"ᠨᡳᡴᠠᠨ" meaning in Manchu

See ᠨᡳᡴᠠᠨ in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Proper name

IPA: [ni.qʰan] [standard] Forms: nikan [romanization]
Etymology: The etymology is "conventionally dismiss[ed] as indecipherable on the basis of available documentation". It was not used in fifteenth-century Jurchen. Speculative suggestions include: * Related to Classical Mongolian ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ (kitad, “China”). * Corrupted from Classical Mongolian [script needed] (nanggiyad, “Chinese, Ming Chinese”), from Chinese 南家 (“southern households”). * Corrupted from unknown element ni- + Chinese 漢／汉 (hàn, “Han Chinese”), perhaps 明漢 (“Ming Han, Han of the Ming dynasty”), as Manchu transcriptions of foreign words sometimes conflate the initial nasals. * Related to native Manchu verbs such as ᠨᡳᡴᡝᠮᠪᡳ (nikembi, “to lean on, to rely on”) and ᠨᡳᡴᡝᠪᡠᠮᠪᡳ (nikebumbi, “to prop up, to support”) with the original meaning of "servant", the meaning of which transferred to "Han Chinese" upon Jurchen/Manchu expansion, during which the conquered Han became subservient to the Manchus. Alexander Vovin considers this sort of semantic shift from a derogatory Proto-Tungusic root most likely, citing Negidal [script needed] (nikan, “Chinese, bandit, robber”), Udihe [script needed] (ningka, “Chinese, laborer, worker”), Oroch [script needed] (n'ingka, “slave, servant”), and other Tungusic forms, and says: *: "Regardless of the phonetic details, the semantic fit seems to be almost perfect: 'robber, slave, servant'—what could be more offensive to an enemy?" Etymology templates: {{unk|mnc|title="conventionally dismiss􂀿ed􂁀 as indecipherable on the basis of available documentation"}} "conventionally dismiss[ed] as indecipherable on the basis of available documentation", {{cog|cmg|ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ|t=China}} Classical Mongolian ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ (kitad, “China”), {{der|mnc|cmg||t=Chinese, Ming Chinese|tr=nanggiyad}} Classical Mongolian [script needed] (nanggiyad, “Chinese, Ming Chinese”), {{der|mnc|zh|南家|t=southern households}} Chinese 南家 (“southern households”), {{der|mnc|zh|漢|t=Han Chinese}} Chinese 漢／汉 (hàn, “Han Chinese”), {{zh-l|明漢|t=Ming Han, Han of the Ming dynasty}} 明漢 (“Ming Han, Han of the Ming dynasty”), {{m|mnc|ᠨᡳᡴᡝᠮᠪᡳ|t=to lean on, to rely on}} ᠨᡳᡴᡝᠮᠪᡳ (nikembi, “to lean on, to rely on”), {{m|mnc|ᠨᡳᡴᡝᠪᡠᠮᠪᡳ|t=to prop up, to support}} ᠨᡳᡴᡝᠪᡠᠮᠪᡳ (nikebumbi, “to prop up, to support”), {{der|mnc|tuw-pro|-}} Proto-Tungusic, {{cog|neg|t=Chinese, bandit, robber|tr=nikan}} Negidal [script needed] (nikan, “Chinese, bandit, robber”), {{cog|ude|t=Chinese, laborer, worker|tr=ningka}} Udihe [script needed] (ningka, “Chinese, laborer, worker”), {{cog|oac|t=slave, servant|tr=n'ingka}} Oroch [script needed] (n'ingka, “slave, servant”) Head templates: {{head|mnc|proper noun}} ᠨᡳᡴᠠᠨ • (nikan)
  1. a unisex given name meaning “Chinese” Categories (topical): Manchu female given names, Manchu given names, Manchu male given names, Manchu unisex given names, Nationalities
    Sense id: en-ᠨᡳᡴᠠᠨ-mnc-name-tQiSTg-V Disambiguation of Nationalities: 74 26 Categories (other): Manchu entries with incorrect language header Disambiguation of Manchu entries with incorrect language header: 66 34

Noun

IPA: [ni.qʰan] [standard] Forms: nikan [romanization]
Etymology: The etymology is "conventionally dismiss[ed] as indecipherable on the basis of available documentation". It was not used in fifteenth-century Jurchen. Speculative suggestions include: * Related to Classical Mongolian ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ (kitad, “China”). * Corrupted from Classical Mongolian [script needed] (nanggiyad, “Chinese, Ming Chinese”), from Chinese 南家 (“southern households”). * Corrupted from unknown element ni- + Chinese 漢／汉 (hàn, “Han Chinese”), perhaps 明漢 (“Ming Han, Han of the Ming dynasty”), as Manchu transcriptions of foreign words sometimes conflate the initial nasals. * Related to native Manchu verbs such as ᠨᡳᡴᡝᠮᠪᡳ (nikembi, “to lean on, to rely on”) and ᠨᡳᡴᡝᠪᡠᠮᠪᡳ (nikebumbi, “to prop up, to support”) with the original meaning of "servant", the meaning of which transferred to "Han Chinese" upon Jurchen/Manchu expansion, during which the conquered Han became subservient to the Manchus. Alexander