"pērn" meaning in Latvian

See pērn in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Adverb

IPA: [pǣːɾn]
Etymology: An old compound, with as first part Proto-Indo-European *per- (“over”), and the second part a different term in different Indo-European languages (in Ancient Greek and Sanskrit, the second term was probably *ut- < *wet- (“year”), i.e., *per-ut(i)-). In the Baltic case, it is possible that the second element was Proto-Indo-European *sénos: *per-sénos > per-enos > Proto-Baltic *pernas > Latvian *per̃ns > pērns, of which pērn would be the adverbial form (cf. archaic pērni). Another possibility is that the second element was a reflex of Proto-Indo-European *en- (“year”) (cf. Old Church Slavonic лани (lani, “last year”), from Proto-Slavic *ol-ni, from the zero grade of *en-). Cognates include Lithuanian pérnai, Gothic 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌽𐍃 (fairns, “recent past (thing), past year (thing)”), Old High German firni (“old”), Icelandic forn (“ancient”), Sanskrit परुत् (parút, “last year”), Ancient Greek πέρυσι (pérusi), Irish para- (“past, far; last year”), Persian پار (pâr), Ossetian фарон (faron). Etymology templates: {{uder|lv|ine-pro|*per-||over}} Proto-Indo-European *per- (“over”), {{m|ine-pro|*ut-}} *ut-, {{m|ine-pro|*wet-||year}} *wet- (“year”), {{cog|ine-pro|*sénos}} Proto-Indo-European *sénos, {{uder|lv|bat-pro|*pernas}} Proto-Baltic *pernas, {{cog|lv|*perns|*per̃ns}} Latvian *per̃ns, {{m|lv|pērns}} pērns, {{m|lv|pērn}} pērn, {{m|lv|pērni}} pērni, {{uder|lv|ine-pro|*en-||year}} Proto-Indo-European *en- (“year”), {{cog|cu|лани||last year}} Old Church Slavonic лани (lani, “last year”), {{cog|sla-pro|*ol-ni}} Proto-Slavic *ol-ni, {{m|ine-pro|*en-}} *en-, {{cog|lt|pérnai}} Lithuanian pérnai, {{cog|got|𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌽𐍃||recent past (thing), past year (thing)}} Gothic 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌽𐍃 (fairns, “recent past (thing), past year (thing)”), {{cog|goh|firni||old}} Old High German firni (“old”), {{cog|is|forn||ancient}} Icelandic forn (“ancient”), {{cog|sa|परुत्||last year|tr=parút}} Sanskrit परुत् (parút, “last year”), {{cog|grc|πέρυσι}} Ancient Greek πέρυσι (pérusi), {{cog|ga|para-||past, far; last year}} Irish para- (“past, far; last year”), {{cog|fa|پار|tr=pâr}} Persian پار (pâr), {{cog|os|фарон}} Ossetian фарон (faron) Head templates: {{head|lv|adverb|head=}} pērn, {{lv-adv}} pērn
  1. last year Synonyms (archaic form): pērni Derived forms: aizpērn, aizpērns, aizpērnais, aizpērnējs, aizpērngad, pērnējs, pērngad, pērngada, pērns, pērnais
    Sense id: en-pērn-lv-adv-J5O0kYXj Categories (other): Latvian entries with incorrect language header, Latvian entries with language name categories using raw markup, Latvian etymologies from LEV, Latvian links with redundant target parameters, Latvian terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys, Latvian undefined derivations, Latvian words with level intonation, Sanskrit terms with non-redundant manual transliterations

Download JSON data for pērn meaning in Latvian (6.2kB)

