See enemy in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "People",
"orig": "enm:People",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "enemy"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "enemy"
}
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"enemi",
"enemi#Old_French"
],
[
"anemi",
"anemi#Old_French"
],
[
"inimīcus",
"inimicus#Latin"
],
[
"c.",
"circa"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "fro",
"3": "enemi"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed from Old French enemi",
"name": "bor+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "la",
"3": "inimīcus"
},
"expansion": "Latin inimīcus",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "c",
"2": "1300"
},
"expansion": "First attested in c. 1300",
"name": "etydate"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Old French enemi, anemi, from Latin inimīcus. First attested in c. 1300.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "enemys",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "anemie",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "elmy",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "enemi",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "enemye",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "enimy",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "enme",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "enmie",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "enmij",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "enmy",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "enmye",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "enmye",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "enymy",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "noun",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": "",
"sort": "",
"var": ""
},
"expansion": "enemy",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "enemy (plural enemys)",
"name": "enm-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "enemyte"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
91,
97
],
[
186,
192
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
111,
118
],
[
206,
213
]
],
"english": "Since wine represents the Law and righteousness, / but the Law was then lacking since people didn't love their enemies. / But Christ therefore both advised and commanded / the clergy and laity to \"love our enemies\".",
"ref": "c. 1378-9, [William Langland], “Paſſus xıx᷒ et explıcıt Dobet // et ımplıcıt Dobeſt”, in [Piers Plowman, A Treatise on Sin] (W, B-text), London, published c. 1400, →OCLC, folio 117, verso; republished as Thorlac Turville-Petre, Hoyt N. Duggan, editors, Cambridge, Trinity College, MS B.15.17 (The Piers Plowman Electronic Archive; 2), SEENET, 2014, →ISBN:",
"text": "ffoꝛ wyn ıs lıkned to lawe. and lıfholẏneſſe / And lawe lakkede þo. foꝛ men louede noȝt hır enemẏs / And crıſt counſeıleþ þus. and comaundeþ boþe / To lered and to lewede. to louyen oure enemys",
"translation": "Since wine represents the Law and righteousness, / but the Law was then lacking since people didn't love their enemies. / But Christ therefore both advised and commanded / the clergy and laity to \"love our enemies\".",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"An enemy, foe, or adversary"
],
"id": "en-enemy-enm-noun-uQz3VI5q",
"links": [
[
"enemy",
"enemy#English"
],
[
"foe",
"foe"
],
[
"adversary",
"adversary"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"An enemy, foe, or adversary:"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"An enemy, foe, or adversary:",
"An opponent of the true religion."
],
"id": "en-enemy-enm-noun-mRcFd~H2",
"links": [
[
"enemy",
"enemy#English"
],
[
"foe",
"foe"
],
[
"adversary",
"adversary"
],
[
"opponent",
"opponent"
],
[
"religion",
"religion"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"An enemy, foe, or adversary:",
"A hostile combatant."
],
"id": "en-enemy-enm-noun-CIlpifQu",
"links": [
[
"enemy",
"enemy#English"
],
[
"foe",
"foe"
],
[
"adversary",
"adversary"
],
[
"hostile",
"hostile"
],
[
"combatant",
"combatant"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Christianity",
"orig": "enm:Christianity",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "9 3 3 3 34 3 1 1 2 37 2 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 3 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 2 2 2 41 2 1 1 1 36 1 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 3 8 76 6 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "1 2 1 94 1 1",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Christianity",
"orig": "enm:Christianity",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 4 4 68 4 16",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Emotions",
"orig": "enm:Emotions",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"An enemy, foe, or adversary:",
"The Devil; Satan."
],
"id": "en-enemy-enm-noun-tnG3avCZ",
"links": [
[
"enemy",
"enemy#English"
],
[
"foe",
"foe"
],
[
"adversary",
"adversary"
],
[
"Christianity",
"Christianity"
],
[
"Devil",
"Devil"
],
[
"Satan",
"Satan"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"An enemy, foe, or adversary:",
"(Christianity) The Devil; Satan."
],
"topics": [
"Christianity"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"A malign or hostile force."
],
"id": "en-enemy-enm-noun-ABLpfS7v",
"links": [
[
"hostile",
"hostile"
],
[
"force",
"force"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Hostility; enmity."
