"plebs" meaning in Latin

{
  "derived": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "concilium plēbis"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "plēbēcula"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "plēbicula"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "plēbēius"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "plēbicola"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "plēbiscītum"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "plēbitās"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "tribūnus plēbis"
    }
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "lang": "Italian",
          "lang_code": "it",
          "word": "pieve"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Venetan",
          "lang_code": "vec",
          "word": "piove"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Italo-Dalmatian",
      "lang_code": "unknown"
    },
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "lang": "Emilian",
          "lang_code": "egl",
          "word": "pev"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Ligurian",
          "lang_code": "lij",
          "word": "chieve"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Piedmontese",
          "lang_code": "pms",
          "word": "piev"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Gallo-Italic",
      "lang_code": "unknown"
    },
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "lang": "Friulian",
          "lang_code": "fur",
          "word": "plef"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Friulian",
          "lang_code": "fur",
          "word": "plêv"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Ladin",
          "lang_code": "lld",
          "word": "plief"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Ladin",
          "lang_code": "lld",
          "word": "plieu"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Ladin",
          "lang_code": "lld",
          "word": "pieue"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Ladin",
          "lang_code": "lld",
          "word": "plié"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Romansh",
          "lang_code": "rm",
          "word": "plaif"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Romansh",
          "lang_code": "rm",
          "word": "plaiv"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Rhaeto-Romance",
      "lang_code": "unknown"
    },
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "lang": "Old Occitan",
          "lang_code": "pro",
          "word": "pleu"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Gallo-Romance",
      "lang_code": "unknown"
    },
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "lang": "Italian",
          "lang_code": "it",
          "word": "pievano"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Italian",
          "lang_code": "it",
          "word": "piovano"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Venetan",
          "lang_code": "vec",
          "raw_tags": [
            "Muggia"
          ],
          "word": "plavan"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Italo-Dalmatian",
      "lang_code": "unknown"
    },
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "lang": "Piedmontese",
          "lang_code": "pms",
          "word": "piovan"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Gallo-Italic",
      "lang_code": "unknown"
    },
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "lang": "Friulian",
          "lang_code": "fur",
          "word": "plevan"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Ladin",
          "lang_code": "lld",
          "word": "pluvan"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Ladin",
          "lang_code": "lld",
          "word": "ploan"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Romansh",
          "lang_code": "rm",
          "word": "plevon"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Romansh",
          "lang_code": "rm",
          "word": "plavan"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Rhaeto-Romance",
      "lang_code": "unknown"
    },
    {
      "lang": "Catalan",
      "lang_code": "ca",
      "raw_tags": [
        "borrowed"
      ],
      "word": "plebs"
    },
    {
      "lang": "English",
      "lang_code": "en",
      "raw_tags": [
        "borrowed"
      ],
      "word": "plebs"
    },
    {
      "lang": "English",
      "lang_code": "en",
      "raw_tags": [
        "borrowed"
      ],
      "word": "pleb"
    },
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "lang": "Romanian",
          "lang_code": "ro",
          "raw_tags": [
            "borrowed"
          ],
          "word": "plebe"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "French",
      "lang_code": "fr",
      "raw_tags": [
        "borrowed"
      ],
      "word": "plèbe"
    },
    {
      "lang": "Greek",
      "lang_code": "el",
      "raw_tags": [
        "borrowed"
      ],
      "roman": "pliveíos",
      "word": "πληβείος"
    },
    {
      "lang": "Greek",
      "lang_code": "el",
      "raw_tags": [
        "borrowed",
        "f"
      ],
      "roman": "pliveía",
      "word": "πληβεία"
    },
    {
      "lang": "Icelandic",
      "lang_code": "is",
      "raw_tags": [
        "borrowed"
      ],
      "word": "plebbi"
    },
    {
      "lang": "Italian",
      "lang_code": "it",
      "raw_tags": [
        "borrowed"
      ],
      "word": "plebe"
    },
    {
      "lang": "Polish",
      "lang_code": "pl",
      "raw_tags": [
        "borrowed"
      ],
      "word": "plebs"
    },
    {
      "lang": "Portuguese",
      "lang_code": "pt",
      "raw_tags": [
        "borrowed"
      ],
      "word": "plebe"
    },
    {
      "lang": "Proto-Brythonic",
      "lang_code": "cel-bry-pro",
      "raw_tags": [
        "borrowed",
        "from the plural"
      ],
      "word": "*pluɨβ"
    },
    {
      "lang": "Spanish",
      "lang_code": "es",
      "raw_tags": [
        "borrowed"
      ],
      "word": "plebe"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*pleh₁-"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "root"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "itc-ola",
        "3": "plēbēs"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Latin plēbēs",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "unclear"
      },
      "expansion": "unclear",
      "name": "unc"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "grc",
        "2": "πληθύς"
      },
      "expansion": "Ancient Greek πληθύς (plēthús)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "itc-pro",
        "3": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Italic",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "",
        "4": "*-dʰw-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-dʰw-",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "",
        "3": "-b-"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin -b-",
      "name": "m+"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "",
        "3": "-d-"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin -d-",
      "name": "m+"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "vidua"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin vidua",
      "name": "m+"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*h₁widʰéwh₂"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₁widʰéwh₂",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "itc-pro",
        "3": "",
        "4": "*plēðū- ~ *plēðw-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Italic *plēðū- ~ *plēðw-",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "",
        "4": "*pléh₁dʰ-uh₁-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *pléh₁dʰ-uh₁-",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "osc",
        "2": "𐌐𐌋𐌝𐌚𐌓𐌉𐌊𐌔",
        "3": "",
        "4": "plebeian",
        "pos": "nom. sg."
