"crouken" meaning in Middle English

See crouken in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Verb

IPA: /ˈkruːkən/
Etymology: Back-formation from Old English crācettan (“to croak”) (also in derivative crǣcettung (“croaking”)), from Proto-Germanic *krēk-, from Proto-Indo-European *greh₂-g-, from *greh₂-k-, of onomatopoeic origin. Etymology templates: {{inh|enm|ang|crācettan||to croak}} Old English crācettan (“to croak”), {{inh|enm|gem-pro|*krēk-}} Proto-Germanic *krēk-, {{inh|enm|ine-pro|*gerh₂-|*greh₂-g-}} Proto-Indo-European *greh₂-g-, {{onomatopoeic|enm|nocap=1}} onomatopoeic Head templates: {{head|enm|verb}} crouken Inflection templates: {{enm-conj-wk|crouk}} Forms: no-table-tags [table-tags], crouken [infinitive], to crouken [infinitive], crouke [infinitive], crouke [first-person, present, singular], crouked [first-person, past, singular], croukest [present, second-person, singular], croukedest [past, second-person, singular], crouketh [present, singular, third-person], crouked [past, singular, third-person], crouke [present, singular, subjunctive], crouked [past, singular, subjunctive], crouke [imperative, present, singular], - [imperative, past, singular], crouken [plural, present], crouke [plural, present], croukeden [past, plural], croukede [past, plural], crouketh [imperative, plural, present], crouke [imperative, plural, present], - [imperative, past, plural], croukynge [participle, present], croukende [participle, present], crouked [participle, past], ycrouked [participle, past], crowken [alternative]
  1. to coo, croak
    Sense id: en-crouken-enm-verb-LzfkzkPF Categories (other): Middle English entries with incorrect language header, Middle English onomatopoeias, Pages with 1 entry, Pages with entries Disambiguation of Middle English entries with incorrect language header: 51 49 Disambiguation of Middle English onomatopoeias: 50 50 Disambiguation of Pages with 1 entry: 50 50 Disambiguation of Pages with entries: 51 49
  2. to groan (of persons)
    Sense id: en-crouken-enm-verb-2BNwuTTs Categories (other): Middle English entries with incorrect language header, Middle English onomatopoeias, Pages with 1 entry, Pages with entries Disambiguation of Middle English entries with incorrect language header: 51 49 Disambiguation of Middle English onomatopoeias: 50 50 Disambiguation of Pages with 1 entry: 50 50 Disambiguation of Pages with entries: 51 49
     
{
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "en",
            "2": "croak"
          },
          "expansion": "English: croak",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "English: croak"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "yol",
            "2": "crookeen",
            "alts": "1",
            "der": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "⇒ Yola: crookeen, crooken",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "⇒ Yola: crookeen, crooken"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "crācettan",
        "4": "",
        "5": "to croak"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English crācettan (“to croak”)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*krēk-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *krēk-",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*gerh₂-",
        "4": "*greh₂-g-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *greh₂-g-",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "nocap": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "onomatopoeic",
      "name": "onomatopoeic"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Back-formation from Old English crācettan (“to croak”) (also in derivative crǣcettung (“croaking”)), from Proto-Germanic *krēk-, from Proto-Indo-European *greh₂-g-, from *greh₂-k-, of onomatopoeic origin.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "enm-conj-wk",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "crouken",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "to crouken",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "crouke",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "crouke",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "crouked",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "croukest",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "croukedest",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "crouketh",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "crouked",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "crouke",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "crouked",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "crouke",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "crouken",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "crouke",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "croukeden",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "croukede",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "crouketh",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "crouke",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "croukynge",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "croukende",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "crouked",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ycrouked",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "crowken",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "verb"
      },
      "expansion": "crouken",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "crouk"
      },
      "name": "enm-conj-wk"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Middle English",
  "lang_code": "enm",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "51 49",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "50 50",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Middle English onomatopoeias",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "50 50",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 1 entry",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "51 49",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to coo, croak"
      ],
      "id": "en-crouken-enm-verb-LzfkzkPF",
      "links": [
        [
          "coo",
          "coo"
        ],
        [
          "croak",
          "croak"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "51 49",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "50 50",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Middle English onomatopoeias",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "50 50",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 1 entry",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "51 49",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to groan (of persons)"
      ],
      "id": "en-crouken-enm-verb-2BNwuTTs",
      "links": [
        [
          "groan",
          "groan"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈkruːkən/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "crouken"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
    "Middle English lemmas",
    "Middle English onomatopoeias",
    "Middle English terms derived from Old English",
    "Middle English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
    "Middle English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
    "Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
    "Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
    "Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
    "Middle English verbs",
    "Middle English weak verbs",
    "Pages with 1 entry",
    "Pages with entries"
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "en",
            "2": "croak"
          },
          "expansion": "English: croak",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "English: croak"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "yol",
            "2": "crookeen",
            "alts": "1",
            "der": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "⇒ Yola: crookeen, crooken",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "⇒ Yola: crookeen, crooken"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "crācettan",
        "4": "",
        "5": "to croak"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English crācettan (“to croak”)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*krēk-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *krēk-",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*gerh₂-",
        "4": "*greh₂-g-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *greh₂-g-",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "nocap": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "onomatopoeic",
      "name": "onomatopoeic"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Back-formation from Old English crācettan (“to croak”) (also in derivative crǣcettung (“croaking”)), from Proto-Germanic *krēk-, from Proto-Indo-European *greh₂-g-, from *greh₂-k-, of onomatopoeic origin.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "enm-conj-wk",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "crouken",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "to crouken",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "crouke",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "crouke",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "crouked",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "croukest",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "croukedest",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "crouketh",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "crouked",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "crouke",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "crouked",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "crouke",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "crouken",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "crouke",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "croukeden",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "croukede",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "crouketh",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "crouke",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "croukynge",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "croukende",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "crouked",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ycrouked",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "crowken",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "verb"
      },
      "expansion": "crouken",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "crouk"
      },
      "name": "enm-conj-wk"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Middle English",
  "lang_code": "enm",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "to coo, croak"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "coo",
          "coo"
        ],
        [
          "croak",
          "croak"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "to groan (of persons)"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "groan",
          "groan"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈkruːkən/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "crouken"
}

Download raw JSONL data for crouken meaning in Middle English (4.3kB)

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Middle English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-07-20 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-07-01 using wiktextract (45c4a21 and f1c2b61). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.