"lops" meaning in Latvian

See lops in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Noun

IPA: [lūōps] Audio: lv-riga-lops.ogg
Etymology: The origin of this word is unclear. Some derive it from Proto-Indo-European *leh₂p- (“cow”), but the only basis for this reconstruction is the Albanian cognate. Others consider it related to Gothic 𐌻𐌰𐌼𐌱 (lamb) (cf. German Lamm, English lamb), perhaps even a borrowing from a Germanic language. Yet others suggest that it comes from a putative Proto-Baltic *luop-, from Proto-Indo-European *leu- (“to cut off, to separate”) with an extra -p, with the meaning evolving from “cut off” > “to hide, to skin, to flay” (cf. Lithuanian lùpti (“to skin, to peel”)) > “hide, skin, fur, something made of fur” (cf. Hittite lupanni (“hat”)) > “animal body part” (cf. Old Church Slavonic лъбьнъ (lŭbĭnŭ), Serbo-Croatian lùbina (“skull”)) > “animal.” The initial meaning of lops, still found dialectally, was more restricted, covering only goats, sheep and maybe cows. In the 18th and 19th century, the meaning was extended to almost all animals (= dzīvnieks), and later again restricted to its current range. Cognates include Lithuanian lúopas, lúobas (“clumsy person or animal”), Albanian lopë (“cow”) (< *lāpā). Etymology templates: {{unk|lv|unclear}} unclear, {{cog|ine-pro|*leh₂p-||cow}} Proto-Indo-European *leh₂p- (“cow”), {{cog|sq|-}} Albanian, {{cog|got|𐌻𐌰𐌼𐌱}} Gothic 𐌻𐌰𐌼𐌱 (lamb), {{cog|de|Lamm}} German Lamm, {{cog|en|lamb}} English lamb, {{der|lv|bat-pro|-}} Proto-Baltic, {{der|lv|ine-pro|*leu-||to cut off, to separate}} Proto-Indo-European *leu- (“to cut off, to separate”), {{cog|lt|lùpti||to skin, to peel}} Lithuanian lùpti (“to skin, to peel”), {{cog|hit|lupanni||hat}} Hittite lupanni (“hat”), {{cog|cu|лъбьнъ|sc=Cyrs}} Old Church Slavonic лъбьнъ (lŭbĭnŭ), {{cog|sh|lùbina||skull}} Serbo-Croatian lùbina (“skull”), {{cog|lt|lúopas}} Lithuanian lúopas, {{cog|sq|lopë||cow}} Albanian lopë (“cow”) Head templates: {{head|lv|noun|g=m|g2=|head=|sort=}} lops m, {{lv-noun|m|1st}} lops m (1st declension) Inflection templates: {{lv-decl-noun|lop|s|1st|extrawidth=-60}}, {{lv-decl-noun-1|lop|s|4=|5=|6=|7=|8=|drop-v=|keep-s=|x=-60}}, {{lv-decl-noun-table|lops|lopi|lopu|lopus|lopa|lopu|lopam|lopiem|lopu|lopiem|lopā|lopos|lop|lopi|type=1st declension|x=-60}} Forms: declension-1 [table-tags], lops [nominative, singular], lopi [nominative, plural], lopu [accusative, singular], lopus [accusative, plural], lopa [genitive, singular], lopu [genitive, plural], lopam [dative, singular], lopiem [dative, plural], lopu [instrumental, singular], lopiem [instrumental, plural], lopā [locative, singular], lopos [locative, plural], lop [singular, vocative], lopi [plural, vocative]
  1. livestock, (farm) animal (e.g., cattle, sheep, goats, horses, pigs, poultry, etc.) Tags: declension-1, masculine Categories (lifeform): Livestock Synonyms: mājlops Derived forms: liellops, mājlops
    Sense id: en-lops-lv-noun-2iYK8Plf Categories (other): Hittite terms in nonstandard scripts, Latvian entries with incorrect language header, Latvian etymologies from LEV, Latvian words with level intonation, Pages with 3 entries, Pages with entries

