "word": "քաղաքակից"
        },
        {
          "roman": "kʻałakʻakcʻim",
          "word": "քաղաքակցիմ"
        },
        {
          "roman": "kʻałakʻakcʻutʻiwn",
          "word": "քաղաքակցութիւն"
        },
        {
          "roman": "kʻałakʻahełjoycʻ",
          "word": "քաղաքահեղձոյց"
        },
        {
          "roman": "kʻałakʻamayr",
          "word": "քաղաքամայր"
        },
        {
          "roman": "kʻałakʻamartutʻiwn",
          "word": "քաղաքամարտութիւն"
        },
        {
          "roman": "kʻałakʻamēǰ",
          "word": "քաղաքամէջ"
        },
        {
          "roman": "kʻałakʻamur",
          "word": "քաղաքամուր"
        },
        {
          "roman": "kʻałakʻayardar",
          "word": "քաղաքայարդար"
        },
        {
          "roman": "kʻałakʻayin",
          "word": "քաղաքային"
        },
        {
          "roman": "kʻałakʻanam",
          "word": "քաղաքանամ"
        },
        {
          "roman": "kʻałakʻani",
          "word": "քաղաքանի"
        },
        {
          "roman": "kʻałakʻanist",
          "word": "քաղաքանիստ"
        },
        {
          "roman": "kʻałakʻašinutʻiwn",
          "word": "քաղաքաշինութիւն"
        },
        {
          "roman": "kʻałakʻapah",
          "word": "քաղաքապահ"
        },
        {
          "roman": "kʻałakʻapet",
          "word": "քաղաքապետ"
        },
        {
          "roman": "kʻałakʻaṙu",
          "word": "քաղաքառու"
        },
        {
          "roman": "kʻałakʻasēr",
          "word": "քաղաքասէր"
        },
        {
          "roman": "kʻałakʻavayr",
          "word": "քաղաքավայր"
        },
        {
          "roman": "kʻałakʻavar",
          "word": "քաղաքավար"
        },
        {
          "roman": "kʻałakʻavarakan",
          "word": "քաղաքավարական"
        },
        {
          "roman": "kʻałakʻavarem",
          "word": "քաղաքավարեմ"
        },
        {
          "roman": "kʻałakʻavarim",
          "word": "քաղաքավարիմ"
        },
        {
          "roman": "kʻałakʻavarutʻiwn",
          "word": "քաղաքավարութիւն"
        },
        {
          "roman": "kʻałakʻatur",
          "word": "քաղաքատուր"
        },
        {
          "roman": "kʻałakʻacʻi",
          "word": "քաղաքացի"
        },
        {
          "roman": "kʻałakʻacʻucʻanem",
          "word": "քաղաքացուցանեմ"
        },
        {
          "roman": "kʻałakʻawer",
          "word": "քաղաքաւեր"
        },
        {
          "roman": "kʻałakʻaworutʻiwn",
          "word": "քաղաքաւորութիւն"
        },
        {
          "roman": "kʻałakʻik",
          "word": "քաղաքիկ"
        },
        {
          "roman": "kʻałakʻknear",
          "word": "քաղաքկնեար"
        },
        {
          "roman": "kʻałakʻorm",
          "word": "քաղաքորմ"
        },
        {
          "roman": "kʻałakʻuhi",
          "word": "քաղաքուհի"
        },
        {
          "roman": "kʻałakʻuhikʻ",
          "word": "քաղաքուհիք"
        },
        {
          "roman": "kʻałakʻōrēn",
          "word": "քաղաքօրէն"
        },
        {
          "roman": "ōrinakʻałakʻ",
          "word": "օրինաքաղաք"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "And Cain knew his wife, and having conceived she bore Enoch; and he built a city; and he named the city after the name of his son, Enoch.",
          "ref": "5th century, Bible, Genesis 4.17",
          "roman": "Translation by Brenton Septuagint Translation",
          "text": "Եմուտ Կային առ կին իւր, եւ յղացաւ եւ ծնաւ զԵնոք։ Եւ շինէր քաղաք, եւ դնէր անուն քաղաքին յանուն որդւոյ իւրոյ Ենոքայ։\nEmut Kayin aṙ kin iwr, ew yłacʻaw ew cnaw zEnokʻ. Ew šinēr kʻałakʻ, ew dnēr anun kʻałakʻin yanun ordwoy iwroy Enokʻay."
