կաղամախի in Old Armenian

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Etymology: Usually considered a borrowing from an unidentified source. Ačaṙean connects with similar words in languages of Azerbaijan and the Caucasus, namely Salmas Azerbaijani kələmbur (“white poplar”), Tabriz Azerbaijani qələmə (“poplar”), Lak кӏялахӏи (kʼaˤlaħi, “poplar”), and assumes common borrowing into the languages of the region from a lost Urartian or Old Median word. He remarks that the homeland of the tree is unknown but that it spread eastward in view of Tehrani Persian تبریزی (tabrizi, “of or belonging to Tabriz; poplar-tree”), but according to Hacaloğlu, the latter is the black poplar, Populus nigra. Saradževa, based on J̌ahukyan's personal communication, adduces also the Hesychian gloss καλαμίνδαρ (kalamíndar, “πλάτανος ἡδονιεῖς = plane-tree according to Edoni”), which is usually taken as a Thracian word of unknown origin, obviously containing *dar (“tree”) from Proto-Indo-European *dóru as the second component. Saradževa further compares Hesychian καλαδία (kaladía, “ῥυκάνη = plane-tree”). She assumes a borrowing from a Mediterranean substrate for all these words. Martirosyan connects also dialectal Ararat Armenian կալամա ծառ (kalama caṙ), քալամբըռ (kʻalambəṙ) and considers կաղամ-ախ(-ի) (kałam-ax(-i)) a Mediterranean/Pontic tree name composed of *kalam- and a "tree-suffix" -ախ (-ax). He explains the Azerbaijani parallel by dissimilation from *kalam-dar (again with *dar (“tree”)) → *kalam-bar, but this is based on the unreliable Salmas Azerbaijani form kälämbär quoted by Ačaṙean. The following forms usually are not cited in the literature, but clearly are related: dialectal Nakhijevan Azerbaijani kələnbir, kələmbir (“a kind of tree, probably aspen”), South Azerbaijani کلنبوُر (kələnbur), کلمپور (kələmpur, “Tilia”), göy qələmə (“white poplar”). Moreover, Azerbaijani qələmə (“poplar”) given by Ačaṙean is much more widespread than assumed by him and has the additional meaning ‘plane-tree’ in dialects. The supposed Rutul form kalax ‘poplar’ cited by Ačaṙean based on Erckert does not exist in modern materials on the language and should be amended to къавах (“poplar”) and joined with Lezgi къавах (q̄avaχ, “poplar”) and other Caucasian forms cited by J̌ahukyan, all of which, however, should be removed from comparison as recent Turkic borrowings. In reality, probably a Northeast Caucasian borrowing, from a native Northeast Caucasian compound containing a word for ‘white’ of the form *kala- or similar (compare inherited Lak кӏяла (kʼaˤla, “white”)) and a certain tree name, perhaps ‘poplar’, or even simply ‘wood, timber’ or ‘tree’: compare Chechen мах (max, “aspen”), Ingush мих (mix), миха (mixa, “aspen; poplar”), Avar мах (max, “birch”), in oblique cases махи- (maxi-), Lak мархъ (marq, “poles for planking the ceiling; birch”), мурхь (murx̂, “tree”), мак (mak, “softwood”), dialectal махъ (maq, “birch”), гьи (hi, “birch”), Tsez мей (mey), ме (me, “birch”), Budukh мерх (merx, “birch”), Dargwa махъ (maq, “birch”), Chechen маъ (maʔ, “alder”), Ingush миинг (miı̇ng, “alder”), мехинг (mexing), михинг (mixing, “poplar”) etc. For the middle element of καλα-μίν-δαρ (kala-mín-dar) compare especially the quoted Ingush forms. For the final element of Armenian կալա-մա (kala-ma), Azerbaijani qələ-mə compare Chechen маъ (maʔ, “alder”), Tsez мей (mey, “birch”). The unetymologized Ancient Greek καλαμίνθη (kalamínthē, “a good-smelling plant”) may contain the same *kala- ‘white’; for the second part compare the Kulturwort Armenian մանդակ (mandak). Such a compound is represented by Lak кӏялахӏи (kʼaˤlaħi), кӏяла-гьи (kʼaˤla-hi, “birch; possibly aspen, poplar”). See it for more. For most of the above and many other Caucasian tree designations Nikolayev / Starostin reconstruct three separate Proto-Northeast Caucasian roots with reflexes in modern languages which are similar and tend to contaminate. For tree names formed from a color compare Martirosyan 2010: “[the poplar, aspen, linden, plane] display a similar etymological pattern involving a semantic derivation from ideas like ‘shiny, bright’ and ‘pure’... The connection is based on the bright whiteness of the birchbark.” Note also the names of Populus alba in other languages, which contain the word for ‘white’ or ‘silver’: Azerbaijani göy qələmə, ağca-qovaq, Turkish ak-kavak, Jewish Literary Aramaic לְבָן (ləḇān), לְבַן (ləḇan, “white poplar”) from the root ל־ב־ן (l-b-n, “white”), Classical Syriac ܚܘܪܐ (ḥawrā), Arabic حَوْر (ḥawr) belonging to the root ܚ-ܘ-ܪ (ḥ-w-r), ح و ر (ḥ-w-r) meaning “contrasting by white”, Russian то́поль серебри́стый (tópolʹ serebrístyj, literally “silvery poplar”), Central Kurdish سپیدار (spîdar, literally “white tree”), English white poplar. Note also Kabardian пхъэхуей (pχɛxʷujej, “birch”, literally “wood-white”). Etymology templates: {{unk|xcl|title=unidentified}} unidentified, {{cog|az|kələmbur|t=white poplar}} Azerbaijani kələmbur (“white poplar”), {{cog|az|qələmə|t=poplar}} Azerbaijani qələmə (“poplar”), {{cog|lbe|кӏялахӏи||poplar}} Lak кӏялахӏи (kʼaˤlaħi, “poplar”), {{cog|xur|-}} Urartian, {{cog|xme-old|-}} Old Median, {{cog|fa|تبریزی|t=of or belonging to Tabriz; poplar-tree|tr=tabrizi}} Persian تبریزی (tabrizi, “of or belonging to Tabriz; poplar-tree”), {{taxfmt|Populus nigra|genus}} Populus nigra, {{cog|txh|-}} Thracian, {{cog|ine-pro|*dóru}} Proto-Indo-European *dóru, {{cog|qfa-sub|-}} substrate, {{cog|hy|կալամա ծառ}} Armenian կալամա ծառ (kalama caṙ), {{cog|az|kələnbir}} Azerbaijani kələnbir, {{n-g|a kind of tree, probably}} a kind of tree, probably, {{cog|az|کلنبوُر|tr=kələnbur}} Azerbaijani کلنبوُر (kələnbur), {{taxfmt|Tilia|genus}} Tilia, {{cog|az|qələmə||poplar}} Azerbaijani qələmə (“poplar”), {{cog|rut|-}} Rutul, {{cog|lez|къавах||poplar}} Lezgi къавах (q̄avaχ, “poplar”), {{bor|xcl|cau-nec}} Northeast Caucasian, {{cog|lbe|кӏяла||white}} Lak кӏяла (kʼaˤla, “white”), {{cog|ce|мах||aspen}} Chechen мах (max, “aspen”), {{cog|inh|мих}} Ingush мих (mix), {{cog|av|мах||birch}} Avar мах (max, “birch”), {{cog|lbe|мархъ||poles for planking the ceiling; birch}} Lak мархъ (marq, “poles for planking the ceiling; birch”), {{cog|ddo|мей}} Tsez мей (mey), {{cog|bdk|мерх||birch}} Budukh мерх (merx, “birch”), {{cog|dar|махъ||birch}} Dargwa махъ (maq, “birch”), {{cog|ce|маъ|t=alder}} Chechen маъ (maʔ, “alder”), {{cog|inh|миинг||alder}} Ingush миинг (miı̇ng, “alder”), {{cog|hy||կալա-մա}} Armenian կալա-մա (kala-ma), {{cog|az|qələmə|qələ-mə}} Azerbaijani