"scindula" meaning in Latin

See scindula in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Noun

Etymology: Alteration of Classical scandula. Attested from the fourth century CE onwards. Etymology templates: {{root|la|ine-pro|*sek-}} Head templates: {{la-noun|scindula<1>}} scindula f (genitive scindulae); first declension, {{tlb|la|LL.}} (Late Latin) Inflection templates: {{la-ndecl|scindula<1>}} Forms: scindulae [genitive], no-table-tags [table-tags], scindula [nominative, singular], scindulae [nominative, plural], scindulae [genitive, singular], scindulārum [genitive, plural], scindulae [dative, singular], scindulīs [dative, plural], scindulam [accusative, singular], scindulās [accusative, plural], scindulā [ablative, singular], scindulīs [ablative, plural], scindula [singular, vocative], scindulae [plural, vocative]
  1. shingle Wikipedia link: Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch Tags: Late-Latin, declension-1, feminine
{
  "descendants": [
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "lang": "Franco-Provençal",
          "lang_code": "frp",
          "word": "éfonla"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Franco-Provençal",
          "lang_code": "frp",
          "word": "éfênla"
        },
        {
          "descendants": [
            {
              "lang": "Bourguignon",
              "lang_code": "roa-brg",
              "word": "aissante"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Franc-Comtois",
              "lang_code": "roa-fcm",
              "word": "èchandre"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Franc-Comtois",
              "lang_code": "roa-fcm",
              "word": "achandre"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Franc-Comtois",
              "lang_code": "roa-fcm",
              "word": "échanne"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Gallo",
              "lang_code": "roa-gal",
              "word": "essanye"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Lorrain",
              "lang_code": "roa-lor",
              "word": "essandre"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Lorrain",
              "lang_code": "roa-lor",
              "word": "echodre"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Lorrain",
              "lang_code": "roa-lor",
              "word": "ehonte"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Lorrain",
              "lang_code": "roa-lor",
              "word": "èhhonde"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Norman",
              "lang_code": "nrm",
              "word": "essente"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Picard",
              "lang_code": "pcd",
              "word": "eschangle"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Poitevin-Saintongeais",
              "lang_code": "roa-poi",
              "word": "essande"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Poitevin-Saintongeais",
              "lang_code": "roa-poi",
              "word": "essente"
            }
          ],
          "lang": "Old French",
          "lang_code": "fro",
          "word": "essende"
        },
        {
          "descendants": [
            {
              "lang": "Bourguignon",
              "lang_code": "roa-brg",
              "word": "aissante"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Franc-Comtois",
              "lang_code": "roa-fcm",
              "word": "èchandre"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Franc-Comtois",
              "lang_code": "roa-fcm",
              "word": "achandre"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Franc-Comtois",
              "lang_code": "roa-fcm",
              "word": "échanne"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Gallo",
              "lang_code": "roa-gal",
              "word": "essanye"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Lorrain",
              "lang_code": "roa-lor",
              "word": "essandre"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Lorrain",
              "lang_code": "roa-lor",
              "word": "echodre"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Lorrain",
              "lang_code": "roa-lor",
              "word": "ehonte"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Lorrain",
              "lang_code": "roa-lor",
              "word": "èhhonde"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Norman",
              "lang_code": "nrm",
              "word": "essente"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Picard",
              "lang_code": "pcd",
              "word": "eschangle"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Poitevin-Saintongeais",
              "lang_code": "roa-poi",
              "word": "essande"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Poitevin-Saintongeais",
              "lang_code": "roa-poi",
              "word": "essente"
            }
          ],
          "lang": "Old French",
          "lang_code": "fro",
          "word": "essente"
        },
        {
          "descendants": [
            {
              "lang": "Bourguignon",
              "lang_code": "roa-brg",
              "word": "aissante"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Franc-Comtois",
              "lang_code": "roa-fcm",
              "word": "èchandre"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Franc-Comtois",
              "lang_code": "roa-fcm",
              "word": "achandre"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Franc-Comtois",
              "lang_code": "roa-fcm",
              "word": "échanne"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Gallo",
              "lang_code": "roa-gal",
              "word": "essanye"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Lorrain",
              "lang_code": "roa-lor",
              "word": "essandre"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Lorrain",
              "lang_code": "roa-lor",