        },
        {
          "english": "all strong cities, lofty walls, gates and bars; besides the very many cities of the Pherezites",
          "ref": "5th century, Bible, Deuteronomy 3.5",
          "roman": "Translation by Brenton Septuagint Translation",
          "text": "ա՟մ քաղաքք ամուրք բարձրապարիսպք դրամբք եւ դռնափակօք․ թող ցքաղաքսն փերեզացոց բազում յոյժ\na.m kʻałakʻkʻ amurkʻ barjraparispkʻ drambkʻ ew dṙnapʻakōkʻ; tʻoł cʻkʻałakʻsn pʻerezacʻocʻ bazum yoyž"
        },
        {
          "english": "Translation by Claude E. Cox\nThose who cast them out of the cities and their own houses, though the souls of the young groaned very loudly—and he, why does he not pay a visit to that one?",
          "ref": "5th century, Bible, Job 24.12",
          "roman": "Orkʻ i kʻałakʻacʻ ew i tancʻ iwreancʻ zənkecʻan, anjinkʻ tłayocʻ mecamecs hecececʻin; ew na aynm aycʻelutʻiwn əndēr očʻ aṙnicʻē.",
          "text": "Որք ի քաղաքաց եւ ի տանց իւրեանց զընկեցան, անձինք տղայոց մեծամեծս հեծեծեցին․ եւ նա այնմ այցելութիւն ընդէ՞ր ոչ առնիցէ։"
        },
        {
          "english": "In all the things that thou hast brought upon us, and upon the holy city of our fathers, even Jerusalem, thou hast executed true judgment: for according to truth and judgment didst thou bring all these things upon us because of our sins.",
          "ref": "5th century, Bible, Daniel 3.28",
          "roman": "Translation by Brenton Septuagint Translation",
          "text": "եւ իրաւունս ճշմարտութեան արարեր ըստ ամենայնի զոր արարեր մեզ եւ քաղաքի սրբոյ հարցն մերոյ Երուսաղէմի, զի ճշմարտութեամբ եւ յիրաւի ածեր զայս ամենայն վասն մեղաց մերոց\new irawuns čšmartutʻean ararer əst amenayni zor ararer mez ew kʻałakʻi srboy harcʻn meroy Erusałēmi, zi čšmartutʻeamb ew yirawi acer zays amenayn vasn mełacʻ merocʻ"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "city, town"
      ],
      "id": "en-քաղաք-xcl-noun-buP~kWBn",
      "links": [
        [
          "city",
          "city"
        ],
        [
          "town",
          "town"
        ]
      ],
      "wikipedia": [
        "Bundahishn",
        "Calah"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "քաղաք"
}

{
  "derived": [
    {
      "roman": "ankʻałakʻ",
      "word": "անքաղաք"
    },
    {
      "roman": "ašxarhakʻałakʻacʻi",
      "word": "աշխարհաքաղաքացի"
    },
    {
      "roman": "astuacakʻałakʻ",
      "word": "աստուածաքաղաք"
    },
    {
      "roman": "Areg kʻałakʻ",
      "word": "Արեգ քաղաք"
    },
    {
      "roman": "arjakakʻałakʻ",
      "word": "արձակաքաղաք"
    },
    {
      "roman": "berdakʻałakʻ",
      "word": "բերդաքաղաք"
    },
    {
      "roman": "berdakʻałakʻacʻi",
      "word": "բերդաքաղաքացի"
    },
    {
      "roman": "gełakʻałakʻ",
      "word": "գեղաքաղաք"
    },
    {
      "roman": "giwłakʻałakʻ",
      "word": "գիւղաքաղաք"
    },
    {
      "roman": "erekʻkʻałakʻean",
      "word": "երեքքաղաքեան"
    },
    {
      "roman": "erknakʻałakʻacʻi",
      "word": "երկնաքաղաքացի"
    },
    {
      "roman": "cayrakʻałakʻ",
      "word": "ծայրաքաղաք"
    },
    {
      "roman": "hingkʻałakʻ",
      "word": "հինգքաղաք"
    },
    {
      "roman": "hngakʻałakʻkʻ",
      "word": "հնգաքաղաքք"
    },
    {
      "roman": "mayrakʻałakʻ",
      "word": "մայրաքաղաք"
    },
    {
      "roman": "mayrakʻałakʻakan",
      "word": "մայրաքաղաքական"
    },
    {