qələ-mə, {{cog|ce|маъ||alder}} Chechen маъ (maʔ, “alder”), {{cog|ddo|мей||birch}} Tsez мей (mey, “birch”), {{n-g|a good-smelling plant}} a good-smelling plant, {{cog|grc|καλαμίνθη|t=<span class="Latn" lang="en">a good-smelling plant</span>}} Ancient Greek καλαμίνθη (kalamínthē, “a good-smelling plant”), {{cog|hy|մանդակ}} Armenian մանդակ (mandak), {{cog|lbe|кӏялахӏи}} Lak кӏялахӏи (kʼaˤlaħi), {{n-g|possibly}} possibly, {{cog|cau-nec-pro|-}} Proto-Northeast Caucasian, {{taxfmt|Populus alba|species}} Populus alba, {{cog|az|göy qələmə}} Azerbaijani göy qələmə, {{cog|tr|akkavak|ak-kavak}} Turkish ak-kavak, {{cog|arc-jla|לְבָן|tr=ləḇān}} Jewish Literary Aramaic לְבָן (ləḇān), {{cog|syc|ܚܘܪܐ|tr=ḥawrā}} Classical Syriac ܚܘܪܐ (ḥawrā), {{cog|ar|حَوْر}} Arabic حَوْر (ḥawr), {{syc-root-entry|ܚ|ܘ|ܪ}} ܚ-ܘ-ܪ (ḥ-w-r), {{ar-root|ح و ر|nocat=1}} ح و ر (ḥ-w-r), {{cog|ru|то́поль серебри́стый|lit=silvery poplar}} Russian то́поль серебри́стый (tópolʹ serebrístyj, literally “silvery poplar”), {{cog|ckb|سپیدار|lit=white tree}} Central Kurdish سپیدار (spîdar, literally “white tree”), {{cog|en|white poplar}} English white poplar, {{cog|kbd|пхъэхуей||birch|lit=wood-white}} Kabardian пхъэхуей (pχɛxʷujej, “birch”, literally “wood-white”) Head templates: {{head|xcl|noun|cat2=|g=|head=}} կաղամախի • (kałamaxi), {{xcl-noun}} կաղամախի • (kałamaxi) Inflection templates: {{xcl-decl-noun|կաղամախի|11=կաղամախեաց|13=կաղամախի|15=կաղամախիս|17=կաղամախւոյ|19=կաղամախեաց|21=կաղամախեաւ|23=կաղամախեաւք = կաղամախեօք|25=կաղամախի|27=կաղամախիս|3=կաղամախիք|5=կաղամախւոյ|7=կաղամախեաց|9=կաղամախւոյ|note=|type=o-a-type}} Forms: kałamaxi [romanization], no-table-tags [table-tags], կաղամախի [nominative, singular], կաղամախիք [nominative, plural], կաղամախւոյ [genitive, singular], կաղամախեաց [genitive, plural], կաղամախւոյ [dative, singular], կաղամախեաց [dative, plural], կաղամախի [accusative, singular], կաղամախիս [accusative, plural], կաղամախւոյ [ablative, singular], կաղամախեաց [ablative, plural], կաղամախեաւ [instrumental, singular], կաղամախեաւք = կաղամախեօք (kałamaxeawkʻ = kałamaxeōkʻ) [instrumental, plural], կաղամախի [locative, singular], կաղամախիս [locative, plural]

Alternative forms

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{
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "axm",
            "2": "կաղմխի"
          },
          "expansion": "Middle Armenian: կաղմխի (kaġmxi)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Middle Armenian: կաղմխի (kaġmxi)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "hy",
            "2": "-"
          },
          "expansion": "Armenian:",
          "name": "desc"
        },
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "hy",
            "2": "կաղմխի",
            "3": "",
            "4": "մշ"
          },
          "expansion": "կաղմխի (kaġmxi) — Mush",
          "name": "alter"
        },
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "hy",
            "2": "գախմխի",
            "3": "",
            "4": "խտջ"
          },
          "expansion": "գախմխի (gaxmxi) — Khotorjur",
          "name": "alter"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Armenian: կաղմխի (kaġmxi) — Mush, գախմխի (gaxmxi) — Khotorjur"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "hy",
            "2": "կաղամախ",
            "alts": "1",
            "bor": "on"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Armenian: կաղամախ (kaġamax)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Armenian: կաղամախ (kaġamax)"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "xcl",
        "title": "unidentified"
      },
      "expansion": "unidentified",
      "name": "unk"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "az",
        "2": "kələmbur",
        "t": "white poplar"
      },
      "expansion": "Azerbaijani kələmbur (“white poplar”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "az",
        "2": "qələmə",
        "t": "poplar"
      },
      "expansion": "Azerbaijani qələmə (“poplar”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lbe",
        "2": "кӏялахӏи",
        "3": "",
        "4": "poplar"
      },
      "expansion": "Lak кӏялахӏи (kʼaˤlaħi, “poplar”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "xur",
        "2": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Urartian",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "xme-old",
        "2": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Median",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fa",
        "2": "تبریزی",
        "t": "of or belonging to Tabriz; poplar-tree",
        "tr": "tabrizi"
      },
      "expansion": "Persian تبریزی (tabrizi, “of or belonging to Tabriz; poplar-tree”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "Populus nigra",
        "2": "genus"
      },
      "expansion": "Populus nigra",
      "name": "taxfmt"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "txh",
        "2": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Thracian",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-pro",
        "2": "*dóru"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *dóru",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "qfa-sub",
        "2": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "substrate",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "hy",
        "2": "կալամա ծառ"
      },
      "expansion": "Armenian կալամա ծառ (kalama caṙ)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "az",
        "2": "kələnbir"
      },
      "expansion": "Azerbaijani kələnbir",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "a kind of tree, probably"
      },
      "expansion": "a kind of tree, probably",
      "name": "n-g"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "az",
        "2": "کلنبوُر",
        "tr": "kələnbur"
      },
      "expansion": "Azerbaijani کلنبوُر (kələnbur)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "Tilia",
        "2": "genus"
      },
      "expansion": "Tilia",
      "name": "taxfmt"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "az",
        "2": "qələmə",
        "3": "",
        "4": "poplar"
      },
      "expansion": "Azerbaijani qələmə (“poplar”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "rut",
        "2": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Rutul",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lez",
        "2": "къавах",
        "3": "",
        "4": "poplar"
      },