              "word": "echodre"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Lorrain",
              "lang_code": "roa-lor",
              "word": "ehonte"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Lorrain",
              "lang_code": "roa-lor",
              "word": "èhhonde"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Norman",
              "lang_code": "nrm",
              "word": "essente"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Picard",
              "lang_code": "pcd",
              "word": "eschangle"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Poitevin-Saintongeais",
              "lang_code": "roa-poi",
              "word": "essande"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Poitevin-Saintongeais",
              "lang_code": "roa-poi",
              "word": "essente"
            }
          ],
          "lang": "Old French",
          "lang_code": "fro",
          "word": "essendre"
        },
        {
          "descendants": [
            {
              "lang": "Bourguignon",
              "lang_code": "roa-brg",
              "word": "aissante"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Franc-Comtois",
              "lang_code": "roa-fcm",
              "word": "èchandre"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Franc-Comtois",
              "lang_code": "roa-fcm",
              "word": "achandre"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Franc-Comtois",
              "lang_code": "roa-fcm",
              "word": "échanne"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Gallo",
              "lang_code": "roa-gal",
              "word": "essanye"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Lorrain",
              "lang_code": "roa-lor",
              "word": "essandre"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Lorrain",
              "lang_code": "roa-lor",
              "word": "echodre"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Lorrain",
              "lang_code": "roa-lor",
              "word": "ehonte"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Lorrain",
              "lang_code": "roa-lor",
              "word": "èhhonde"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Norman",
              "lang_code": "nrm",
              "word": "essente"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Picard",
              "lang_code": "pcd",
              "word": "eschangle"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Poitevin-Saintongeais",
              "lang_code": "roa-poi",
              "word": "essande"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Poitevin-Saintongeais",
              "lang_code": "roa-poi",
              "word": "essente"
            }
          ],
          "lang": "Old French",
          "lang_code": "fro",
          "word": "eschanle"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Gallo-Romance",
      "lang_code": "unknown"
    },
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "lang": "Italian",
          "lang_code": "it",
          "raw_tags": [
            "borrowed"
          ],
          "word": "scindula"
        },
        {
          "descendants": [
            {
              "lang": "Irish",
              "lang_code": "ga",
              "word": "slinn"
            }
          ],
          "lang": "Old Irish",
          "lang_code": "sga",
          "raw_tags": [
            "borrowed"
          ],
          "word": "slind"
        },
        {
          "descendants": [
            {
              "lang": "Breton",
              "lang_code": "br",
              "word": "sklent"
            }
          ],
          "lang": "Proto-Brythonic",
          "lang_code": "cel-bry-pro",
          "raw_tags": [
            "borrowed"
          ]
        },
        {
          "lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
          "lang_code": "gmw-pro",
          "raw_tags": [
            "borrowed"
          ],
          "word": "*skindulā"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Borrowings",
      "lang_code": "unknown"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*sek-"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "root"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Alteration of Classical scandula. Attested from the fourth century CE onwards.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "scindulae",
      "tags": [
        "genitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "la-ndecl",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "scindula",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "scindulae",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "scindulae",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "scindulārum",
      "links": [
        [
          "scindulārum",
          "scindularum#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "scindulae",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "scindulīs",
      "links": [
        [
          "scindulīs",
          "scindulis#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "scindulam",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "scindulās",
      "links": [
        [
          "scindulās",
          "scindulas#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "scindulā",
      "links": [
        [
          "scindulā",
          "scindula#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "ablative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "scindulīs",
      "links": [
        [
          "scindulīs",
          "scindulis#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "ablative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "scindula",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "scindulae",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "scindula<1>"
      },
      "expansion": "scindula f (genitive scindulae); first declension",
      "name": "la-noun"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "LL."
