See -er in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "-er"
},
"expansion": "French: -er",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "French: -er"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
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"2": "inh",
"3": "fro>-ier>infinitive suffix",
"id": "verb",
"pos": "suffix",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Italic *-āzi\nProto-Indo-European *-os\nLatin -ereinflu.\nLatin -āre\nOld French -ier\nMiddle French -er",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
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},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
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{
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"2": "fro",
"3": "-ier//-er",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Old French -ier /-er",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "frm",
"2": "fro",
"3": "-ier//-er"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Old French -ier /-er",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "frm",
"2": "la",
"3": "-āre"
},
"expansion": "Latin -āre",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Italic *-āzi\nProto-Indo-European *-os\nLatin -ereinflu.\nLatin -āre\nOld French -ier\nMiddle French -er\nInherited from Old French -ier /-er, from Latin -āre.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-ier",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
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"expansion": "-er",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle French",
"lang_code": "frm",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Entries with collapsible category trees for nonexistent categories",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
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"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle French entries with etymology texts",
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"Entry maintenance"
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"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "51 49",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle French entries with etymology trees",
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"source": "w+disamb"
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{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle French entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
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"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Forms infinitives of first-conjugation verbs"
],
"id": "en--er-frm-suffix-frm:1conj",
"senseid": [
"frm:1conj"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-er"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "-ier",
"3": "-er"
},
"expansion": "French: -ier, -er",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "French: -ier, -er"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "-eer",
"3": "-er",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ English: -eer, -er",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ English: -eer, -er"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
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"2": "inh",
"3": "fro>-ier>nouns",
"id": "noun",
"pos": "suffix",
"text": "1",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nLatin -ārius\nOld French -ier\nMiddle French -er\nFrom Old French -ier, from Latin -ārius.",
"name": "etymon"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nLatin -ārius\nOld French -ier\nMiddle French -er\nFrom Old French -ier, from Latin -ārius.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-ier",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
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"args": {
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"2": "suffix"
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"expansion": "-er",
"name": "head"
}
],
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"lang_code": "frm",
"pos": "suffix",
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{
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{
"_dis": "50 50",
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{
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"source": "w+disamb"
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{
"_dis": "51 49",
"kind": "other",
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"Entry maintenance"
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"source": "w+disamb"
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{
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"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle French entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "bouc + -er → boucher (“butcher”)"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Forms nouns, often denoting professions"
],
"id": "en--er-frm-suffix-frm:suf",
"senseid": [
"frm:suf"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-er"
}
{
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"Middle French entries with etymology texts",
"Middle French entries with etymology trees",
"Middle French entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle French lemmas",
"Middle French suffixes",
"Middle French terms derived from Latin",
"Middle French terms derived from Old French",
"Middle French terms derived from Proto-Italic",
"Middle French terms inherited from Latin",
"Middle French terms inherited from Old French",
"Middle French terms inherited from Proto-Italic",
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 34 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Pages with raw sortkeys"
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"descendants": [
{
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"2": "-er"
},
"expansion": "French: -er",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "French: -er"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "frm",
"2": "inh",
"3": "fro>-ier>infinitive suffix",
"id": "verb",
"pos": "suffix",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Italic *-āzi\nProto-Indo-European *-os\nLatin -ereinflu.\nLatin -āre\nOld French -ier\nMiddle French -er",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
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},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
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"2": "fro",
"3": "-ier//-er",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Old French -ier /-er",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "frm",
"2": "fro",
"3": "-ier//-er"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Old French -ier /-er",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "frm",
"2": "la",
"3": "-āre"
},
"expansion": "Latin -āre",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Italic *-āzi\nProto-Indo-European *-os\nLatin -ereinflu.\nLatin -āre\nOld French -ier\nMiddle French -er\nInherited from Old French -ier /-er, from Latin -āre.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-ier",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
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{
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"1": "frm",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-er",
"name": "head"
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],
"lang": "Middle French",
"lang_code": "frm",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"Forms infinitives of first-conjugation verbs"
],
"senseid": [
"frm:1conj"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-er"
}
{
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"Middle French entries with etymology texts",
"Middle French entries with etymology trees",
"Middle French entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle French lemmas",
"Middle French suffixes",
"Middle French terms derived from Latin",
"Middle French terms derived from Old French",
"Middle French terms inherited from Latin",
"Middle French terms inherited from Old French",
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 34 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Pages with raw sortkeys"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "-ier",
"3": "-er"
},
"expansion": "French: -ier, -er",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "French: -ier, -er"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "-eer",
"3": "-er",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ English: -eer, -er",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ English: -eer, -er"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
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"2": "inh",
"3": "fro>-ier>nouns",
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"text": "1",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nLatin -ārius\nOld French -ier\nMiddle French -er\nFrom Old French -ier, from Latin -ārius.",
"name": "etymon"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nLatin -ārius\nOld French -ier\nMiddle French -er\nFrom Old French -ier, from Latin -ārius.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-ier",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
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{
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"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-er",
"name": "head"
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],
"lang": "Middle French",
"lang_code": "frm",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "bouc + -er → boucher (“butcher”)"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Forms nouns, often denoting professions"
],
"senseid": [
"frm:suf"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-er"
}
Download raw JSONL data for -er meaning in Middle French (3.9kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Middle French dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-03-09 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-03-02 using wiktextract (32c88e6 and 633533e). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.