      "roman": "mayrakʻałakʻacʻi",
      "word": "մայրաքաղաքացի"
    },
    {
      "roman": "mardakʻałakʻacʻi",
      "word": "մարդաքաղաքացի"
    },
    {
      "roman": "mecakʻałakʻ",
      "word": "մեծաքաղաք"
    },
    {
      "roman": "mecakʻałakʻacʻi",
      "word": "մեծաքաղաքացի"
    },
    {
      "roman": "mōtakʻałakʻ",
      "word": "մօտաքաղաք"
    },
    {
      "roman": "nerakʻałakʻean",
      "word": "ներաքաղաքեան"
    },
    {
      "roman": "norakʻałakʻ",
      "word": "նորաքաղաք"
    },
    {
      "roman": "vernakʻałakʻ",
      "word": "վերնաքաղաք"
    },
    {
      "roman": "vernakʻałakʻamayr",
      "word": "վերնաքաղաքամայր"
    },
    {
      "roman": "kʻałakʻabašx",
      "word": "քաղաքաբաշխ"
    },
    {
      "roman": "kʻałakʻaberd",
      "word": "քաղաքաբերդ"
    },
    {
      "roman": "kʻałakʻabnak",
      "word": "քաղաքաբնակ"
    },
    {
      "roman": "kʻałakʻageł",
      "word": "քաղաքագեղ"
    },
    {
      "roman": "kʻałakʻagewł",
      "word": "քաղաքագեւղ"
    },
    {
      "roman": "kʻałakʻageōł",
      "word": "քաղաքագեօղ"
    },
    {
      "roman": "kʻałakʻagiwł",
      "word": "քաղաքագիւղ"
    },
    {
      "roman": "kʻałakʻagrem",
      "word": "քաղաքագրեմ"
    },
    {
      "roman": "kʻałakʻagrim",
      "word": "քաղաքագրիմ"
    },
    {
      "roman": "kʻałakʻažołov",
      "word": "քաղաքաժողով"
    },
    {
      "roman": "kʻałakʻakan",
      "word": "քաղաքական"
    },
    {
      "roman": "kʻałakʻakanagoyn",
      "word": "քաղաքականագոյն"
    },
    {
      "roman": "kʻałakʻakanutʻiwn",
      "word": "քաղաքականութիւն"
    },
    {
      "roman": "kʻałakʻakicʻ",
      "word": "քաղաքակից"
    },
    {
      "roman": "kʻałakʻakcʻim",
      "word": "քաղաքակցիմ"
    },
    {
      "roman": "kʻałakʻakcʻutʻiwn",
      "word": "քաղաքակցութիւն"
    },
    {
      "roman": "kʻałakʻahełjoycʻ",
      "word": "քաղաքահեղձոյց"
    },
    {
      "roman": "kʻałakʻamayr",
      "word": "քաղաքամայր"
    },
    {
      "roman": "kʻałakʻamartutʻiwn",
      "word": "քաղաքամարտութիւն"
    },
    {
      "roman": "kʻałakʻamēǰ",
      "word": "քաղաքամէջ"
    },
    {
      "roman": "kʻałakʻamur",
      "word": "քաղաքամուր"
    },
    {
      "roman": "kʻałakʻayardar",
      "word": "քաղաքայարդար"
    },
    {
      "roman": "kʻałakʻayin",
      "word": "քաղաքային"
    },
    {
      "roman": "kʻałakʻanam",
      "word": "քաղաքանամ"
    },
    {
      "roman": "kʻałakʻani",
      "word": "քաղաքանի"
    },
    {
      "roman": "kʻałakʻanist",
      "word": "քաղաքանիստ"
    },
    {
      "roman": "kʻałakʻašinutʻiwn",
      "word": "քաղաքաշինութիւն"
    },
    {
      "roman": "kʻałakʻapah",
      "word": "քաղաքապահ"
    },
    {
      "roman": "kʻałakʻapet",
      "word": "քաղաքապետ"
    },
    {
      "roman": "kʻałakʻaṙu",
      "word": "քաղաքառու"
    },
    {
      "roman": "kʻałakʻasēr",
      "word": "քաղաքասէր"
    },
    {
      "roman": "kʻałakʻavayr",
      "word": "քաղաքավայր"
    },
    {
      "roman": "kʻałakʻavar",
      "word": "քաղաքավար"
    },
    {
      "roman": "kʻałakʻavarakan",
      "word": "քաղաքավարական"
    },
    {
      "roman": "kʻałakʻavarem",
      "word": "քաղաքավարեմ"
    },
    {
      "roman": "kʻałakʻavarim",
      "word": "քաղաքավարիմ"
    },
    {
      "roman": "kʻałakʻavarutʻiwn",
      "word": "քաղաքավարութիւն"
    },
    {
      "roman": "kʻałakʻatur",
      "word": "քաղաքատուր"