Vovin considers this sort of semantic shift from a derogatory Proto-Tungusic root most likely, citing Negidal [script needed] (nikan, “Chinese, bandit, robber”), Udihe [script needed] (ningka, “Chinese, laborer, worker”), Oroch [script needed] (n'ingka, “slave, servant”), and other Tungusic forms, and says: *: "Regardless of the phonetic details, the semantic fit seems to be almost perfect: 'robber, slave, servant'—what could be more offensive to an enemy?" Etymology templates: {{unk|mnc|title="conventionally dismiss􂀿ed􂁀 as indecipherable on the basis of available documentation"}} "conventionally dismiss[ed] as indecipherable on the basis of available documentation", {{cog|cmg|ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ|t=China}} Classical Mongolian ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ (kitad, “China”), {{der|mnc|cmg||t=Chinese, Ming Chinese|tr=nanggiyad}} Classical Mongolian [script needed] (nanggiyad, “Chinese, Ming Chinese”), {{der|mnc|zh|南家|t=southern households}} Chinese 南家 (“southern households”), {{der|mnc|zh|漢|t=Han Chinese}} Chinese 漢／汉 (hàn, “Han Chinese”), {{zh-l|明漢|t=Ming Han, Han of the Ming dynasty}} 明漢 (“Ming Han, Han of the Ming dynasty”), {{m|mnc|ᠨᡳᡴᡝᠮᠪᡳ|t=to lean on, to rely on}} ᠨᡳᡴᡝᠮᠪᡳ (nikembi, “to lean on, to rely on”), {{m|mnc|ᠨᡳᡴᡝᠪᡠᠮᠪᡳ|t=to prop up, to support}} ᠨᡳᡴᡝᠪᡠᠮᠪᡳ (nikebumbi, “to prop up, to support”), {{der|mnc|tuw-pro|-}} Proto-Tungusic, {{cog|neg|t=Chinese, bandit, robber|tr=nikan}} Negidal [script needed] (nikan, “Chinese, bandit, robber”), {{cog|ude|t=Chinese, laborer, worker|tr=ningka}} Udihe [script needed] (ningka, “Chinese, laborer, worker”), {{cog|oac|t=slave, servant|tr=n'ingka}} Oroch [script needed] (n'ingka, “slave, servant”) Head templates: {{head|mnc|noun}} ᠨᡳᡴᠠᠨ • (nikan)
  1. Chinese, Han (person, people) Categories (place): China Derived forms: ᠨᡳᡴᠠᠨᡤᡳᠰᡠᠨ (nikan gisun) (english: Chinese language), ᠨᡳᡴᠠᠨᡥᡝᡵᡤᡝᠨ (nikan hergen) (english: Chinese character), ᠨᡳᡴᠠᡵᠠᠮᠪᡳ (nikarambi)
    Sense id: en-ᠨᡳᡴᠠᠨ-mnc-noun-KTN0Qa-v Disambiguation of China: 36 64

Alternative forms

Download JSON data for ᠨᡳᡴᠠᠨ meaning in Manchu (9.9kB)

{
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "mnc",
        "title": "\"conventionally dismiss􂀿ed􂁀 as indecipherable on the basis of available documentation\""
      },
      "expansion": "\"conventionally dismiss[ed] as indecipherable on the basis of available documentation\"",
      "name": "unk"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "cmg",
        "2": "ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ",
        "t": "China"
      },
      "expansion": "Classical Mongolian ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ (kitad, “China”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "mnc",
        "2": "cmg",
        "3": "",
        "t": "Chinese, Ming Chinese",
        "tr": "nanggiyad"
      },
      "expansion": "Classical Mongolian [script needed] (nanggiyad, “Chinese, Ming Chinese”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "mnc",
        "2": "zh",
        "3": "南家",
        "t": "southern households"
      },
      "expansion": "Chinese 南家 (“southern households”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "mnc",
        "2": "zh",
        "3": "漢",
        "t": "Han Chinese"
      },
      "expansion": "Chinese 漢／汉 (hàn, “Han Chinese”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "明漢",
        "t": "Ming Han, Han of the Ming dynasty"
      },
      "expansion": "明漢 (“Ming Han, Han of the Ming dynasty”)",
      "name": "zh-l"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "mnc",
        "2": "ᠨᡳᡴᡝᠮᠪᡳ",
        "t": "to lean on, to rely on"
      },
      "expansion": "ᠨᡳᡴᡝᠮᠪᡳ (nikembi, “to lean on, to rely on”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "mnc",
        "2": "ᠨᡳᡴᡝᠪᡠᠮᠪᡳ",
        "t": "to prop up, to support"
      },
      "expansion": "ᠨᡳᡴᡝᠪᡠᠮᠪᡳ (nikebumbi, “to prop up, to support”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "mnc",
        "2": "tuw-pro",
        "3": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Tungusic",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "neg",
        "t": "Chinese, bandit, robber",
        "tr": "nikan"
      },
      "expansion": "Negidal [script needed] (nikan, “Chinese, bandit, robber”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ude",