      },
      "expansion": "(Late Latin)",
      "name": "tlb"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "scindula<1>"
      },
      "name": "la-ndecl"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Latin",
  "lang_code": "la",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Late Latin",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Latin feminine nouns in the first declension",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 1 entry",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "shingle"
      ],
      "id": "en-scindula-la-noun-XMv5P0SN",
      "links": [
        [
          "shingle",
          "shingle"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Late-Latin",
        "declension-1",
        "feminine"
      ],
      "wikipedia": [
        "Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "scindula"
}
{
  "descendants": [
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "lang": "Franco-Provençal",
          "lang_code": "frp",
          "word": "éfonla"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Franco-Provençal",
          "lang_code": "frp",
          "word": "éfênla"
        },
        {
          "descendants": [
            {
              "lang": "Bourguignon",
              "lang_code": "roa-brg",
              "word": "aissante"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Franc-Comtois",
              "lang_code": "roa-fcm",
              "word": "èchandre"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Franc-Comtois",
              "lang_code": "roa-fcm",
              "word": "achandre"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Franc-Comtois",
              "lang_code": "roa-fcm",
              "word": "échanne"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Gallo",
              "lang_code": "roa-gal",
              "word": "essanye"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Lorrain",
              "lang_code": "roa-lor",
              "word": "essandre"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Lorrain",
              "lang_code": "roa-lor",
              "word": "echodre"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Lorrain",
              "lang_code": "roa-lor",
              "word": "ehonte"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Lorrain",
              "lang_code": "roa-lor",
              "word": "èhhonde"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Norman",
              "lang_code": "nrm",
              "word": "essente"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Picard",
              "lang_code": "pcd",
              "word": "eschangle"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Poitevin-Saintongeais",
              "lang_code": "roa-poi",
              "word": "essande"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Poitevin-Saintongeais",
              "lang_code": "roa-poi",
              "word": "essente"
            }
          ],
          "lang": "Old French",
          "lang_code": "fro",
          "word": "essende"
        },
        {
          "descendants": [
            {
              "lang": "Bourguignon",
              "lang_code": "roa-brg",
              "word": "aissante"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Franc-Comtois",
              "lang_code": "roa-fcm",
              "word": "èchandre"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Franc-Comtois",
              "lang_code": "roa-fcm",
              "word": "achandre"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Franc-Comtois",
              "lang_code": "roa-fcm",
              "word": "échanne"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Gallo",
              "lang_code": "roa-gal",
              "word": "essanye"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Lorrain",
              "lang_code": "roa-lor",
              "word": "essandre"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Lorrain",
              "lang_code": "roa-lor",
              "word": "echodre"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Lorrain",
              "lang_code": "roa-lor",
              "word": "ehonte"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Lorrain",
              "lang_code": "roa-lor",
              "word": "èhhonde"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Norman",
              "lang_code": "nrm",
              "word": "essente"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Picard",
              "lang_code": "pcd",
              "word": "eschangle"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Poitevin-Saintongeais",
              "lang_code": "roa-poi",
              "word": "essande"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Poitevin-Saintongeais",
              "lang_code": "roa-poi",
              "word": "essente"
            }
          ],
          "lang": "Old French",
          "lang_code": "fro",
          "word": "essente"
        },
        {
          "descendants": [
            {
              "lang": "Bourguignon",
              "lang_code": "roa-brg",
              "word": "aissante"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Franc-Comtois",
              "lang_code": "roa-fcm",
              "word": "èchandre"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Franc-Comtois",
              "lang_code": "roa-fcm",
              "word": "achandre"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Franc-Comtois",
              "lang_code": "roa-fcm",
              "word": "échanne"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Gallo",
              "lang_code": "roa-gal",
              "word": "essanye"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Lorrain",
              "lang_code": "roa-lor",
              "word": "essandre"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Lorrain",
              "lang_code": "roa-lor",
              "word": "echodre"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Lorrain",
              "lang_code": "roa-lor",
              "word": "ehonte"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Lorrain",
              "lang_code": "roa-lor",
              "word": "èhhonde"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Norman",
              "lang_code": "nrm",
              "word": "essente"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Picard",
              "lang_code": "pcd",
              "word": "eschangle"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Poitevin-Saintongeais",
              "lang_code": "roa-poi",
              "word": "essande"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Poitevin-Saintongeais",