Inflected forms

{
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "2": "unclear"
      },
      "expansion": "unclear",
      "name": "unk"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-pro",
        "2": "*leh₂p-",
        "3": "",
        "4": "cow"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *leh₂p- (“cow”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sq",
        "2": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Albanian",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "got",
        "2": "𐌻𐌰𐌼𐌱"
      },
      "expansion": "Gothic 𐌻𐌰𐌼𐌱 (lamb)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "de",
        "2": "Lamm"
      },
      "expansion": "German Lamm",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "lamb"
      },
      "expansion": "English lamb",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "2": "bat-pro",
        "3": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Baltic",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*leu-",
        "4": "",
        "5": "to cut off, to separate"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *leu- (“to cut off, to separate”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lt",
        "2": "lùpti",
        "3": "",
        "4": "to skin, to peel"
      },
      "expansion": "Lithuanian lùpti (“to skin, to peel”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "hit",
        "2": "lupanni",
        "3": "",
        "4": "hat"
      },
      "expansion": "Hittite lupanni (“hat”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "cu",
        "2": "лъбьнъ",
        "sc": "Cyrs"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Church Slavonic лъбьнъ (lŭbĭnŭ)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sh",
        "2": "lùbina",
        "3": "",
        "4": "skull"
      },
      "expansion": "Serbo-Croatian lùbina (“skull”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lt",
        "2": "lúopas"
      },
      "expansion": "Lithuanian lúopas",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sq",
        "2": "lopë",
        "3": "",
        "4": "cow"
      },
      "expansion": "Albanian lopë (“cow”)",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "The origin of this word is unclear. Some derive it from Proto-Indo-European *leh₂p- (“cow”), but the only basis for this reconstruction is the Albanian cognate. Others consider it related to Gothic 𐌻𐌰𐌼𐌱 (lamb) (cf. German Lamm, English lamb), perhaps even a borrowing from a Germanic language. Yet others suggest that it comes from a putative Proto-Baltic *luop-, from Proto-Indo-European *leu- (“to cut off, to separate”) with an extra -p, with the meaning evolving from “cut off” > “to hide, to skin, to flay” (cf. Lithuanian lùpti (“to skin, to peel”)) > “hide, skin, fur, something made of fur” (cf. Hittite lupanni (“hat”)) > “animal body part” (cf. Old Church Slavonic лъбьнъ (lŭbĭnŭ), Serbo-Croatian lùbina (“skull”)) > “animal.” The initial meaning of lops, still found dialectally, was more restricted, covering only goats, sheep and maybe cows. In the 18th and 19th century, the meaning was extended to almost all animals (= dzīvnieks), and later again restricted to its current range. Cognates include Lithuanian lúopas, lúobas (“clumsy person or animal”), Albanian lopë (“cow”) (< *lāpā).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "declension-1",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "lv-decl-noun",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "1st declension",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "class"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "lops",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "lopi",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "lopu",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "lopus",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "lopa",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "lopu",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "lopam",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "lopiem",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "lopu",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "lopiem",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "lopā",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "lopos",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "lop",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "lopi",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "2": "noun",
        "g": "m",
        "g2": "",
        "head": "",
        "sort": ""
      },
      "expansion": "lops m",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "m",
        "2": "1st"
      },
      "expansion": "lops m (1st declension)",
      "name": "lv-noun"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lop",
        "2": "s",
        "3": "1st",
        "extrawidth": "-60"
      },
      "name": "lv-decl-noun"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lop",
        "2": "s",
        "4": "",
        "5": "",
        "6": "",
        "7": "",
        "8": "",
        "drop-v": "",
        "keep-s": "",
        "x": "-60"
      },
      "name": "lv-decl-noun-1"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lops",
        "10": "lopiem",
        "11": "lopā",
        "12": "lopos",
        "13": "lop",
        "14": "lopi",
        "2": "lopi",
        "3": "lopu",
        "4": "lopus",
        "5": "lopa",
        "6": "lopu",
        "7": "lopam",
        "8": "lopiem",
        "9": "lopu",
        "type": "1st declension",
        "x": "-60"
      },
      "name": "lv-decl-noun-table"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Latvian",
  "lang_code": "lv",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Hittite terms in nonstandard scripts",
          "parents": [
            "Terms in nonstandard scripts",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Latvian entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Latvian etymologies from LEV",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Latvian words with level intonation",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 3 entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "lifeform",
          "langcode": "lv",
          "name": "Livestock",
          "orig": "lv:Livestock",
          "parents": [
            "Agriculture",
            "Animals",
            "Applied sciences",
            "Lifeforms",
            "Sciences",
            "All topics",
            "Life",
            "Fundamental",
            "Nature"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "derived": [
        {
          "word": "liellops"
        },
        {
          "word": "mājlops"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "work, milk, meat animals",
          "text": "darba, piena, gaļas lopi",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "animal barn",
          "text": "lopu kūts",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "take care of the animals",
          "text": "apkopt lopus",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "he kept the animal until four (years of age) in the barn and then took them down here to the Spilva pastures",
          "text": "lopus līdz četriem noturēja kūtī un tad nodzina tepat lejā Spilvas ganībās",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "livestock, (farm) animal (e.g., cattle, sheep, goats, horses, pigs, poultry, etc.)"
      ],
      "id": "en-lops-lv-noun-2iYK8Plf",
      "links": [
        [
          "livestock",
          "livestock"
        ],
        [
          "farm",
          "farm"
        ],
        [
          "animal",
          "animal"
        ],
        [
          "e.g.",
          "e.g.#English"
        ],
        [
          "cattle",
          "cattle#English"
        ],
        [
          "sheep",
          "sheep#English"
        ],
        [
          "goat",
          "goat#English"
        ],
        [
          "horse",
          "horse#English"
        ],
        [
          "pig",
          "pig#English"
        ],
        [
          "poultry",
          "poultry#English"
        ]
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "mājlops"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "declension-1",
        "masculine"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "[lūōps]"
    },
    {
      "audio": "lv-riga-lops.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2d/Lv-riga-lops.ogg/Lv-riga-lops.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Lv-riga-lops.ogg"
    }
  ],
  "word": "lops"
}