      "expansion": "Lezgi къавах (q̄avaχ, “poplar”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "xcl",
        "2": "cau-nec"
      },
      "expansion": "Northeast Caucasian",
      "name": "bor"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lbe",
        "2": "кӏяла",
        "3": "",
        "4": "white"
      },
      "expansion": "Lak кӏяла (kʼaˤla, “white”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ce",
        "2": "мах",
        "3": "",
        "4": "aspen"
      },
      "expansion": "Chechen мах (max, “aspen”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "inh",
        "2": "мих"
      },
      "expansion": "Ingush мих (mix)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "av",
        "2": "мах",
        "3": "",
        "4": "birch"
      },
      "expansion": "Avar мах (max, “birch”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lbe",
        "2": "мархъ",
        "3": "",
        "4": "poles for planking the ceiling; birch"
      },
      "expansion": "Lak мархъ (marq, “poles for planking the ceiling; birch”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ddo",
        "2": "мей"
      },
      "expansion": "Tsez мей (mey)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "bdk",
        "2": "мерх",
        "3": "",
        "4": "birch"
      },
      "expansion": "Budukh мерх (merx, “birch”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "dar",
        "2": "махъ",
        "3": "",
        "4": "birch"
      },
      "expansion": "Dargwa махъ (maq, “birch”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ce",
        "2": "маъ",
        "t": "alder"
      },
      "expansion": "Chechen маъ (maʔ, “alder”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "inh",
        "2": "миинг",
        "3": "",
        "4": "alder"
      },
      "expansion": "Ingush миинг (miı̇ng, “alder”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "hy",
        "2": "",
        "3": "կալա-մա"
      },
      "expansion": "Armenian կալա-մա (kala-ma)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "az",
        "2": "qələmə",
        "3": "qələ-mə"
      },
      "expansion": "Azerbaijani qələ-mə",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ce",
        "2": "маъ",
        "3": "",
        "4": "alder"
      },
      "expansion": "Chechen маъ (maʔ, “alder”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ddo",
        "2": "мей",
        "3": "",
        "4": "birch"
      },
      "expansion": "Tsez мей (mey, “birch”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "a good-smelling plant"
      },
      "expansion": "a good-smelling plant",
      "name": "n-g"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "grc",
        "2": "καλαμίνθη",
        "t": "<span class=\"Latn\" lang=\"en\">a good-smelling plant</span>"
      },
      "expansion": "Ancient Greek καλαμίνθη (kalamínthē, “a good-smelling plant”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "hy",
        "2": "մանդակ"
      },
      "expansion": "Armenian մանդակ (mandak)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lbe",
        "2": "кӏялахӏи"
      },
      "expansion": "Lak кӏялахӏи (kʼaˤlaħi)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "possibly"
      },
      "expansion": "possibly",
      "name": "n-g"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "cau-nec-pro",
        "2": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Northeast Caucasian",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "Populus alba",
        "2": "species"
      },
      "expansion": "Populus alba",
      "name": "taxfmt"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "az",
        "2": "göy qələmə"
      },
      "expansion": "Azerbaijani göy qələmə",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "tr",
        "2": "akkavak",
        "3": "ak-kavak"
      },
      "expansion": "Turkish ak-kavak",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "arc-jla",
        "2": "לְבָן",
        "tr": "ləḇān"
      },
      "expansion": "Jewish Literary Aramaic לְבָן (ləḇān)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "syc",
        "2": "ܚܘܪܐ",
        "tr": "ḥawrā"
      },
      "expansion": "Classical Syriac ܚܘܪܐ (ḥawrā)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ar",
        "2": "حَوْر"
      },
      "expansion": "Arabic حَوْر (ḥawr)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ܚ",
        "2": "ܘ",
        "3": "ܪ"
      },
      "expansion": "ܚ-ܘ-ܪ (ḥ-w-r)",
      "name": "syc-root-entry"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ح و ر",
        "nocat": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "ح و ر (ḥ-w-r)",
      "name": "ar-root"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ru",
        "2": "то́поль серебри́стый",
        "lit": "silvery poplar"
      },
      "expansion": "Russian то́поль серебри́стый (tópolʹ serebrístyj, literally “silvery poplar”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ckb",
        "2": "سپیدار",
        "lit": "white tree"
      },
      "expansion": "Central Kurdish سپیدار (spîdar, literally “white tree”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "white poplar"
      },
      "expansion": "English white poplar",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "kbd",
        "2": "пхъэхуей",
        "3": "",
        "4": "birch",
        "lit": "wood-white"
      },
      "expansion": "Kabardian пхъэхуей (pχɛxʷujej, “birch”, literally “wood-white”)",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Usually considered a borrowing from an unidentified source.\nAčaṙean connects with similar words in languages of Azerbaijan and the Caucasus, namely Salmas Azerbaijani kələmbur (“white poplar”), Tabriz Azerbaijani qələmə (“poplar”), Lak кӏялахӏи (kʼaˤlaħi, “poplar”), and assumes common borrowing into the languages of the region from a lost Urartian or Old Median word. He remarks that the homeland of the tree is unknown but that it spread eastward in view of Tehrani Persian تبریزی (tabrizi, “of or belonging to Tabriz; poplar-tree”), but according to Hacaloğlu, the latter is the black poplar, Populus nigra.\nSaradževa, based on J̌ahukyan's personal communication, adduces also the Hesychian gloss καλαμίνδαρ (kalamíndar, “πλάτανος ἡδονιεῖς = plane-tree according to Edoni”), which is usually taken as a Thracian word of unknown origin, obviously containing *dar (“tree”) from Proto-Indo-European *dóru as the second component. Saradževa further compares Hesychian καλαδία (kaladía, “ῥυκάνη = plane-tree”). She assumes a borrowing from a Mediterranean substrate for all these words.