    },
    {
      "roman": "kʻałakʻacʻi",
      "word": "քաղաքացի"
    },
    {
      "roman": "kʻałakʻacʻucʻanem",
      "word": "քաղաքացուցանեմ"
    },
    {
      "roman": "kʻałakʻawer",
      "word": "քաղաքաւեր"
    },
    {
      "roman": "kʻałakʻaworutʻiwn",
      "word": "քաղաքաւորութիւն"
    },
    {
      "roman": "kʻałakʻik",
      "word": "քաղաքիկ"
    },
    {
      "roman": "kʻałakʻknear",
      "word": "քաղաքկնեար"
    },
    {
      "roman": "kʻałakʻorm",
      "word": "քաղաքորմ"
    },
    {
      "roman": "kʻałakʻuhi",
      "word": "քաղաքուհի"
    },
    {
      "roman": "kʻałakʻuhikʻ",
      "word": "քաղաքուհիք"
    },
    {
      "roman": "kʻałakʻōrēn",
      "word": "քաղաքօրէն"
    },
    {
      "roman": "ōrinakʻałakʻ",
      "word": "օրինաքաղաք"
    }
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "hy",
            "2": "քաղաք"
          },
          "expansion": "Armenian: քաղաք (kʻaġakʻ)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Armenian: քաղաք (kʻaġakʻ)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "xag",
            "2": "𐕣𐔰𐔾𐔰𐕣",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Aghwan: 𐕣𐔰𐔾𐔰𐕣 (kalak)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Aghwan: 𐕣𐔰𐔾𐔰𐕣 (kalak)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "oge",
            "2": "ქალაქი",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Old Georgian: ქალაქი (kalaki)\nGeorgian: ქალაქი (kalaki)\n→ Abkhaz: ақалақь (akalakʲ)\n→ Bats: ქალიქა (kalika), ქალაჲქა (kalayka)\n→ Ossetian: калак (kalak)\n→ Mingrelian: ქალაქი (kalaki)\n→ Svan: ქალა̈ქ (kaläk)",
          "name": "desctree"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Old Georgian: ქალაქი (kalaki)\nGeorgian: ქალაქი (kalaki)\n→ Abkhaz: ақалақь (akalakʲ)\n→ Bats: ქალიქა (kalika), ქალაჲქა (kalayka)\n→ Ossetian: калак (kalak)\n→ Mingrelian: ქალაქი (kalaki)\n→ Svan: ქალა̈ქ (kaläk)"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "xcl",
        "2": "ira"
      },
      "expansion": "Iranian",
      "name": "bor"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pal",
        "sc": "Phlv",
        "t": "name of a fortress in Khorasan (in Bundahishn)",
        "tr": "klʾk",
        "ts": "*kalāk"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (klʾk /⁠*kalāk⁠/, “name of a fortress in Khorasan (in Bundahishn)”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "mzn",
        "2": "کلا",
        "t": "suffix forming names of inhabited places",
        "tr": "-kalā"
      },
      "expansion": "Mazanderani کلا (-kalā, “suffix forming names of inhabited places”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fa",
        "2": "کلات",
        "tr": "kalât"
      },
      "expansion": "Persian کلات (kalât)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fa",
        "2": "کلاته",
        "gloss": "fortress, castle; market town",
        "tr": "kalâte"
      },
      "expansion": "کلاته (kalâte, “fortress, castle; market town”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "kmr",
        "2": "kelek"
      },
      "expansion": "Northern Kurdish kelek",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ckb",
        "2": "کەڵەک",
        "t": "pile of stones, dry stone wall"
      },
      "expansion": "Central Kurdish کەڵەک (kellek, “pile of stones, dry stone wall”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lrc",