{
  "derived": [
    {
      "word": "liellops"
    },
    {
      "word": "mājlops"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "2": "unclear"
      },
      "expansion": "unclear",
      "name": "unk"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-pro",
        "2": "*leh₂p-",
        "3": "",
        "4": "cow"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *leh₂p- (“cow”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sq",
        "2": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Albanian",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "got",
        "2": "𐌻𐌰𐌼𐌱"
      },
      "expansion": "Gothic 𐌻𐌰𐌼𐌱 (lamb)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "de",
        "2": "Lamm"
      },
      "expansion": "German Lamm",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "lamb"
      },
      "expansion": "English lamb",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "2": "bat-pro",
        "3": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Baltic",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*leu-",
        "4": "",
        "5": "to cut off, to separate"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *leu- (“to cut off, to separate”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lt",
        "2": "lùpti",
        "3": "",
        "4": "to skin, to peel"
      },
      "expansion": "Lithuanian lùpti (“to skin, to peel”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "hit",
        "2": "lupanni",
        "3": "",
        "4": "hat"
      },
      "expansion": "Hittite lupanni (“hat”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "cu",
        "2": "лъбьнъ",
        "sc": "Cyrs"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Church Slavonic лъбьнъ (lŭbĭnŭ)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sh",
        "2": "lùbina",
        "3": "",
        "4": "skull"
      },
      "expansion": "Serbo-Croatian lùbina (“skull”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lt",
        "2": "lúopas"
      },
      "expansion": "Lithuanian lúopas",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sq",
        "2": "lopë",
        "3": "",
        "4": "cow"
      },
      "expansion": "Albanian lopë (“cow”)",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "The origin of this word is unclear. Some derive it from Proto-Indo-European *leh₂p- (“cow”), but the only basis for this reconstruction is the Albanian cognate. Others consider it related to Gothic 𐌻𐌰𐌼𐌱 (lamb) (cf. German Lamm, English lamb), perhaps even a borrowing from a Germanic language. Yet others suggest that it comes from a putative Proto-Baltic *luop-, from Proto-Indo-European *leu- (“to cut off, to separate”) with an extra -p, with the meaning evolving from “cut off” > “to hide, to skin, to flay” (cf. Lithuanian lùpti (“to skin, to peel”)) > “hide, skin, fur, something made of fur” (cf. Hittite lupanni (“hat”)) > “animal body part” (cf. Old Church Slavonic лъбьнъ (lŭbĭnŭ), Serbo-Croatian lùbina (“skull”)) > “animal.” The initial meaning of lops, still found dialectally, was more restricted, covering only goats, sheep and maybe cows. In the 18th and 19th century, the meaning was extended to almost all animals (= dzīvnieks), and later again restricted to its current range. Cognates include Lithuanian lúopas, lúobas (“clumsy person or animal”), Albanian lopë (“cow”) (< *lāpā).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "declension-1",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "lv-decl-noun",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "1st declension",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "class"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "lops",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "lopi",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "lopu",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "lopus",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "lopa",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "lopu",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "lopam",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "lopiem",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "lopu",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "lopiem",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "lopā",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "lopos",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "lop",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "lopi",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "2": "noun",