\nMartirosyan connects also dialectal Ararat Armenian կալամա ծառ (kalama caṙ), քալամբըռ (kʻalambəṙ) and considers կաղամ-ախ(-ի) (kałam-ax(-i)) a Mediterranean/Pontic tree name composed of *kalam- and a \"tree-suffix\" -ախ (-ax). He explains the Azerbaijani parallel by dissimilation from *kalam-dar (again with *dar (“tree”)) → *kalam-bar, but this is based on the unreliable Salmas Azerbaijani form kälämbär quoted by Ačaṙean.\nThe following forms usually are not cited in the literature, but clearly are related: dialectal Nakhijevan Azerbaijani kələnbir, kələmbir (“a kind of tree, probably aspen”), South Azerbaijani کلنبوُر (kələnbur), کلمپور (kələmpur, “Tilia”), göy qələmə (“white poplar”). Moreover, Azerbaijani qələmə (“poplar”) given by Ačaṙean is much more widespread than assumed by him and has the additional meaning ‘plane-tree’ in dialects. The supposed Rutul form kalax ‘poplar’ cited by Ačaṙean based on Erckert does not exist in modern materials on the language and should be amended to къавах (“poplar”) and joined with Lezgi къавах (q̄avaχ, “poplar”) and other Caucasian forms cited by J̌ahukyan, all of which, however, should be removed from comparison as recent Turkic borrowings.\nIn reality, probably a Northeast Caucasian borrowing, from a native Northeast Caucasian compound containing a word for ‘white’ of the form *kala- or similar (compare inherited Lak кӏяла (kʼaˤla, “white”)) and a certain tree name, perhaps ‘poplar’, or even simply ‘wood, timber’ or ‘tree’: compare Chechen мах (max, “aspen”), Ingush мих (mix), миха (mixa, “aspen; poplar”), Avar мах (max, “birch”), in oblique cases махи- (maxi-), Lak мархъ (marq, “poles for planking the ceiling; birch”), мурхь (murx̂, “tree”), мак (mak, “softwood”), dialectal махъ (maq, “birch”), гьи (hi, “birch”), Tsez мей (mey), ме (me, “birch”), Budukh мерх (merx, “birch”), Dargwa махъ (maq, “birch”), Chechen маъ (maʔ, “alder”), Ingush миинг (miı̇ng, “alder”), мехинг (mexing), михинг (mixing, “poplar”) etc. For the middle element of καλα-μίν-δαρ (kala-mín-dar) compare especially the quoted Ingush forms. For the final element of Armenian կալա-մա (kala-ma), Azerbaijani qələ-mə compare Chechen маъ (maʔ, “alder”), Tsez мей (mey, “birch”). The unetymologized Ancient Greek καλαμίνθη (kalamínthē, “a good-smelling plant”) may contain the same *kala- ‘white’; for the second part compare the Kulturwort Armenian մանդակ (mandak).\nSuch a compound is represented by Lak кӏялахӏи (kʼaˤlaħi), кӏяла-гьи (kʼaˤla-hi, “birch; possibly aspen, poplar”). See it for more.\nFor most of the above and many other Caucasian tree designations Nikolayev / Starostin reconstruct three separate Proto-Northeast Caucasian roots with reflexes in modern languages which are similar and tend to contaminate.\nFor tree names formed from a color compare Martirosyan 2010: “[the poplar, aspen, linden, plane] display a similar etymological pattern involving a semantic derivation from ideas like ‘shiny, bright’ and ‘pure’... The connection is based on the bright whiteness of the birchbark.” Note also the names of Populus alba in other languages, which contain the word for ‘white’ or ‘silver’: Azerbaijani göy qələmə, ağca-qovaq, Turkish ak-kavak, Jewish Literary Aramaic לְבָן (ləḇān), לְבַן (ləḇan, “white poplar”) from the root ל־ב־ן (l-b-n, “white”), Classical Syriac ܚܘܪܐ (ḥawrā), Arabic حَوْر (ḥawr) belonging to the root ܚ-ܘ-ܪ (ḥ-w-r), ح و ر (ḥ-w-r) meaning “contrasting by white”, Russian то́поль серебри́стый (tópolʹ serebrístyj, literally “silvery poplar”), Central Kurdish سپیدار (spîdar, literally “white tree”), English white poplar. Note also Kabardian пхъэхуей (pχɛxʷujej, “birch”, literally “wood-white”).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "kałamaxi",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "xcl-noun-ո-ա",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "a-type",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "class"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "կաղամախի",
      "roman": "kałamaxi",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "կաղամախիք",
      "roman": "kałamaxikʻ",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "կաղամախւոյ",
      "roman": "kałamaxwoy",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "կաղամախեաց",
      "roman": "kałamaxeacʻ",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "կաղամախւոյ",
      "roman": "kałamaxwoy",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "կաղամախեաց",
      "roman": "kałamaxeacʻ",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "կաղամախի",
      "roman": "kałamaxi",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "կաղամախիս",
      "roman": "kałamaxis",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "կաղամախւոյ",
      "roman": "kałamaxwoy",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "ablative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "կաղամախեաց",
      "roman": "kałamaxeacʻ",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "ablative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "կաղամախեաւ",
      "roman": "kałamaxeaw",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "կաղամախեաւք = կաղամախեօք (kałamaxeawkʻ = kałamaxeōkʻ)",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "կաղամախի",
      "roman": "kałamaxi",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "կաղամախիս",
      "roman": "kałamaxis",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "xcl",
        "2": "noun",
        "cat2": "",
        "g": "",
        "head": ""
      },
      "expansion": "կաղամախի • (kałamaxi)",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "կաղամախի • (kałamaxi)",
      "name": "xcl-noun"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "կաղամախի",
        "11": "կաղամախեաց",
        "13": "կաղամախի",
        "15": "կաղամախիս",
        "17": "կաղամախւոյ",
        "19": "կաղամախեաց",
        "21": "կաղամախեաւ",
        "23": "կաղամախեաւք = կաղամախեօք",
        "25": "կաղամախի",
        "27": "կաղամախիս",
        "3": "կաղամախիք",
        "5": "կաղամախւոյ",
        "7": "կաղամախեաց",
        "9": "կաղամախւոյ",
        "note": "",
        "type": "o-a-type"
      },
      "name": "xcl-decl-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Old Armenian",
  "lang_code": "xcl",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "87 13",
          "kind": "lifeform",