        "2": "کٱل",
        "t": "castle, house, hill",
        "tr": "kal"
      },
      "expansion": "Northern Luri کٱل (kal, “castle, house, hill”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ira-pro",
        "2": "",
        "3": "*kata-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Iranian *kata-",
      "name": "m+"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ae",
        "2": "𐬐𐬀𐬙𐬀",
        "t": "habitation"
      },
      "expansion": "Avestan 𐬐𐬀𐬙𐬀 (kata, “habitation”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fa",
        "2": "کده",
        "t": "house",
        "tr": "kade"
      },
      "expansion": "Persian کده (kade, “house”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "wbl",
        "2": "kut",
        "3": "",
        "4": "roof"
      },
      "expansion": "Wakhi kut (“roof”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ps",
        "2": "کلی",
        "t": "village",
        "tr": "këlay"
      },
      "expansion": "Pashto کلی (këlay, “village”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sla-pro",
        "2": "*kotьcь",
        "3": "",
        "4": "cottage, pigsty"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Slavic *kotьcь (“cottage, pigsty”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "got",
        "2": "𐌷𐌴𐌸𐌾𐍉",
        "3": "",
        "4": "chamber"
      },
      "expansion": "Gothic 𐌷𐌴𐌸𐌾𐍉 (hēþjō, “chamber”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sa",
        "2": "चतति",
        "t": "to hide oneself",
        "tr": "cátati"
      },
      "expansion": "Sanskrit चतति (cátati, “to hide oneself”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-pro",
        "2": "*kelH-",
        "3": "",
        "4": "hill"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *kelH- (“hill”)",
      "name": "m+"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gem-pro",
        "2": "*burgz",
        "3": "",
        "4": "fortification"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *burgz (“fortification”)",
      "name": "m+"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-pro",
        "2": "*bʰerǵʰ-",
        "3": "",
        "4": "high"
      },
      "expansion": "*bʰerǵʰ- (“high”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "huy",
        "2": "kalaki",
        "t": "living room"
      },
      "expansion": "Hulaulá kalaki (“living room”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "xcl",
        "2": "sem"
      },
      "expansion": "Semitic",
      "name": "bor"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "xcl",
        "2": "akk",
        "3": "𒌷𒆗𒄷",
        "tr": "ᵁᴿᵁkal-ḫu",
        "ts": "Kalḫu"
      },
      "expansion": "Akkadian 𒌷𒆗𒄷 (ᵁᴿᵁkal-ḫu /⁠Kalḫu⁠/)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "akk",
        "2": "𒌷𒆗𒄭",
        "tr": "ᵁᴿᵁkal-ḫi",
        "ts": "Kalḫi"
      },
      "expansion": "𒌷𒆗𒄭 (ᵁᴿᵁkal-ḫi /⁠Kalḫi⁠/)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "akk",
        "2": "𒌷𒆗𒄩",
        "tr": "ᵁᴿᵁkal-ḫa"
      },
      "expansion": "𒌷𒆗𒄩 (ᵁᴿᵁkal-ḫa)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "akk",
        "2": "𒌷𒆕𒄩",
        "tr": "ᵁᴿᵁkàl-ḫa",
        "ts": "Kalḫa"
      },
      "expansion": "𒌷𒆕𒄩 (ᵁᴿᵁkàl-ḫa /⁠Kalḫa⁠/)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "akk",
        "2": "𒌷𒅗𒈛",
        "tr": "ᵁᴿᵁka-làḫ"
      },