              "lang_code": "roa-poi",
              "word": "essente"
            }
          ],
          "lang": "Old French",
          "lang_code": "fro",
          "word": "essendre"
        },
        {
          "descendants": [
            {
              "lang": "Bourguignon",
              "lang_code": "roa-brg",
              "word": "aissante"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Franc-Comtois",
              "lang_code": "roa-fcm",
              "word": "èchandre"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Franc-Comtois",
              "lang_code": "roa-fcm",
              "word": "achandre"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Franc-Comtois",
              "lang_code": "roa-fcm",
              "word": "échanne"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Gallo",
              "lang_code": "roa-gal",
              "word": "essanye"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Lorrain",
              "lang_code": "roa-lor",
              "word": "essandre"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Lorrain",
              "lang_code": "roa-lor",
              "word": "echodre"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Lorrain",
              "lang_code": "roa-lor",
              "word": "ehonte"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Lorrain",
              "lang_code": "roa-lor",
              "word": "èhhonde"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Norman",
              "lang_code": "nrm",
              "word": "essente"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Picard",
              "lang_code": "pcd",
              "word": "eschangle"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Poitevin-Saintongeais",
              "lang_code": "roa-poi",
              "word": "essande"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Poitevin-Saintongeais",
              "lang_code": "roa-poi",
              "word": "essente"
            }
          ],
          "lang": "Old French",
          "lang_code": "fro",
          "word": "eschanle"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Gallo-Romance",
      "lang_code": "unknown"
    },
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "lang": "Italian",
          "lang_code": "it",
          "raw_tags": [
            "borrowed"
          ],
          "word": "scindula"
        },
        {
          "descendants": [
            {
              "lang": "Irish",
              "lang_code": "ga",
              "word": "slinn"
            }
          ],
          "lang": "Old Irish",
          "lang_code": "sga",
          "raw_tags": [
            "borrowed"
          ],
          "word": "slind"
        },
        {
          "descendants": [
            {
              "lang": "Breton",
              "lang_code": "br",
              "word": "sklent"
            }
          ],
          "lang": "Proto-Brythonic",
          "lang_code": "cel-bry-pro",
          "raw_tags": [
            "borrowed"
          ]
        },
        {
          "lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
          "lang_code": "gmw-pro",
          "raw_tags": [
            "borrowed"
          ],
          "word": "*skindulā"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Borrowings",
      "lang_code": "unknown"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*sek-"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "root"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Alteration of Classical scandula. Attested from the fourth century CE onwards.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "scindulae",
      "tags": [
        "genitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "la-ndecl",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "scindula",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "scindulae",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "scindulae",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "scindulārum",
      "links": [
        [
          "scindulārum",
          "scindularum#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "scindulae",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "scindulīs",
      "links": [
        [
          "scindulīs",
          "scindulis#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "scindulam",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "scindulās",
      "links": [
        [
          "scindulās",
          "scindulas#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "scindulā",
      "links": [
        [
          "scindulā",
          "scindula#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "ablative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "scindulīs",
      "links": [
        [
          "scindulīs",
          "scindulis#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "ablative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "scindula",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "scindulae",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "scindula<1>"
      },
      "expansion": "scindula f (genitive scindulae); first declension",
      "name": "la-noun"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "LL."
      },
      "expansion": "(Late Latin)",
      "name": "tlb"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "scindula<1>"
      },
      "name": "la-ndecl"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Latin",
  "lang_code": "la",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Late Latin",
        "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
        "Latin feminine nouns",
        "Latin feminine nouns in the first declension",
        "Latin first declension nouns",
        "Latin lemmas",
        "Latin nouns",
        "Latin terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
        "Latin terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *sek-",
        "Pages with 1 entry",
        "Pages with entries"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "shingle"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "shingle",
          "shingle"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Late-Latin",
        "declension-1",
        "feminine"
      ],
      "wikipedia": [
        "Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "scindula"
}

Download raw JSONL data for scindula meaning in Latin (7.0kB)


This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Latin dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-06-15 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-06-01 using wiktextract (03da280 and 7f4db16). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.