          "langcode": "xcl",
          "name": "Malpighiales order plants",
          "orig": "xcl:Malpighiales order plants",
          "parents": [
            "Plants",
            "Lifeforms",
            "All topics",
            "Life",
            "Fundamental",
            "Nature"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "48 52",
          "kind": "lifeform",
          "langcode": "xcl",
          "name": "Trees",
          "orig": "xcl:Trees",
          "parents": [
            "Plants",
            "Lifeforms",
            "All topics",
            "Life",
            "Fundamental",
            "Nature"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "I will produce in the dry land the cedar and box, the myrtle and cypress and plane, the cedar and cypress and white poplar, the juniper and the olive wood.",
          "ref": "5th century, Bible, Isaiah 41.19",
          "roman": "Ew błxecʻucʻicʻ yanǰur erkrin zmayrn ew ztōsaxn, zmurtn ew znočn ew zsōsn, zsardn ew zsaroyn ew zkałamaxn, zgin ew zpʻaytn iwłoy.",
          "text": "Եւ բղխեցուցից յանջուր երկրին զմայրն եւ զտօսախն, զմուրտն եւ զնոճն եւ զսօսն, զսարդն եւ զսարոյն եւ զկաղամախն, զգին եւ զփայտն իւղոյ։"
        },
        {
          "english": "[…] under oaks and white poplars and leafy trees […]",
          "ref": "5th century, Bible, Hosea 4.13",
          "text": "[…] ի ներքոյ կաղնեաց եւ կաղամախեաց եւ վարսաւոր ծառոց […]\n[…]i nerkʻoy kałneacʻ ew kałamaxeacʻ ew varsawor caṙocʻ[…]"
        },
        {
          "ref": "5th century, Agatʻangełos, Patmutʻiwn Hayocʻ [History of the Armenians] § 644",
          "roman": "orpēs mayrn ew nočn ew šočn e tʻełōšn ew sardn ew saroyn ew sosn ew yakrin ew gin ew kałamaxn ew uṙin ew tōsaxn.",
          "text": "որպէս մայրն և նոճն և շոճն ե թեղօշն և սարդն և սարոյն և սոսն և յակրին և գին և կաղամախն և ուռին և տօսախն։"
        },
        {
          "text": "6th–12th? centuries, Baṙkʻ Gałianosi [The Greek–Armenian Dictionary to Galen]"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "a species of poplar, namely white poplar, Populus alba and/or Eurasian aspen, Populus tremula"
      ],
      "id": "en-կաղամախի-xcl-noun-7AWQIktx",
      "links": [
        [
          "white poplar",
          "white poplar"
        ],
        [
          "Populus alba",
          "Populus alba#Translingual"
        ],
        [
          "Populus tremula",
          "Populus tremula#Translingual"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "48 52",
          "kind": "lifeform",
          "langcode": "xcl",
          "name": "Trees",
          "orig": "xcl:Trees",
          "parents": [
            "Plants",
            "Lifeforms",
            "All topics",
            "Life",
            "Fundamental",
            "Nature"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "ref": "5th century, Bible, 2 Chronicles 2.8",
          "text": "Եւ տացես բերել ինձ փայտս սարոյն մայր և կաղամախ ի Լիբանան լեռնէ […]\nEw tacʻes berel inj pʻayts saroyn mayr ew kałamax i Libanan leṙnē[…]\nSend me also cypress, cedar and kałamax wood out of Mount Lebanon […]"
        },
        {
          "ref": "5th century, Basil of Caesarea, Yałags Vecʻawreay ararčʻutʻean [Homiliae in Hexaemeron], (1830 edition, page 93)",
          "roman": "Apa etʻē okʻ mit edeal mełmov uš i kurcsn, kam sermanis kam ayl inčʻ nman sermancʻ gtanē i caṙsn, i sōskʻn ew knjnikʻ ew i kałamaxikʻn, ew ayl bazum caṙkʻ, or nocʻin nmankʻ en, ptuł imn unin tʻanjraxit terewōkʻ;",
          "text": "Ապա եթէ ոք միտ եդեալ մեղմով ուշ ի կուրծսն, կամ սերմանիս կամ այլ ինչ նման սերմանց գտանէ ի ծառսն, ի սօսքն և կնձնիք և ի կաղամախիքն, և այլ բազում ծառք՝ որ նոցին նմանք են, պտուղ իմն ունին թանձրախիտ տերևօք․"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "possibly pine"
      ],
      "id": "en-կաղամախի-xcl-noun-MzVNRmhV",
      "links": [
        [
          "pine",
          "pine"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "roman": "kałamax",
      "word": "կաղամախ"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "roman": "kałamah",
      "word": "կաղամահ"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "roman": "kałamał",
      "word": "կաղամաղ"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "roman": "kałmax",
      "word": "կաղմախ"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "roman": "kamałax",
      "word": "կամաղախ"
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "Edoni",
    "Hesychius of Alexandria"
  ],
  "word": "կաղամախի"
}

[Show JSON for raw wiktextract data ▼] [Hide JSON for raw wiktextract data ▲]

{
  "categories": [
    "Entries using missing taxonomic name (species)",
    "Old Armenian entries with incorrect language header",
    "Old Armenian lemmas",
    "Old Armenian links with redundant wikilinks",
    "Old Armenian nouns",
    "Old Armenian terms borrowed from Northeast Caucasian languages",
    "Old Armenian terms derived from Northeast Caucasian languages",
    "Old Armenian terms with unknown etymologies",
    "Pages with 2 entries",
    "Pages with entries",
    "xcl:Malpighiales order plants",
    "xcl:Trees"
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "axm",
            "2": "կաղմխի"
          },
          "expansion": "Middle Armenian: կաղմխի (kaġmxi)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Middle Armenian: կաղմխի (kaġmxi)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "hy",
            "2": "-"
          },
          "expansion": "Armenian:",
          "name": "desc"
        },
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "hy",
            "2": "կաղմխի",
            "3": "",
            "4": "մշ"
          },
          "expansion": "կաղմխի (kaġmxi) — Mush",
          "name": "alter"
        },
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "hy",
            "2": "գախմխի",
            "3": "",
            "4": "խտջ"
          },
          "expansion": "գախմխի (gaxmxi) — Khotorjur",
          "name": "alter"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Armenian: կաղմխի (kaġmxi) — Mush, գախմխի (gaxmxi) — Khotorjur"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "hy",
            "2": "կաղամախ",
            "alts": "1",
            "bor": "on"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Armenian: կաղամախ (kaġamax)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Armenian: կաղամախ (kaġamax)"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "xcl",
        "title": "unidentified"
      },
      "expansion": "unidentified",