      "expansion": "𒌷𒅗𒈛 (ᵁᴿᵁka-làḫ)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "grc",
        "2": "Χαλαχ"
      },
      "expansion": "Ancient Greek Χαλαχ (Khalakh)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "akk",
        "2": "𒇥",
        "t": "excavation, trench; pit; underground store, silo, cellar",
        "tr": "TUL₂",
        "ts": "kalakku"
      },
      "expansion": "Akkadian 𒇥 (TUL₂ /⁠kalakku⁠/, “excavation, trench; pit; underground store, silo, cellar”)",
      "name": "m+"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sux",
        "2": "𒇥",
        "t": "excavation, trench, store-cellar",
        "tr": "kalak"
      },
      "expansion": "Sumerian 𒇥 (kalak, “excavation, trench, store-cellar”)",
      "name": "m+"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ar",
        "2": "قَلْعَة",
        "t": "fortress, fort, castle"
      },
      "expansion": "Arabic قَلْعَة (qalʕa, “fortress, fort, castle”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "syc",
        "2": "ܟܪܟܐ",
        "t": "walled city or town, fortress; enclosure",
        "tr": "karəḵā"
      },
      "expansion": "Classical Syriac ܟܪܟܐ (karəḵā, “walled city or town, fortress; enclosure”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "he",
        "2": "כרך",
        "t": "large city",
        "tr": "kəraḵ"
      },
      "expansion": "Hebrew כרך (kəraḵ, “large city”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-pro",
        "2": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "grc",
        "2": "πτόλις"
      },
      "expansion": "Ancient Greek πτόλις (ptólis)",
      "name": "m+"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "grc",
        "2": "πόλις"
      },
      "expansion": "πόλις (pólis)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sa",
        "2": "पुर्",
        "tr": "púr"
      },
      "expansion": "Sanskrit पुर् (púr)",
      "name": "m+"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-pro",
        "2": "",
        "3": "*pwl̥H-s"
      },
      "expansion": "*pwl̥H-s",
      "name": "m"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Probably an Iranian borrowing. Compare Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (klʾk /⁠*kalāk⁠/, “name of a fortress in Khorasan (in Bundahishn)”), Mazanderani کلا (-kalā, “suffix forming names of inhabited places”), Persian کلات (kalât), کلاته (kalâte, “fortress, castle; market town”), Northern Kurdish kelek, Central Kurdish کەڵەک (kellek, “pile of stones, dry stone wall”), Northern Luri کٱل (kal, “castle, house, hill”). Bailey explains the Iranian words from Proto-Iranian *kata- which forms names for any \"covered place\": Avestan 𐬐𐬀𐬙𐬀 (kata, “habitation”), Persian کده (kade, “house”), Wakhi kut (“roof”), Pashto کلی (këlay, “village”) etc. with further cognates in Proto-Slavic *kotьcь (“cottage, pigsty”), Gothic 𐌷𐌴𐌸𐌾𐍉 (hēþjō, “chamber”), Sanskrit चतति (cátati, “to hide oneself”). He assumes a dialectal *t → l sound change in Western Iranian languages, as in Pashto. Klingenschmitt offers an alternative derivation of the Iranian terms from Proto-Indo-European *kelH- (“hill”), with the same semantic development as in Proto-Germanic *burgz (“fortification”) from *bʰerǵʰ- (“high”). Note also Hulaulá kalaki (“living room”).