"krūms" meaning in Latvian

{
  "derived": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "krūmājs"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "2": "bat-pro",
        "3": "*kurmas"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Baltic *kurmas",
      "name": "uder"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*kr̥-mo-s"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *kr̥-mo-s",
      "name": "uder"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "2": "cers"
      },
      "expansion": "Latvian cers",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lt",
        "2": "krū́mas"
      },
      "expansion": "Lithuanian krū́mas",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "prg",
        "2": "kirno"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Prussian kirno",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Probably by metathesis from *kurms (with ur̄ > rū, yielding a long vowel), from Proto-Baltic *kurmas, from Proto-Indo-European *kr̥-mo-s, from the zero grade *kr̥- of *ker-, *sker- (“to turn, to bend”) (whence also Latvian cers, q.v.). The semantic evolution was probably: “to turn, to bend” > “(object) bent, twisted (into a circle)” > “lumps, clumps, clusters” > “plant resembling/forming lumps, clumps, clusters; bush, shrub.” Cognates include Lithuanian krū́mas, Old Prussian kirno.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "declension-1",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "lv-decl-noun",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "1st declension",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "class"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "krūms",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "krūmi",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "krūmu",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "krūmus",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "krūma",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "krūmu",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "krūmam",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "krūmiem",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "krūmu",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "krūmiem",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "krūmā",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "krūmos",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "krūm",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "krūmi",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "2": "noun",
        "g": "m",
        "g2": "",
        "head": "",
        "sort": ""
      },
      "expansion": "krūms m",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "m",
        "2": "1st"
      },
      "expansion": "krūms m (1st declension)",
      "name": "lv-noun"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "krūm",
        "2": "s",
        "3": "1st",
        "extrawidth": "-60"
      },
      "name": "lv-decl-noun"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "krūm",
        "2": "s",
        "4": "",
        "5": "",
        "6": "",
        "7": "",
        "8": "",
        "drop-v": "",
        "keep-s": "",
        "x": "-60"
      },
      "name": "lv-decl-noun-1"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "krūms",
        "10": "krūmiem",
        "11": "krūmā",
        "12": "krūmos",
        "13": "krūm",
        "14": "krūmi",
        "2": "krūmi",
        "3": "krūmu",
        "4": "krūmus",
        "5": "krūma",
        "6": "krūmu",
        "7": "krūmam",
        "8": "krūmiem",
        "9": "krūmu",
        "type": "1st declension",
        "x": "-60"
      },
      "name": "lv-decl-noun-table"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Latvian",
  "lang_code": "lv",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "45 55",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Latvian entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "55 45",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Latvian etymologies from LEV",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "52 48",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Latvian undefined derivations",
          "parents": [
            "Undefined derivations",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "71 29",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Latvian words with level intonation",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "46 54",
          "kind": "lifeform",
          "langcode": "lv",
          "name": "Shrubs",
          "orig": "lv:Shrubs",
          "parents": [
            "Plants",
            "Lifeforms",
            "All topics",
            "Life",
            "Fundamental",
            "Nature"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "hazel, lilac, rose bush",
          "text": "lazdu, ceriņu, rožu krūms",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "thorn bush",
          "text": "ērkšķu krūms",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "bush grove",
          "text": "krūmu audze",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "bush clump",
          "text": "krūmu puduris",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "aronia is a perennial bush of average size with glossy elliptical leaves (and) white flowers",
          "text": "aronija ir vidēja lieluma daudzgadīgs krūms ar spīdīgām, eliptiskām lapām, baltiem ziediem",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "the American aster bushes have large flowers with strong stems",
          "text": "amerikāņu krūmu asterēm ir lieli ziedi ar stingriem kātiem",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "bush, shrub (perennial plant with several wooden stems but without a main stem or trunk)"
      ],
      "id": "en-krūms-lv-noun-On1p5662",