      "name": "unk"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "az",
        "2": "kələmbur",
        "t": "white poplar"
      },
      "expansion": "Azerbaijani kələmbur (“white poplar”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "az",
        "2": "qələmə",
        "t": "poplar"
      },
      "expansion": "Azerbaijani qələmə (“poplar”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lbe",
        "2": "кӏялахӏи",
        "3": "",
        "4": "poplar"
      },
      "expansion": "Lak кӏялахӏи (kʼaˤlaħi, “poplar”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "xur",
        "2": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Urartian",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "xme-old",
        "2": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Median",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fa",
        "2": "تبریزی",
        "t": "of or belonging to Tabriz; poplar-tree",
        "tr": "tabrizi"
      },
      "expansion": "Persian تبریزی (tabrizi, “of or belonging to Tabriz; poplar-tree”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "Populus nigra",
        "2": "genus"
      },
      "expansion": "Populus nigra",
      "name": "taxfmt"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "txh",
        "2": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Thracian",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-pro",
        "2": "*dóru"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *dóru",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "qfa-sub",
        "2": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "substrate",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "hy",
        "2": "կալամա ծառ"
      },
      "expansion": "Armenian կալամա ծառ (kalama caṙ)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "az",
        "2": "kələnbir"
      },
      "expansion": "Azerbaijani kələnbir",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "a kind of tree, probably"
      },
      "expansion": "a kind of tree, probably",
      "name": "n-g"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "az",
        "2": "کلنبوُر",
        "tr": "kələnbur"
      },
      "expansion": "Azerbaijani کلنبوُر (kələnbur)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "Tilia",
        "2": "genus"
      },
      "expansion": "Tilia",
      "name": "taxfmt"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "az",
        "2": "qələmə",
        "3": "",
        "4": "poplar"
      },
      "expansion": "Azerbaijani qələmə (“poplar”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "rut",
        "2": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Rutul",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lez",
        "2": "къавах",
        "3": "",
        "4": "poplar"
      },
      "expansion": "Lezgi къавах (q̄avaχ, “poplar”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "xcl",
        "2": "cau-nec"
      },
      "expansion": "Northeast Caucasian",
      "name": "bor"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lbe",
        "2": "кӏяла",
        "3": "",
        "4": "white"
      },
      "expansion": "Lak кӏяла (kʼaˤla, “white”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ce",
        "2": "мах",
        "3": "",
        "4": "aspen"
      },
      "expansion": "Chechen мах (max, “aspen”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "inh",
        "2": "мих"
      },
      "expansion": "Ingush мих (mix)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "av",
        "2": "мах",
        "3": "",
        "4": "birch"
      },
      "expansion": "Avar мах (max, “birch”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lbe",
        "2": "мархъ",
        "3": "",
        "4": "poles for planking the ceiling; birch"
      },
      "expansion": "Lak мархъ (marq, “poles for planking the ceiling; birch”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ddo",
        "2": "мей"
      },
      "expansion": "Tsez мей (mey)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "bdk",
        "2": "мерх",
        "3": "",
        "4": "birch"
      },
      "expansion": "Budukh мерх (merx, “birch”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "dar",
        "2": "махъ",
        "3": "",
        "4": "birch"
      },
      "expansion": "Dargwa махъ (maq, “birch”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ce",
        "2": "маъ",
        "t": "alder"
      },
      "expansion": "Chechen маъ (maʔ, “alder”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "inh",
        "2": "миинг",
        "3": "",
        "4": "alder"
      },
      "expansion": "Ingush миинг (miı̇ng, “alder”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "hy",
        "2": "",
        "3": "կալա-մա"
      },
      "expansion": "Armenian կալա-մա (kala-ma)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "az",
        "2": "qələmə",
        "3": "qələ-mə"
      },
      "expansion": "Azerbaijani qələ-mə",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ce",
        "2": "маъ",
        "3": "",
        "4": "alder"
      },
      "expansion": "Chechen маъ (maʔ, “alder”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ddo",
        "2": "мей",
        "3": "",
        "4": "birch"
      },
      "expansion": "Tsez мей (mey, “birch”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "a good-smelling plant"
      },
      "expansion": "a good-smelling plant",
      "name": "n-g"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "grc",
        "2": "καλαμίνθη",
        "t": "<span class=\"Latn\" lang=\"en\">a good-smelling plant</span>"
      },
      "expansion": "Ancient Greek καλαμίνθη (kalamínthē, “a good-smelling plant”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "hy",
        "2": "մանդակ"
      },
      "expansion": "Armenian մանդակ (mandak)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lbe",
        "2": "кӏялахӏи"
      },
      "expansion": "Lak кӏялахӏи (kʼaˤlaħi)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "possibly"
      },
      "expansion": "possibly",
      "name": "n-g"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "cau-nec-pro",
        "2": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Northeast Caucasian",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "Populus alba",
        "2": "species"
      },
      "expansion": "Populus alba",
      "name": "taxfmt"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "az",