{
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*per-",
        "4": "",
        "5": "over"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *per- (“over”)",
      "name": "uder"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-pro",
        "2": "*ut-"
      },
      "expansion": "*ut-",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-pro",
        "2": "*wet-",
        "3": "",
        "4": "year"
      },
      "expansion": "*wet- (“year”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-pro",
        "2": "*sénos"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *sénos",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "2": "bat-pro",
        "3": "*pernas"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Baltic *pernas",
      "name": "uder"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "2": "*perns",
        "3": "*per̃ns"
      },
      "expansion": "Latvian *per̃ns",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "2": "pērns"
      },
      "expansion": "pērns",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "2": "pērn"
      },
      "expansion": "pērn",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "2": "pērni"
      },
      "expansion": "pērni",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*en-",
        "4": "",
        "5": "year"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *en- (“year”)",
      "name": "uder"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "cu",
        "2": "лани",
        "3": "",
        "4": "last year"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Church Slavonic лани (lani, “last year”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sla-pro",
        "2": "*ol-ni"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Slavic *ol-ni",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-pro",
        "2": "*en-"
      },
      "expansion": "*en-",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lt",
        "2": "pérnai"
      },
      "expansion": "Lithuanian pérnai",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "got",
        "2": "𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌽𐍃",
        "3": "",
        "4": "recent past (thing), past year (thing)"
      },
      "expansion": "Gothic 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌽𐍃 (fairns, “recent past (thing), past year (thing)”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "goh",
        "2": "firni",
        "3": "",
        "4": "old"
      },
      "expansion": "Old High German firni (“old”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "is",
        "2": "forn",
        "3": "",
        "4": "ancient"
      },
      "expansion": "Icelandic forn (“ancient”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sa",
        "2": "परुत्",
        "3": "",
        "4": "last year",
        "tr": "parút"
      },
      "expansion": "Sanskrit परुत् (parút, “last year”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "grc",
        "2": "πέρυσι"
      },
      "expansion": "Ancient Greek πέρυσι (pérusi)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ga",
        "2": "para-",
        "3": "",
        "4": "past, far; last year"
      },
      "expansion": "Irish para- (“past, far; last year”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fa",
        "2": "پار",
        "tr": "pâr"
      },
      "expansion": "Persian پار (pâr)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "os",
        "2": "фарон"
      },
      "expansion": "Ossetian фарон (faron)",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "An old compound, with as first part Proto-Indo-European *per- (“over”), and the second part a different term in different Indo-European languages (in Ancient Greek and Sanskrit, the second term was probably *ut- < *wet- (“year”), i.e., *per-ut(i)-). In the Baltic case, it is possible that the second element was Proto-Indo-European *sénos: *per-sénos > per-enos > Proto-Baltic *pernas > Latvian *per̃ns > pērns, of which pērn would be the adverbial form (cf. archaic pērni). Another possibility is that the second element was a reflex of Proto-Indo-European *en- (“year”) (cf. Old Church Slavonic лани (lani, “last year”), from Proto-Slavic *ol-ni, from the zero grade of *en-). Cognates include Lithuanian pérnai, Gothic 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌽𐍃 (fairns, “recent past (thing), past year (thing)”), Old High German firni (“old”), Icelandic forn (“ancient”), Sanskrit परुत् (parút, “last year”), Ancient Greek πέρυσι (pérusi), Irish para- (“past, far; last year”), Persian پار (pâr), Ossetian фарон (faron).",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "2": "adverb",
        "head": ""
      },
      "expansion": "pērn",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "pērn",
      "name": "lv-adv"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Latvian",
  "lang_code": "lv",
  "pos": "adv",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Latvian entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Latvian entries with language name categories using raw markup",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with language name categories using raw markup",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Latvian etymologies from LEV",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Latvian links with redundant target parameters",
          "parents": [
            "Links with redundant target parameters",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Latvian terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
          "parents": [
            "Terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Latvian undefined derivations",
          "parents": [
            "Undefined derivations",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Latvian words with level intonation",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Sanskrit terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
          "parents": [
            "Terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "derived": [
        {
          "word": "aizpērn"
        },
        {
          "word": "aizpērns"
        },
        {
          "word": "aizpērnais"
        },
        {
          "word": "aizpērnējs"
        },
        {
          "word": "aizpērngad"
        },
        {
          "word": "pērnējs"
        },
        {
          "word": "pērngad"
        },
        {
          "word": "pērngada"
        },
        {
          "word": "pērns"
        },
        {
          "word": "pērnais"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "this happened last year",
          "text": "tas notika pērn",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "this is a first-year forest! last year we sowed",
          "text": "šis ir pirmā gada mežs! pērn iesējām",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "we became acquainted, or, better said, we ran into each other last year, late October, at the end of the rainy days",
          "text": "mēs iepazināmies vai, pareizāk sakot, sastapāmies pērn, oktobra beigās, lietainas dienas nogalē",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "text": "viņš dzīvo kā putns zara galā: šogad te, Mežmaļos, pērn Likstās, nezin kur nākošu gadu ― he lived like a bird at the end of a branch: this year here, in Mežmaļi, last year in Likstas, god knows where next year",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "last year"
      ],
      "id": "en-pērn-lv-adv-J5O0kYXj",
      "links": [
        [
          "last",
          "last"
        ],
        [
          "year",
          "year"
        ]
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "sense": "archaic form",
          "word": "pērni"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "[pǣːɾn]"
    }
  ],
  "word": "pērn"
}