        "t": "Chinese, laborer, worker",
        "tr": "ningka"
      },
      "expansion": "Udihe [script needed] (ningka, “Chinese, laborer, worker”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "oac",
        "t": "slave, servant",
        "tr": "n'ingka"
      },
      "expansion": "Oroch [script needed] (n'ingka, “slave, servant”)",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "The etymology is \"conventionally dismiss[ed] as indecipherable on the basis of available documentation\". It was not used in fifteenth-century Jurchen. Speculative suggestions include:\n* Related to Classical Mongolian ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ (kitad, “China”).\n* Corrupted from Classical Mongolian [script needed] (nanggiyad, “Chinese, Ming Chinese”), from Chinese 南家 (“southern households”).\n* Corrupted from unknown element ni- + Chinese 漢／汉 (hàn, “Han Chinese”), perhaps 明漢 (“Ming Han, Han of the Ming dynasty”), as Manchu transcriptions of foreign words sometimes conflate the initial nasals.\n* Related to native Manchu verbs such as ᠨᡳᡴᡝᠮᠪᡳ (nikembi, “to lean on, to rely on”) and ᠨᡳᡴᡝᠪᡠᠮᠪᡳ (nikebumbi, “to prop up, to support”) with the original meaning of \"servant\", the meaning of which transferred to \"Han Chinese\" upon Jurchen/Manchu expansion, during which the conquered Han became subservient to the Manchus. Alexander Vovin considers this sort of semantic shift from a derogatory Proto-Tungusic root most likely, citing Negidal [script needed] (nikan, “Chinese, bandit, robber”), Udihe [script needed] (ningka, “Chinese, laborer, worker”), Oroch [script needed] (n'ingka, “slave, servant”), and other Tungusic forms, and says:\n*: \"Regardless of the phonetic details, the semantic fit seems to be almost perfect: 'robber, slave, servant'—what could be more offensive to an enemy?\"",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "nikan",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "mnc",
        "2": "noun"
      },
      "expansion": "ᠨᡳᡴᠠᠨ • (nikan)",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Manchu",
  "lang_code": "mnc",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "36 64",
          "kind": "place",
          "langcode": "mnc",
          "name": "China",
          "orig": "mnc:China",
          "parents": [
            "Asia",
            "Earth",
            "Eurasia",
            "Nature",
            "All topics",
            "Fundamental"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "derived": [
        {
          "english": "Chinese language",
          "roman": "nikan gisun",
          "word": "ᠨᡳᡴᠠᠨᡤᡳᠰᡠᠨ"
        },
        {
          "english": "Chinese character",
          "roman": "nikan hergen",
          "word": "ᠨᡳᡴᠠᠨᡥᡝᡵᡤᡝᠨ"
        },
        {
          "roman": "nikarambi",
          "word": "ᠨᡳᡴᠠᡵᠠᠮᠪᡳ"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Chinese, Han (person, people)"
      ],
      "id": "en-ᠨᡳᡴᠠᠨ-mnc-noun-KTN0Qa-v",
      "links": [
        [
          "Chinese",
          "Chinese"
        ],
        [
          "Han",
          "Han"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "[ni.qʰan]",
      "tags": [
        "standard"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "Alexander Vovin"
  ],
  "word": "ᠨᡳᡴᠠᠨ"
}

{
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "zh",
            "2": "尼堪",
            "tr": "Níkān",
            "translit": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Chinese: → 尼堪 (Níkān) (transliteration)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Chinese: → 尼堪 (Níkān) (transliteration)"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "mnc",
        "title": "\"conventionally dismiss􂀿ed􂁀 as indecipherable on the basis of available documentation\""
      },
      "expansion": "\"conventionally dismiss[ed] as indecipherable on the basis of available documentation\"",
      "name": "unk"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "cmg",
        "2": "ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ",
        "t": "China"
      },
      "expansion": "Classical Mongolian ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ (kitad, “China”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "mnc",
        "2": "cmg",
        "3": "",
        "t": "Chinese, Ming Chinese",