        "2": "göy qələmə"
      },
      "expansion": "Azerbaijani göy qələmə",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "tr",
        "2": "akkavak",
        "3": "ak-kavak"
      },
      "expansion": "Turkish ak-kavak",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "arc-jla",
        "2": "לְבָן",
        "tr": "ləḇān"
      },
      "expansion": "Jewish Literary Aramaic לְבָן (ləḇān)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "syc",
        "2": "ܚܘܪܐ",
        "tr": "ḥawrā"
      },
      "expansion": "Classical Syriac ܚܘܪܐ (ḥawrā)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ar",
        "2": "حَوْر"
      },
      "expansion": "Arabic حَوْر (ḥawr)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ܚ",
        "2": "ܘ",
        "3": "ܪ"
      },
      "expansion": "ܚ-ܘ-ܪ (ḥ-w-r)",
      "name": "syc-root-entry"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ح و ر",
        "nocat": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "ح و ر (ḥ-w-r)",
      "name": "ar-root"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ru",
        "2": "то́поль серебри́стый",
        "lit": "silvery poplar"
      },
      "expansion": "Russian то́поль серебри́стый (tópolʹ serebrístyj, literally “silvery poplar”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ckb",
        "2": "سپیدار",
        "lit": "white tree"
      },
      "expansion": "Central Kurdish سپیدار (spîdar, literally “white tree”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "white poplar"
      },
      "expansion": "English white poplar",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "kbd",
        "2": "пхъэхуей",
        "3": "",
        "4": "birch",
        "lit": "wood-white"
      },
      "expansion": "Kabardian пхъэхуей (pχɛxʷujej, “birch”, literally “wood-white”)",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Usually considered a borrowing from an unidentified source.\nAčaṙean connects with similar words in languages of Azerbaijan and the Caucasus, namely Salmas Azerbaijani kələmbur (“white poplar”), Tabriz Azerbaijani qələmə (“poplar”), Lak кӏялахӏи (kʼaˤlaħi, “poplar”), and assumes common borrowing into the languages of the region from a lost Urartian or Old Median word. He remarks that the homeland of the tree is unknown but that it spread eastward in view of Tehrani Persian تبریزی (tabrizi, “of or belonging to Tabriz; poplar-tree”), but according to Hacaloğlu, the latter is the black poplar, Populus nigra.\nSaradževa, based on J̌ahukyan's personal communication, adduces also the Hesychian gloss καλαμίνδαρ (kalamíndar, “πλάτανος ἡδονιεῖς = plane-tree according to Edoni”), which is usually taken as a Thracian word of unknown origin, obviously containing *dar (“tree”) from Proto-Indo-European *dóru as the second component. Saradževa further compares Hesychian καλαδία (kaladía, “ῥυκάνη = plane-tree”). She assumes a borrowing from a Mediterranean substrate for all these words.\nMartirosyan connects also dialectal Ararat Armenian կալամա ծառ (kalama caṙ), քալամբըռ (kʻalambəṙ) and considers կաղամ-ախ(-ի) (kałam-ax(-i)) a Mediterranean/Pontic tree name composed of *kalam- and a \"tree-suffix\" -ախ (-ax). He explains the Azerbaijani parallel by dissimilation from *kalam-dar (again with *dar (“tree”)) → *kalam-bar, but this is based on the unreliable Salmas Azerbaijani form kälämbär quoted by Ačaṙean.\nThe following forms usually are not cited in the literature, but clearly are related: dialectal Nakhijevan Azerbaijani kələnbir, kələmbir (“a kind of tree, probably aspen”), South Azerbaijani کلنبوُر (kələnbur), کلمپور (kələmpur, “Tilia”), göy qələmə (“white poplar”). Moreover, Azerbaijani qələmə (“poplar”) given by Ačaṙean is much more widespread than assumed by him and has the additional meaning ‘plane-tree’ in dialects. The supposed Rutul form kalax ‘poplar’ cited by Ačaṙean based on Erckert does not exist in modern materials on the language and should be amended to къавах (“poplar”) and joined with Lezgi къавах (q̄avaχ, “poplar”) and other Caucasian forms cited by J̌ahukyan, all of which, however, should be removed from comparison as recent Turkic borrowings.\nIn reality, probably a Northeast Caucasian borrowing, from a native Northeast Caucasian compound containing a word for ‘white’ of the form *kala- or similar (compare inherited Lak кӏяла (kʼaˤla, “white”)) and a certain tree name, perhaps ‘poplar’, or even simply ‘wood, timber’ or ‘tree’: compare Chechen мах (max, “aspen”), Ingush мих (mix), миха (mixa, “aspen; poplar”), Avar мах (max, “birch”), in oblique cases махи- (maxi-), Lak мархъ (marq, “poles for planking the ceiling; birch”), мурхь (murx̂, “tree”), мак (mak, “softwood”), dialectal махъ (maq, “birch”), гьи (hi, “birch”), Tsez мей (mey), ме (me, “birch”), Budukh мерх (merx, “birch”), Dargwa махъ (maq, “birch”), Chechen маъ (maʔ, “alder”), Ingush миинг (miı̇ng, “alder”), мехинг (mexing), михинг (mixing, “poplar”) etc. For the middle element of καλα-μίν-δαρ (kala-mín-dar) compare especially the quoted Ingush forms. For the final element of Armenian կալա-մա (kala-ma), Azerbaijani qələ-mə compare Chechen маъ (maʔ, “alder”), Tsez мей (mey, “birch”). The unetymologized Ancient Greek καλαμίνθη (kalamínthē, “a good-smelling plant”) may contain the same *kala- ‘white’; for the second part compare the Kulturwort Armenian մանդակ (mandak).\nSuch a compound is represented by Lak кӏялахӏи (kʼaˤlaħi), кӏяла-гьи (kʼaˤla-hi, “birch; possibly aspen, poplar”). See it for more.\nFor most of the above and many other Caucasian tree designations Nikolayev / Starostin reconstruct three separate Proto-Northeast Caucasian roots with reflexes in modern languages which are similar and tend to contaminate.\nFor tree names formed from a color compare Martirosyan 2010: “[the poplar, aspen, linden, plane] display a similar etymological pattern involving a semantic derivation from ideas like ‘shiny, bright’ and ‘pure’... The connection is based on the bright whiteness of the birchbark.” Note also the names of Populus alba in other languages, which contain the word for ‘white’ or ‘silver’: Azerbaijani göy qələmə, ağca-qovaq, Turkish ak-kavak, Jewish Literary Aramaic לְבָן (ləḇān), לְבַן (ləḇan, “white poplar”) from the root ל־ב־ן (l-b-n, “white”), Classical Syriac ܚܘܪܐ (ḥawrā), Arabic حَوْر (ḥawr) belonging to the root ܚ-ܘ-ܪ (ḥ-w-r), ح و ر (ḥ-w-r) meaning “contrasting by white”, Russian то́поль серебри́стый (tópolʹ serebrístyj, literally “silvery poplar”), Central Kurdish سپیدار (spîdar, literally “white tree”), English white poplar. Note also Kabardian пхъэхуей (pχɛxʷujej, “birch”, literally “wood-white”).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "kałamaxi",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "xcl-noun-ո-ա",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "a-type",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "class"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "կաղամախի",