      "links": [
        [
          "bush",
          "bush"
        ],
        [
          "shrub",
          "shrub"
        ],
        [
          "perennial",
          "perennial#English"
        ],
        [
          "plant",
          "plant#English"
        ],
        [
          "several",
          "several#English"
        ],
        [
          "wooden",
          "wooden#English"
        ],
        [
          "stems",
          "stems#English"
        ],
        [
          "main",
          "main#English"
        ],
        [
          "stem",
          "stem#English"
        ],
        [
          "trunk",
          "trunk#English"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "declension-1",
        "masculine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "45 55",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Latvian entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "55 45",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Latvian etymologies from LEV",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "52 48",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Latvian undefined derivations",
          "parents": [
            "Undefined derivations",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "29 71",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 1 entry",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "22 78",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "46 54",
          "kind": "lifeform",
          "langcode": "lv",
          "name": "Shrubs",
          "orig": "lv:Shrubs",
          "parents": [
            "Plants",
            "Lifeforms",
            "All topics",
            "Life",
            "Fundamental",
            "Nature"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "to pass through the bushes",
          "text": "iziet cauri krūmiem",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "dwarf chicken (bird from India, similar to a chicken; lit. bush chicken)",
          "text": "krūmu vista",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "in the bushes on the hilltop someone noticed a 45-milimiter cannon",
          "text": "krūmos uzkalnītē kāds pamanīja 45 milimetru lielgabalu",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "bush grove, bush clump; shrubbery (a place where bushes, shrubs grow)"
      ],
      "id": "en-krūms-lv-noun-C5AB3pYP",
      "links": [
        [
          "plural",
          "plural"
        ],
        [
          "bush",
          "bush"
        ],
        [
          "grove",
          "grove"
        ],
        [
          "clump",
          "clump"
        ],
        [
          "shrubbery",
          "shrubbery"
        ],
        [
          "place",
          "place#English"
        ],
        [
          "bushes",
          "bushes#English"
        ],
        [
          "shrub",
          "shrub#English"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(usually plural) bush grove, bush clump; shrubbery (a place where bushes, shrubs grow)"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "declension-1",
        "masculine",
        "plural",
        "usually"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "[kɾūːms]"
    },
    {
      "audio": "lv-riga-krūms.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e6/Lv-riga-kr%C5%ABms.ogg/Lv-riga-kr%C5%ABms.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Lv-riga-kr%C5%ABms.ogg"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "cers"
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "lv:krūms"
  ],
  "word": "krūms"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Latvian entries with incorrect language header",
    "Latvian etymologies from LEV",
    "Latvian first declension nouns",
    "Latvian lemmas",
    "Latvian masculine nouns",
    "Latvian nouns",
    "Latvian terms derived from Proto-Baltic",
    "Latvian terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
    "Latvian undefined derivations",
    "Latvian words with level intonation",
    "Pages with 1 entry",
    "Pages with entries",
    "lv:Shrubs"
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "word": "krūmājs"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "2": "bat-pro",
        "3": "*kurmas"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Baltic *kurmas",
      "name": "uder"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*kr̥-mo-s"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *kr̥-mo-s",
      "name": "uder"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "2": "cers"
      },
      "expansion": "Latvian cers",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lt",
        "2": "krū́mas"
      },
      "expansion": "Lithuanian krū́mas",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "prg",
        "2": "kirno"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Prussian kirno",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Probably by metathesis from *kurms (with ur̄ > rū, yielding a long vowel), from Proto-Baltic *kurmas, from Proto-Indo-European *kr̥-mo-s, from the zero grade *kr̥- of *ker-, *sker- (“to turn, to bend”) (whence also Latvian cers, q.v.). The semantic evolution was probably: “to turn, to bend” > “(object) bent, twisted (into a circle)” > “lumps, clumps, clusters” > “plant resembling/forming lumps, clumps, clusters; bush, shrub.” Cognates include Lithuanian krū́mas, Old Prussian kirno.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "declension-1",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "lv-decl-noun",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "1st declension",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "class"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "krūms",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "krūmi",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "krūmu",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "krūmus",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "krūma",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "krūmu",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "krūmam",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "krūmiem",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "krūmu",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "krūmiem",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "krūmā",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "krūmos",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "krūm",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "krūmi",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "2": "noun",