\nAlternatively, the Armenian and Iranian may be independently borrowed from Semitic, namely from Akkadian 𒌷𒆗𒄷 (ᵁᴿᵁkal-ḫu /⁠Kalḫu⁠/), 𒌷𒆗𒄭 (ᵁᴿᵁkal-ḫi /⁠Kalḫi⁠/), 𒌷𒆗𒄩 (ᵁᴿᵁkal-ḫa)/𒌷𒆕𒄩 (ᵁᴿᵁkàl-ḫa /⁠Kalḫa⁠/), less frequently written 𒌷𒅗𒈛 (ᵁᴿᵁka-làḫ), the ancient city capital of Assyria on the Tigris, called Calah in the Bible. The city name is rendered as Ancient Greek Χαλαχ (Khalakh) in the Septuagint. Another possibility is Akkadian 𒇥 (TUL₂ /⁠kalakku⁠/, “excavation, trench; pit; underground store, silo, cellar”), a loanword from Sumerian 𒇥 (kalak, “excavation, trench, store-cellar”).\nIt is often assumed Arabic قَلْعَة (qalʕa, “fortress, fort, castle”) is somehow connected. Further often connected with Classical Syriac ܟܪܟܐ (karəḵā, “walled city or town, fortress; enclosure”), Hebrew כרך (kəraḵ, “large city”).\nUnconvincing native Proto-Indo-European etymologies have also been proposed.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "kʻałakʻ",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "xcl-noun-ի-ա",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "a-type",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "class"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "քաղաք",
      "roman": "kʻałakʻ",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "քաղաքք",
      "roman": "kʻałakʻkʻ",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "քաղաքի",
      "roman": "kʻałakʻi",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "քաղաքաց",
      "roman": "kʻałakʻacʻ",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "քաղաքի",
      "roman": "kʻałakʻi",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "քաղաքաց",
      "roman": "kʻałakʻacʻ",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "քաղաք",
      "roman": "kʻałakʻ",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "քաղաքս",
      "roman": "kʻałakʻs",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "քաղաքէ",
      "roman": "kʻałakʻē",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "ablative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "քաղաքաց",
      "roman": "kʻałakʻacʻ",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "ablative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "քաղաքաւ",
      "roman": "kʻałakʻaw",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "քաղաքաւք = քաղաքօք (kʻałakʻawkʻ = kʻałakʻōkʻ)",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "քաղաքի",
      "roman": "kʻałakʻi",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "քաղաքս",
      "roman": "kʻałakʻs",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "xcl",
        "2": "noun",
        "cat2": "",
        "g": "",
        "head": ""
      },
      "expansion": "քաղաք • (kʻałakʻ)",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "քաղաք • (kʻałakʻ)",
      "name": "xcl-noun"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "քաղաք",
        "11": "քաղաքաց",
        "13": "քաղաք",
        "15": "քաղաքս",
        "17": "քաղաքէ",
        "19": "քաղաքաց",
        "21": "քաղաքաւ",
        "23": "քաղաքաւք = քաղաքօք",
        "25": "քաղաքի",
        "27": "քաղաքս",
        "3": "քաղաքք",
        "5": "քաղաքի",
        "7": "քաղաքաց",
        "9": "քաղաքի",
        "note": "",
        "type": "i-a-type"
      },
      "name": "xcl-decl-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Old Armenian",
  "lang_code": "xcl",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Hulaulá terms in nonstandard scripts",