        "g": "m",
        "g2": "",
        "head": "",
        "sort": ""
      },
      "expansion": "lops m",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "m",
        "2": "1st"
      },
      "expansion": "lops m (1st declension)",
      "name": "lv-noun"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lop",
        "2": "s",
        "3": "1st",
        "extrawidth": "-60"
      },
      "name": "lv-decl-noun"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lop",
        "2": "s",
        "4": "",
        "5": "",
        "6": "",
        "7": "",
        "8": "",
        "drop-v": "",
        "keep-s": "",
        "x": "-60"
      },
      "name": "lv-decl-noun-1"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lops",
        "10": "lopiem",
        "11": "lopā",
        "12": "lopos",
        "13": "lop",
        "14": "lopi",
        "2": "lopi",
        "3": "lopu",
        "4": "lopus",
        "5": "lopa",
        "6": "lopu",
        "7": "lopam",
        "8": "lopiem",
        "9": "lopu",
        "type": "1st declension",
        "x": "-60"
      },
      "name": "lv-decl-noun-table"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Latvian",
  "lang_code": "lv",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Hittite terms in nonstandard scripts",
        "Latvian entries with incorrect language header",
        "Latvian etymologies from LEV",
        "Latvian first declension nouns",
        "Latvian lemmas",
        "Latvian masculine nouns",
        "Latvian nouns",
        "Latvian terms derived from Proto-Baltic",
        "Latvian terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
        "Latvian terms with unknown etymologies",
        "Latvian terms with usage examples",
        "Latvian words with level intonation",
        "Pages with 3 entries",
        "Pages with entries",
        "lv:Livestock"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "work, milk, meat animals",
          "text": "darba, piena, gaļas lopi",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "animal barn",
          "text": "lopu kūts",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "take care of the animals",
          "text": "apkopt lopus",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "he kept the animal until four (years of age) in the barn and then took them down here to the Spilva pastures",
          "text": "lopus līdz četriem noturēja kūtī un tad nodzina tepat lejā Spilvas ganībās",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "livestock, (farm) animal (e.g., cattle, sheep, goats, horses, pigs, poultry, etc.)"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "livestock",
          "livestock"
        ],
        [
          "farm",
          "farm"
        ],
        [
          "animal",
          "animal"
        ],
        [
          "e.g.",
          "e.g.#English"
        ],
        [
          "cattle",
          "cattle#English"
        ],
        [
          "sheep",
          "sheep#English"
        ],
        [
          "goat",
          "goat#English"
        ],
        [
          "horse",
          "horse#English"
        ],
        [
          "pig",
          "pig#English"
        ],
        [
          "poultry",
          "poultry#English"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "declension-1",
        "masculine"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "[lūōps]"
    },
    {
      "audio": "lv-riga-lops.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2d/Lv-riga-lops.ogg/Lv-riga-lops.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Lv-riga-lops.ogg"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "word": "mājlops"
    }
  ],
  "word": "lops"
}

Download raw JSONL data for lops meaning in Latvian (6.6kB)

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Latvian dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-11-06 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-10-02 using wiktextract (fbeafe8 and 7f03c9b). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.