        "tr": "nanggiyad"
      },
      "expansion": "Classical Mongolian [script needed] (nanggiyad, “Chinese, Ming Chinese”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "mnc",
        "2": "zh",
        "3": "南家",
        "t": "southern households"
      },
      "expansion": "Chinese 南家 (“southern households”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "mnc",
        "2": "zh",
        "3": "漢",
        "t": "Han Chinese"
      },
      "expansion": "Chinese 漢／汉 (hàn, “Han Chinese”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "明漢",
        "t": "Ming Han, Han of the Ming dynasty"
      },
      "expansion": "明漢 (“Ming Han, Han of the Ming dynasty”)",
      "name": "zh-l"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "mnc",
        "2": "ᠨᡳᡴᡝᠮᠪᡳ",
        "t": "to lean on, to rely on"
      },
      "expansion": "ᠨᡳᡴᡝᠮᠪᡳ (nikembi, “to lean on, to rely on”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "mnc",
        "2": "ᠨᡳᡴᡝᠪᡠᠮᠪᡳ",
        "t": "to prop up, to support"
      },
      "expansion": "ᠨᡳᡴᡝᠪᡠᠮᠪᡳ (nikebumbi, “to prop up, to support”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "mnc",
        "2": "tuw-pro",
        "3": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Tungusic",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "neg",
        "t": "Chinese, bandit, robber",
        "tr": "nikan"
      },
      "expansion": "Negidal [script needed] (nikan, “Chinese, bandit, robber”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ude",
        "t": "Chinese, laborer, worker",
        "tr": "ningka"
      },
      "expansion": "Udihe [script needed] (ningka, “Chinese, laborer, worker”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "oac",
        "t": "slave, servant",
        "tr": "n'ingka"
      },
      "expansion": "Oroch [script needed] (n'ingka, “slave, servant”)",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "The etymology is \"conventionally dismiss[ed] as indecipherable on the basis of available documentation\". It was not used in fifteenth-century Jurchen. Speculative suggestions include:\n* Related to Classical Mongolian ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ (kitad, “China”).\n* Corrupted from Classical Mongolian [script needed] (nanggiyad, “Chinese, Ming Chinese”), from Chinese 南家 (“southern households”).\n* Corrupted from unknown element ni- + Chinese 漢／汉 (hàn, “Han Chinese”), perhaps 明漢 (“Ming Han, Han of the Ming dynasty”), as Manchu transcriptions of foreign words sometimes conflate the initial nasals.\n* Related to native Manchu verbs such as ᠨᡳᡴᡝᠮᠪᡳ (nikembi, “to lean on, to rely on”) and ᠨᡳᡴᡝᠪᡠᠮᠪᡳ (nikebumbi, “to prop up, to support”) with the original meaning of \"servant\", the meaning of which transferred to \"Han Chinese\" upon Jurchen/Manchu expansion, during which the conquered Han became subservient to the Manchus. Alexander Vovin considers this sort of semantic shift from a derogatory Proto-Tungusic root most likely, citing Negidal [script needed] (nikan, “Chinese, bandit, robber”), Udihe [script needed] (ningka, “Chinese, laborer, worker”), Oroch [script needed] (n'ingka, “slave, servant”), and other Tungusic forms, and says:\n*: \"Regardless of the phonetic details, the semantic fit seems to be almost perfect: 'robber, slave, servant'—what could be more offensive to an enemy?\"",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "nikan",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "mnc",
        "2": "proper noun"
      },
      "expansion": "ᠨᡳᡴᠠᠨ • (nikan)",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Manchu",
  "lang_code": "mnc",
  "pos": "name",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "topical",
          "name": "Manchu female given names",
          "parents": [
            "Female given names",
            "Given names",
            "Names",
            "All topics",
            "Proper nouns",
            "Terms by semantic function",
            "Fundamental",
            "Nouns",
            "Lemmas"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "topical",
          "name": "Manchu given names",
          "parents": [
            "Given names",
            "Names",
            "All topics",
            "Proper nouns",
            "Terms by semantic function",
            "Fundamental",