        "Old Armenian entries with incorrect language header",
        "Old Armenian lemmas",
        "Old Armenian links with redundant wikilinks",
        "Old Armenian nouns",
        "Old Armenian palindromes",
        "Old Armenian terms borrowed from Iranian languages",
        "Old Armenian terms borrowed from Semitic languages",
        "Old Armenian terms derived from Akkadian",
        "Old Armenian terms derived from Iranian languages",
        "Old Armenian terms derived from Semitic languages",
        "Old Armenian terms with quotations",
        "Requests for Book Pahlavi script for Middle Persian terms",
        "Sanskrit terms with non-redundant manual transliterations"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "And Cain knew his wife, and having conceived she bore Enoch; and he built a city; and he named the city after the name of his son, Enoch.",
          "ref": "5th century, Bible, Genesis 4.17",
          "roman": "Translation by Brenton Septuagint Translation",
          "text": "Եմուտ Կային առ կին իւր, եւ յղացաւ եւ ծնաւ զԵնոք։ Եւ շինէր քաղաք, եւ դնէր անուն քաղաքին յանուն որդւոյ իւրոյ Ենոքայ։\nEmut Kayin aṙ kin iwr, ew yłacʻaw ew cnaw zEnokʻ. Ew šinēr kʻałakʻ, ew dnēr anun kʻałakʻin yanun ordwoy iwroy Enokʻay."
        },
        {
          "english": "all strong cities, lofty walls, gates and bars; besides the very many cities of the Pherezites",
          "ref": "5th century, Bible, Deuteronomy 3.5",
          "roman": "Translation by Brenton Septuagint Translation",
          "text": "ա՟մ քաղաքք ամուրք բարձրապարիսպք դրամբք եւ դռնափակօք․ թող ցքաղաքսն փերեզացոց բազում յոյժ\na.m kʻałakʻkʻ amurkʻ barjraparispkʻ drambkʻ ew dṙnapʻakōkʻ; tʻoł cʻkʻałakʻsn pʻerezacʻocʻ bazum yoyž"
        },
        {
          "english": "Translation by Claude E. Cox\nThose who cast them out of the cities and their own houses, though the souls of the young groaned very loudly—and he, why does he not pay a visit to that one?",
          "ref": "5th century, Bible, Job 24.12",
          "roman": "Orkʻ i kʻałakʻacʻ ew i tancʻ iwreancʻ zənkecʻan, anjinkʻ tłayocʻ mecamecs hecececʻin; ew na aynm aycʻelutʻiwn əndēr očʻ aṙnicʻē.",
          "text": "Որք ի քաղաքաց եւ ի տանց իւրեանց զընկեցան, անձինք տղայոց մեծամեծս հեծեծեցին․ եւ նա այնմ այցելութիւն ընդէ՞ր ոչ առնիցէ։"
        },
        {
          "english": "In all the things that thou hast brought upon us, and upon the holy city of our fathers, even Jerusalem, thou hast executed true judgment: for according to truth and judgment didst thou bring all these things upon us because of our sins.",
          "ref": "5th century, Bible, Daniel 3.28",
          "roman": "Translation by Brenton Septuagint Translation",
          "text": "եւ իրաւունս ճշմարտութեան արարեր ըստ ամենայնի զոր արարեր մեզ եւ քաղաքի սրբոյ հարցն մերոյ Երուսաղէմի, զի ճշմարտութեամբ եւ յիրաւի ածեր զայս ամենայն վասն մեղաց մերոց\new irawuns čšmartutʻean ararer əst amenayni zor ararer mez ew kʻałakʻi srboy harcʻn meroy Erusałēmi, zi čšmartutʻeamb ew yirawi acer zays amenayn vasn mełacʻ merocʻ"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "city, town"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "city",
          "city"
        ],
        [
          "town",
          "town"
        ]
      ],
      "wikipedia": [
        "Bundahishn",
        "Calah"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "քաղաք"
}