      "roman": "kałamaxi",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "կաղամախիք",
      "roman": "kałamaxikʻ",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "կաղամախւոյ",
      "roman": "kałamaxwoy",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "կաղամախեաց",
      "roman": "kałamaxeacʻ",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "կաղամախւոյ",
      "roman": "kałamaxwoy",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "կաղամախեաց",
      "roman": "kałamaxeacʻ",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "կաղամախի",
      "roman": "kałamaxi",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "կաղամախիս",
      "roman": "kałamaxis",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "կաղամախւոյ",
      "roman": "kałamaxwoy",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "ablative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "կաղամախեաց",
      "roman": "kałamaxeacʻ",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "ablative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "կաղամախեաւ",
      "roman": "kałamaxeaw",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "կաղամախեաւք = կաղամախեօք (kałamaxeawkʻ = kałamaxeōkʻ)",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "կաղամախի",
      "roman": "kałamaxi",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "կաղամախիս",
      "roman": "kałamaxis",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "xcl",
        "2": "noun",
        "cat2": "",
        "g": "",
        "head": ""
      },
      "expansion": "կաղամախի • (kałamaxi)",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "կաղամախի • (kałamaxi)",
      "name": "xcl-noun"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "կաղամախի",
        "11": "կաղամախեաց",
        "13": "կաղամախի",
        "15": "կաղամախիս",
        "17": "կաղամախւոյ",
        "19": "կաղամախեաց",
        "21": "կաղամախեաւ",
        "23": "կաղամախեաւք = կաղամախեօք",
        "25": "կաղամախի",
        "27": "կաղամախիս",
        "3": "կաղամախիք",
        "5": "կաղամախւոյ",
        "7": "կաղամախեաց",
        "9": "կաղամախւոյ",
        "note": "",
        "type": "o-a-type"
      },
      "name": "xcl-decl-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Old Armenian",
  "lang_code": "xcl",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Entries missing English vernacular names of taxa",
        "Old Armenian terms with quotations",
        "Requests for translations of Old Armenian quotations"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "I will produce in the dry land the cedar and box, the myrtle and cypress and plane, the cedar and cypress and white poplar, the juniper and the olive wood.",
          "ref": "5th century, Bible, Isaiah 41.19",
          "roman": "Ew błxecʻucʻicʻ yanǰur erkrin zmayrn ew ztōsaxn, zmurtn ew znočn ew zsōsn, zsardn ew zsaroyn ew zkałamaxn, zgin ew zpʻaytn iwłoy.",
          "text": "Եւ բղխեցուցից յանջուր երկրին զմայրն եւ զտօսախն, զմուրտն եւ զնոճն եւ զսօսն, զսարդն եւ զսարոյն եւ զկաղամախն, զգին եւ զփայտն իւղոյ։"
        },
        {
          "english": "[…] under oaks and white poplars and leafy trees […]",
          "ref": "5th century, Bible, Hosea 4.13",
          "text": "[…] ի ներքոյ կաղնեաց եւ կաղամախեաց եւ վարսաւոր ծառոց […]\n[…]i nerkʻoy kałneacʻ ew kałamaxeacʻ ew varsawor caṙocʻ[…]"
        },
        {
          "ref": "5th century, Agatʻangełos, Patmutʻiwn Hayocʻ [History of the Armenians] § 644",
          "roman": "orpēs mayrn ew nočn ew šočn e tʻełōšn ew sardn ew saroyn ew sosn ew yakrin ew gin ew kałamaxn ew uṙin ew tōsaxn.",
          "text": "որպէս մայրն և նոճն և շոճն ե թեղօշն և սարդն և սարոյն և սոսն և յակրին և գին և կաղամախն և ուռին և տօսախն։"
        },
        {
          "text": "6th–12th? centuries, Baṙkʻ Gałianosi [The Greek–Armenian Dictionary to Galen]"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "a species of poplar, namely white poplar, Populus alba and/or Eurasian aspen, Populus tremula"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "white poplar",
          "white poplar"
        ],
        [
          "Populus alba",
          "Populus alba#Translingual"
        ],
        [
          "Populus tremula",
          "Populus tremula#Translingual"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Old Armenian terms with quotations",
        "Requests for translations of Old Armenian quotations"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "ref": "5th century, Bible, 2 Chronicles 2.8",
          "text": "Եւ տացես բերել ինձ փայտս սարոյն մայր և կաղամախ ի Լիբանան լեռնէ […]\nEw tacʻes berel inj pʻayts saroyn mayr ew kałamax i Libanan leṙnē[…]\nSend me also cypress, cedar and kałamax wood out of Mount Lebanon […]"
        },
        {
          "ref": "5th century, Basil of Caesarea, Yałags Vecʻawreay ararčʻutʻean [Homiliae in Hexaemeron], (1830 edition, page 93)",
          "roman": "Apa etʻē okʻ mit edeal mełmov uš i kurcsn, kam sermanis kam ayl inčʻ nman sermancʻ gtanē i caṙsn, i sōskʻn ew knjnikʻ ew i kałamaxikʻn, ew ayl bazum caṙkʻ, or nocʻin nmankʻ en, ptuł imn unin tʻanjraxit terewōkʻ;",
          "text": "Ապա եթէ ոք միտ եդեալ մեղմով ուշ ի կուրծսն, կամ սերմանիս կամ այլ ինչ նման սերմանց գտանէ ի ծառսն, ի սօսքն և կնձնիք և ի կաղամախիքն, և այլ բազում ծառք՝ որ նոցին նմանք են, պտուղ իմն ունին թանձրախիտ տերևօք․"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "possibly pine"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "pine",
          "pine"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "roman": "kałamax",
      "word": "կաղամախ"
    },
    {
      "roman": "kałamah",
      "word": "կաղամահ"
    },
    {
      "roman": "kałamał",
      "word": "կաղամաղ"
    },
    {
      "roman": "kałmax",
      "word": "կաղմախ"
    },
    {
      "roman": "kamałax",
      "word": "կամաղախ"
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "Edoni",
    "Hesychius of Alexandria"
  ],
  "word": "կաղամախի"
}

"կաղամախի" meaning in Old Armenian

Noun

Alternative forms