        "g": "m",
        "g2": "",
        "head": "",
        "sort": ""
      },
      "expansion": "krūms m",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "m",
        "2": "1st"
      },
      "expansion": "krūms m (1st declension)",
      "name": "lv-noun"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "krūm",
        "2": "s",
        "3": "1st",
        "extrawidth": "-60"
      },
      "name": "lv-decl-noun"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "krūm",
        "2": "s",
        "4": "",
        "5": "",
        "6": "",
        "7": "",
        "8": "",
        "drop-v": "",
        "keep-s": "",
        "x": "-60"
      },
      "name": "lv-decl-noun-1"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "krūms",
        "10": "krūmiem",
        "11": "krūmā",
        "12": "krūmos",
        "13": "krūm",
        "14": "krūmi",
        "2": "krūmi",
        "3": "krūmu",
        "4": "krūmus",
        "5": "krūma",
        "6": "krūmu",
        "7": "krūmam",
        "8": "krūmiem",
        "9": "krūmu",
        "type": "1st declension",
        "x": "-60"
      },
      "name": "lv-decl-noun-table"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Latvian",
  "lang_code": "lv",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Latvian terms with usage examples"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "hazel, lilac, rose bush",
          "text": "lazdu, ceriņu, rožu krūms",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "thorn bush",
          "text": "ērkšķu krūms",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "bush grove",
          "text": "krūmu audze",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "bush clump",
          "text": "krūmu puduris",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "aronia is a perennial bush of average size with glossy elliptical leaves (and) white flowers",
          "text": "aronija ir vidēja lieluma daudzgadīgs krūms ar spīdīgām, eliptiskām lapām, baltiem ziediem",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "the American aster bushes have large flowers with strong stems",
          "text": "amerikāņu krūmu asterēm ir lieli ziedi ar stingriem kātiem",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "bush, shrub (perennial plant with several wooden stems but without a main stem or trunk)"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "bush",
          "bush"
        ],
        [
          "shrub",
          "shrub"
        ],
        [
          "perennial",
          "perennial#English"
        ],
        [
          "plant",
          "plant#English"
        ],
        [
          "several",
          "several#English"
        ],
        [
          "wooden",
          "wooden#English"
        ],
        [
          "stems",
          "stems#English"
        ],
        [
          "main",
          "main#English"
        ],
        [
          "stem",
          "stem#English"
        ],
        [
          "trunk",
          "trunk#English"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "declension-1",
        "masculine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Latvian terms with usage examples"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "to pass through the bushes",
          "text": "iziet cauri krūmiem",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "dwarf chicken (bird from India, similar to a chicken; lit. bush chicken)",
          "text": "krūmu vista",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "in the bushes on the hilltop someone noticed a 45-milimiter cannon",
          "text": "krūmos uzkalnītē kāds pamanīja 45 milimetru lielgabalu",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "bush grove, bush clump; shrubbery (a place where bushes, shrubs grow)"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "plural",
          "plural"
        ],
        [
          "bush",
          "bush"
        ],
        [
          "grove",
          "grove"
        ],
        [
          "clump",
          "clump"
        ],
        [
          "shrubbery",
          "shrubbery"
        ],
        [
          "place",
          "place#English"
        ],
        [
          "bushes",
          "bushes#English"
        ],
        [
          "shrub",
          "shrub#English"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(usually plural) bush grove, bush clump; shrubbery (a place where bushes, shrubs grow)"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "declension-1",
        "masculine",
        "plural",
        "usually"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "[kɾūːms]"
    },
    {
      "audio": "lv-riga-krūms.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e6/Lv-riga-kr%C5%ABms.ogg/Lv-riga-kr%C5%ABms.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Lv-riga-kr%C5%ABms.ogg"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "word": "cers"
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "lv:krūms"
  ],
  "word": "krūms"
}