            "Nouns",
            "Lemmas"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "topical",
          "name": "Manchu male given names",
          "parents": [
            "Male given names",
            "Given names",
            "Names",
            "All topics",
            "Proper nouns",
            "Terms by semantic function",
            "Fundamental",
            "Nouns",
            "Lemmas"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "topical",
          "name": "Manchu unisex given names",
          "parents": [
            "Unisex given names",
            "Given names",
            "Names",
            "All topics",
            "Proper nouns",
            "Terms by semantic function",
            "Fundamental",
            "Nouns",
            "Lemmas"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "66 34",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Manchu entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "74 26",
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "mnc",
          "name": "Nationalities",
          "orig": "mnc:Nationalities",
          "parents": [
            "Demonyms",
            "People",
            "Names",
            "Human",
            "All topics",
            "Proper nouns",
            "Terms by semantic function",
            "Fundamental",
            "Nouns",
            "Lemmas"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "a unisex given name meaning “Chinese”"
      ],
      "id": "en-ᠨᡳᡴᠠᠨ-mnc-name-tQiSTg-V",
      "links": [
        [
          "given name",
          "given name"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "[ni.qʰan]",
      "tags": [
        "standard"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "Alexander Vovin"
  ],
  "word": "ᠨᡳᡴᠠᠨ"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Manchu entries with incorrect language header",
    "Manchu lemmas",
    "Manchu nouns",
    "Manchu proper nouns",
    "Manchu terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Manchu terms with unknown etymologies",
    "mnc:China",
    "mnc:Nationalities"
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "english": "Chinese language",
      "roman": "nikan gisun",
      "word": "ᠨᡳᡴᠠᠨᡤᡳᠰᡠᠨ"
    },
    {
      "english": "Chinese character",
      "roman": "nikan hergen",
      "word": "ᠨᡳᡴᠠᠨᡥᡝᡵᡤᡝᠨ"
    },
    {
      "roman": "nikarambi",
      "word": "ᠨᡳᡴᠠᡵᠠᠮᠪᡳ"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "mnc",
        "title": "\"conventionally dismiss􂀿ed􂁀 as indecipherable on the basis of available documentation\""
      },
      "expansion": "\"conventionally dismiss[ed] as indecipherable on the basis of available documentation\"",
      "name": "unk"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "cmg",
        "2": "ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ",
        "t": "China"
      },
      "expansion": "Classical Mongolian ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ (kitad, “China”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "mnc",
        "2": "cmg",
        "3": "",
        "t": "Chinese, Ming Chinese",
        "tr": "nanggiyad"
      },
      "expansion": "Classical Mongolian [script needed] (nanggiyad, “Chinese, Ming Chinese”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "mnc",
        "2": "zh",
        "3": "南家",
        "t": "southern households"
      },
      "expansion": "Chinese 南家 (“southern households”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "mnc",
        "2": "zh",
        "3": "漢",
        "t": "Han Chinese"
      },
      "expansion": "Chinese 漢／汉 (hàn, “Han Chinese”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "明漢",
        "t": "Ming Han, Han of the Ming dynasty"
      },
      "expansion": "明漢 (“Ming Han, Han of the Ming dynasty”)",
      "name": "zh-l"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "mnc",
        "2": "ᠨᡳᡴᡝᠮᠪᡳ",
        "t": "to lean on, to rely on"
      },
      "expansion": "ᠨᡳᡴᡝᠮᠪᡳ (nikembi, “to lean on, to rely on”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "mnc",
        "2": "ᠨᡳᡴᡝᠪᡠᠮᠪᡳ",
        "t": "to prop up, to support"
      },
      "expansion": "ᠨᡳᡴᡝᠪᡠᠮᠪᡳ (nikebumbi, “to prop up, to support”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "mnc",
        "2": "tuw-pro",