],
"id": "en-enemy-enm-noun-KGLEUMV2",
"links": [
[
"Hostility",
"hostility"
],
[
"enmity",
"enmity"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈɛnəmiː/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈɛnmiː/"
}
],
"word": "enemy"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English nouns",
"Middle English terms borrowed from Old French",
"Middle English terms derived from Latin",
"Middle English terms derived from Old French",
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"enm:Christianity",
"enm:Emotions",
"enm:People"
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "enemy"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "enemy"
}
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"enemi",
"enemi#Old_French"
],
[
"anemi",
"anemi#Old_French"
],
[
"inimīcus",
"inimicus#Latin"
],
[
"c.",
"circa"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "fro",
"3": "enemi"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed from Old French enemi",
"name": "bor+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "la",
"3": "inimīcus"
},
"expansion": "Latin inimīcus",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "c",
"2": "1300"
},
"expansion": "First attested in c. 1300",
"name": "etydate"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Old French enemi, anemi, from Latin inimīcus. First attested in c. 1300.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "enemys",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "anemie",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "elmy",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "enemi",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "enemye",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "enimy",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "enme",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "enmie",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "enmij",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "enmy",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "enmye",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "enmye",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "enymy",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "noun",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": "",
"sort": "",
"var": ""
},
"expansion": "enemy",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "enemy (plural enemys)",
"name": "enm-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "enemyte"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Middle English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
91,
97
],
[
186,
192
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
111,
118
],
[
206,
213
]
],
"english": "Since wine represents the Law and righteousness, / but the Law was then lacking since people didn't love their enemies. / But Christ therefore both advised and commanded / the clergy and laity to \"love our enemies\".",
"ref": "c. 1378-9, [William Langland], “Paſſus xıx᷒ et explıcıt Dobet // et ımplıcıt Dobeſt”, in [Piers Plowman, A Treatise on Sin] (W, B-text), London, published c. 1400, →OCLC, folio 117, verso; republished as Thorlac Turville-Petre, Hoyt N. Duggan, editors, Cambridge, Trinity College, MS B.15.17 (The Piers Plowman Electronic Archive; 2), SEENET, 2014, →ISBN:",
"text": "ffoꝛ wyn ıs lıkned to lawe. and lıfholẏneſſe / And lawe lakkede þo. foꝛ men louede noȝt hır enemẏs / And crıſt counſeıleþ þus. and comaundeþ boþe / To lered and to lewede. to louyen oure enemys",
"translation": "Since wine represents the Law and righteousness, / but the Law was then lacking since people didn't love their enemies. / But Christ therefore both advised and commanded / the clergy and laity to \"love our enemies\".",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"An enemy, foe, or adversary"
],
"links": [
[
"enemy",
"enemy#English"
],
[
"foe",
"foe"
],
[
"adversary",
"adversary"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"An enemy, foe, or adversary:"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"An enemy, foe, or adversary:",
"An opponent of the true religion."
],
"links": [
[
"enemy",
"enemy#English"
],
[
"foe",
"foe"
],
[
"adversary",
"adversary"
],
[
"opponent",
"opponent"
],
[
"religion",
"religion"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"An enemy, foe, or adversary:",
"A hostile combatant."
],
"links": [
[
"enemy",
"enemy#English"
],
[
"foe",
"foe"
],
[
"adversary",
"adversary"
],
[
"hostile",
"hostile"
],
[
"combatant",
"combatant"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"enm:Christianity"
],
"glosses": [
"An enemy, foe, or adversary:",
"The Devil; Satan."
],
"links": [
[
"enemy",
"enemy#English"
],
[
"foe",
"foe"
],
[
"adversary",
"adversary"
],
[
"Christianity",
"Christianity"
],
[
"Devil",
"Devil"
],
[
"Satan",
"Satan"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"An enemy, foe, or adversary:",
"(Christianity) The Devil; Satan."
],
"topics": [
"Christianity"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"A malign or hostile force."
],
"links": [
[
"hostile",
"hostile"
],
[
"force",
"force"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Hostility; enmity."
],
"links": [
[
"Hostility",
"hostility"
],
[
"enmity",
"enmity"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈɛnəmiː/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈɛnmiː/"
}
],
"word": "enemy"
}
Download raw JSONL data for enemy meaning in Middle English (4.4kB)
{
"called_from": "page/1498/20230118",
"msg": "''An enemy, foe, or adversary:'[...]' gloss has examples we want to keep, but there are subglosses.",
"path": [
"enemy"
],
"section": "Middle English",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "enemy",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Middle English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-10-21 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-10-01 using wiktextract (c1bb342 and 6f96ddf). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.