{
  "derived": [
    {
      "word": "aizpērn"
    },
    {
      "word": "aizpērns"
    },
    {
      "word": "aizpērnais"
    },
    {
      "word": "aizpērnējs"
    },
    {
      "word": "aizpērngad"
    },
    {
      "word": "pērnējs"
    },
    {
      "word": "pērngad"
    },
    {
      "word": "pērngada"
    },
    {
      "word": "pērns"
    },
    {
      "word": "pērnais"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*per-",
        "4": "",
        "5": "over"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *per- (“over”)",
      "name": "uder"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-pro",
        "2": "*ut-"
      },
      "expansion": "*ut-",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-pro",
        "2": "*wet-",
        "3": "",
        "4": "year"
      },
      "expansion": "*wet- (“year”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-pro",
        "2": "*sénos"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *sénos",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "2": "bat-pro",
        "3": "*pernas"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Baltic *pernas",
      "name": "uder"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "2": "*perns",
        "3": "*per̃ns"
      },
      "expansion": "Latvian *per̃ns",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "2": "pērns"
      },
      "expansion": "pērns",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "2": "pērn"
      },
      "expansion": "pērn",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "2": "pērni"
      },
      "expansion": "pērni",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*en-",
        "4": "",
        "5": "year"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *en- (“year”)",
      "name": "uder"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "cu",
        "2": "лани",
        "3": "",
        "4": "last year"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Church Slavonic лани (lani, “last year”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sla-pro",
        "2": "*ol-ni"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Slavic *ol-ni",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-pro",
        "2": "*en-"
      },
      "expansion": "*en-",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lt",
        "2": "pérnai"
      },
      "expansion": "Lithuanian pérnai",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "got",
        "2": "𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌽𐍃",
        "3": "",
        "4": "recent past (thing), past year (thing)"
      },
      "expansion": "Gothic 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌽𐍃 (fairns, “recent past (thing), past year (thing)”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "goh",
        "2": "firni",
        "3": "",
        "4": "old"
      },
      "expansion": "Old High German firni (“old”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "is",
        "2": "forn",
        "3": "",
        "4": "ancient"
      },
      "expansion": "Icelandic forn (“ancient”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sa",
        "2": "परुत्",
        "3": "",
        "4": "last year",
        "tr": "parút"
      },
      "expansion": "Sanskrit परुत् (parút, “last year”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "grc",
        "2": "πέρυσι"
      },
      "expansion": "Ancient Greek πέρυσι (pérusi)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ga",
        "2": "para-",
        "3": "",
        "4": "past, far; last year"
      },
      "expansion": "Irish para- (“past, far; last year”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fa",
        "2": "پار",
        "tr": "pâr"
      },
      "expansion": "Persian پار (pâr)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "os",
        "2": "фарон"
      },
      "expansion": "Ossetian фарон (faron)",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "An old compound, with as first part Proto-Indo-European *per- (“over”), and the second part a different term in different Indo-European languages (in Ancient Greek and Sanskrit, the second term was probably *ut- < *wet- (“year”), i.e., *per-ut(i)-). In the Baltic case, it is possible that the second element was Proto-Indo-European *sénos: *per-sénos > per-enos > Proto-Baltic *pernas > Latvian *per̃ns > pērns, of which pērn would be the adverbial form (cf. archaic pērni). Another possibility is that the second element was a reflex of Proto-Indo-European *en- (“year”) (cf. Old Church Slavonic лани (lani, “last year”), from Proto-Slavic *ol-ni, from the zero grade of *en-). Cognates include Lithuanian pérnai, Gothic 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌽𐍃 (fairns, “recent past (thing), past year (thing)”), Old High German firni (“old”), Icelandic forn (“ancient”), Sanskrit परुत् (parút, “last year”), Ancient Greek πέρυσι (pérusi), Irish para- (“past, far; last year”), Persian پار (pâr), Ossetian фарон (faron).",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "2": "adverb",
        "head": ""
      },
      "expansion": "pērn",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "pērn",
      "name": "lv-adv"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Latvian",
  "lang_code": "lv",
  "pos": "adv",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Latvian adverbs",
        "Latvian entries with incorrect language header",
        "Latvian entries with language name categories using raw markup",
        "Latvian etymologies from LEV",
        "Latvian lemmas",
        "Latvian links with redundant target parameters",
        "Latvian terms derived from Proto-Baltic",
        "Latvian terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
        "Latvian terms with IPA pronunciation",
        "Latvian terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
        "Latvian terms with usage examples",
        "Latvian time adverbs",
        "Latvian undefined derivations",
        "Latvian words with level intonation",
        "Sanskrit terms with non-redundant manual transliterations"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "this happened last year",
          "text": "tas notika pērn",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "this is a first-year forest! last year we sowed",
          "text": "šis ir pirmā gada mežs! pērn iesējām",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "we became acquainted, or, better said, we ran into each other last year, late October, at the end of the rainy days",
          "text": "mēs iepazināmies vai, pareizāk sakot, sastapāmies pērn, oktobra beigās, lietainas dienas nogalē",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "text": "viņš dzīvo kā putns zara galā: šogad te, Mežmaļos, pērn Likstās, nezin kur nākošu gadu ― he lived like a bird at the end of a branch: this year here, in Mežmaļi, last year in Likstas, god knows where next year",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "last year"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "last",
          "last"
        ],
        [
          "year",
          "year"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "[pǣːɾn]"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "sense": "archaic form",
      "word": "pērni"
    }
  ],
  "word": "pērn"
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Latvian dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-04-30 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-04-21 using wiktextract (210104c and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.