        "3": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Tungusic",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "neg",
        "t": "Chinese, bandit, robber",
        "tr": "nikan"
      },
      "expansion": "Negidal [script needed] (nikan, “Chinese, bandit, robber”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ude",
        "t": "Chinese, laborer, worker",
        "tr": "ningka"
      },
      "expansion": "Udihe [script needed] (ningka, “Chinese, laborer, worker”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "oac",
        "t": "slave, servant",
        "tr": "n'ingka"
      },
      "expansion": "Oroch [script needed] (n'ingka, “slave, servant”)",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "The etymology is \"conventionally dismiss[ed] as indecipherable on the basis of available documentation\". It was not used in fifteenth-century Jurchen. Speculative suggestions include:\n* Related to Classical Mongolian ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ (kitad, “China”).\n* Corrupted from Classical Mongolian [script needed] (nanggiyad, “Chinese, Ming Chinese”), from Chinese 南家 (“southern households”).\n* Corrupted from unknown element ni- + Chinese 漢／汉 (hàn, “Han Chinese”), perhaps 明漢 (“Ming Han, Han of the Ming dynasty”), as Manchu transcriptions of foreign words sometimes conflate the initial nasals.\n* Related to native Manchu verbs such as ᠨᡳᡴᡝᠮᠪᡳ (nikembi, “to lean on, to rely on”) and ᠨᡳᡴᡝᠪᡠᠮᠪᡳ (nikebumbi, “to prop up, to support”) with the original meaning of \"servant\", the meaning of which transferred to \"Han Chinese\" upon Jurchen/Manchu expansion, during which the conquered Han became subservient to the Manchus. Alexander Vovin considers this sort of semantic shift from a derogatory Proto-Tungusic root most likely, citing Negidal [script needed] (nikan, “Chinese, bandit, robber”), Udihe [script needed] (ningka, “Chinese, laborer, worker”), Oroch [script needed] (n'ingka, “slave, servant”), and other Tungusic forms, and says:\n*: \"Regardless of the phonetic details, the semantic fit seems to be almost perfect: 'robber, slave, servant'—what could be more offensive to an enemy?\"",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "nikan",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "mnc",
        "2": "noun"
      },
      "expansion": "ᠨᡳᡴᠠᠨ • (nikan)",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Manchu",
  "lang_code": "mnc",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "Chinese, Han (person, people)"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "Chinese",
          "Chinese"
        ],
        [
          "Han",
          "Han"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "[ni.qʰan]",
      "tags": [
        "standard"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "Alexander Vovin"
  ],
  "word": "ᠨᡳᡴᠠᠨ"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Manchu entries with incorrect language header",
    "Manchu lemmas",
    "Manchu nouns",
    "Manchu proper nouns",
    "Manchu terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Manchu terms with unknown etymologies",
    "mnc:China",
    "mnc:Nationalities"
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "zh",
            "2": "尼堪",
            "tr": "Níkān",
            "translit": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Chinese: → 尼堪 (Níkān) (transliteration)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Chinese: → 尼堪 (Níkān) (transliteration)"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "mnc",
        "title": "\"conventionally dismiss􂀿ed􂁀 as indecipherable on the basis of available documentation\""
      },
      "expansion": "\"conventionally dismiss[ed] as indecipherable on the basis of available documentation\"",
      "name": "unk"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "cmg",
        "2": "ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ",
        "t": "China"
      },
      "expansion": "Classical Mongolian ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ (kitad, “China”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "mnc",
        "2": "cmg",
        "3": "",
        "t": "Chinese, Ming Chinese",
        "tr": "nanggiyad"
      },
      "expansion": "Classical Mongolian [script needed] (nanggiyad, “Chinese, Ming Chinese”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "mnc",
        "2": "zh",
        "3": "南家",
        "t": "southern households"
      },
      "expansion": "Chinese 南家 (“southern households”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "mnc",
        "2": "zh",
        "3": "漢",
        "t": "Han Chinese"
      },
      "expansion": "Chinese 漢／汉 (hàn, “Han Chinese”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "明漢",
        "t": "Ming Han, Han of the Ming dynasty"
      },
      "expansion": "明漢 (“Ming Han, Han of the Ming dynasty”)",
      "name": "zh-l"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "mnc",
        "2": "ᠨᡳᡴᡝᠮᠪᡳ",
        "t": "to lean on, to rely on"
      },
      "expansion": "ᠨᡳᡴᡝᠮᠪᡳ (nikembi, “to lean on, to rely on”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "mnc",
        "2": "ᠨᡳᡴᡝᠪᡠᠮᠪᡳ",
        "t": "to prop up, to support"
      },
      "expansion": "ᠨᡳᡴᡝᠪᡠᠮᠪᡳ (nikebumbi, “to prop up, to support”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "mnc",
        "2": "tuw-pro",
        "3": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Tungusic",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "neg",
        "t": "Chinese, bandit, robber",
        "tr": "nikan"
      },
      "expansion": "Negidal [script needed] (nikan, “Chinese, bandit, robber”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ude",
        "t": "Chinese, laborer, worker",
        "tr": "ningka"
      },
      "expansion": "Udihe [script needed] (ningka, “Chinese, laborer, worker”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "oac",
        "t": "slave, servant",
        "tr": "n'ingka"
      },
      "expansion": "Oroch [script needed] (n'ingka, “slave, servant”)",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "The etymology is \"conventionally dismiss[ed] as indecipherable on the basis of available documentation\". It was not used in fifteenth-century Jurchen. Speculative suggestions include:\n* Related to Classical Mongolian ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ (kitad, “China”).\n* Corrupted from Classical Mongolian [script needed] (nanggiyad, “Chinese, Ming Chinese”), from Chinese 南家 (“southern households”).\n* Corrupted from unknown element ni- + Chinese 漢／汉 (hàn, “Han Chinese”), perhaps 明漢 (“Ming Han, Han of the Ming dynasty”), as Manchu transcriptions of foreign words sometimes conflate the initial nasals.\n* Related to native Manchu verbs such as ᠨᡳᡴᡝᠮᠪᡳ (nikembi, “to lean on, to rely on”) and ᠨᡳᡴᡝᠪᡠᠮᠪᡳ (nikebumbi, “to prop up, to support”) with the original meaning of \"servant\", the meaning of which transferred to \"Han Chinese\" upon Jurchen/Manchu expansion, during which the conquered Han became subservient to the Manchus. Alexander Vovin considers this sort of semantic shift from a derogatory Proto-Tungusic root most likely, citing Negidal [script needed] (nikan, “Chinese, bandit, robber”), Udihe [script needed] (ningka, “Chinese, laborer, worker”), Oroch [script needed] (n'ingka, “slave, servant”), and other Tungusic forms, and says:\n*: \"Regardless of the phonetic details, the semantic fit seems to be almost perfect: 'robber, slave, servant'—what could be more offensive to an enemy?\"",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "nikan",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "mnc",
        "2": "proper noun"
      },
      "expansion": "ᠨᡳᡴᠠᠨ • (nikan)",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Manchu",
  "lang_code": "mnc",
  "pos": "name",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Manchu female given names",
        "Manchu given names",
        "Manchu male given names",
        "Manchu unisex given names"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "a unisex given name meaning “Chinese”"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "given name",
          "given name"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "[ni.qʰan]",
      "tags": [
        "standard"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "Alexander Vovin"
  ],
  "word": "ᠨᡳᡴᠠᠨ"
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Manchu dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-04-24 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-04-21 using wiktextract (82c8ff9 and f4967a5). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.