      },
      "expansion": "Oscan 𐌐𐌋𐌝𐌚𐌓𐌉𐌊𐌔 (plífriks, “plebeian”, nom. sg.)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "itc-pro",
        "2": "",
        "3": "*plēðros",
        "pos": "a"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Italic *plēðros (adjective)",
      "name": "m+"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "xve",
        "2": "𐌐𐌋𐌄𐌃⸱𐌄⸱𐌉"
      },
      "expansion": "Venetic 𐌐𐌋𐌄𐌃⸱𐌄⸱𐌉 (pled⸱e⸱i)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "populus"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin populus",
      "name": "m+"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Old Latin plēbēs and ultimately from the root *pleh₁- (“fill”), though the exact development of the term is unclear.\n* According to Schrijver, the term derives from the same pre-form as Ancient Greek πληθύς (plēthús), which Schrijver derives from a hysterodynamic form *pléh₁dʰuh₁(s) (acc sg, *pl̥h₁dʰwéh₁m̥; gen sg, *pl̥h₁dʰuh₁ós). Schrijver suggests that Proto-Italic outcome of this sequence was *plēðūs, *plēðēm, *plēðes, wherein the oblique forms were generalized from the PIE accusative singular form. Ultimately, the inflectional pattern of such a form would be synchronically irregular, perhaps leading to a remodeling. The term was reshaped into a fifth-declension form on the basis of the accusative singular *plēðēm, just as diēs was created on the model of diēm.\n* Kortlandt, however, argues that Proto-Indo-European *-dʰw- would evolve into Latin -b-, whereas intervocalic *-dʰ- yields Latin -d- (e.g. Latin vidua < Proto-Indo-European *h₁widʰéwh₂). Thus, Kortlandt reconstructs an original proterodynamic paradigm. De Vaan reconstructs Proto-Italic *plēðū- ~ *plēðw-, itself from Proto-Indo-European *pléh₁dʰ-uh₁- (acc sg, *-uh₁m̥; gen sg, *-weh₁s).\n* The linguist Dariusz Piwowarczyk reconstructs an original u-stem *pleh₁dʰ-us ~ *pleh₁dʰwe/os, the oblique stem of which yielded plēbis, whence the nominative singulars plēbs and plēbēs emerged via back-formation. Piwowarczyk further suggests possible contamination from pūbēs.\nCognate with Oscan 𐌐𐌋𐌝𐌚𐌓𐌉𐌊𐌔 (plífriks, “plebeian”, nom. sg.), perhaps derived from Proto-Italic *plēðros (adjective). It is also possibly related to Venetic 𐌐𐌋𐌄𐌃⸱𐌄⸱𐌉 (pled⸱e⸱i). See also Latin populus and the Greek-origin borrowing plēthōra.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "plēbs",
      "tags": [
        "canonical",
        "feminine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "plēbis",
      "links": [
        [
          "plēbis",
          "plebis"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "genitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "la-ndecl",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "plēbs",
      "links": [
        [
          "plēbs",
          "plebs#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "plēbēs",
      "links": [
        [
          "plēbēs",
          "plebes#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "plēbis",
      "links": [
        [
          "plēbis",
          "plebis#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "plēbium",
      "links": [
        [
          "plēbium",
          "plebium#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "plēbum",
      "links": [
        [
          "plēbum",
          "plebum#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "plēbī",
      "links": [
        [
          "plēbī",
          "plebi#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "plēbibus",
      "links": [
        [
          "plēbibus",
          "plebibus#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "plēbem",
      "links": [
        [
          "plēbem",
          "plebem#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "plēbēs",
      "links": [
        [
          "plēbēs",
          "plebes#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "plēbīs",
      "links": [
        [
          "plēbīs",
          "plebis#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "plēbe",
      "links": [
        [
          "plēbe",
          "plebe#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "ablative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "plēbibus",
      "links": [
        [
          "plēbibus",
          "plebibus#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "ablative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "plēbs",
      "links": [
        [
          "plēbs",
          "plebs#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "plēbēs",
      "links": [
        [
          "plēbēs",
          "plebes#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "plēbēs",
      "tags": [
        "alternative",
        "archaic"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "plēbis",
      "tags": [
        "alternative",
        "archaic"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "((plēbs<3.I>,plēbs<3>))",
        "footnote": "The non-i-stem variant is found in Medieval Latin.",
        "g": "f"
      },
      "expansion": "plēbs f (genitive plēbis); third declension",
      "name": "la-noun"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "((plēbs<3.I>,plēbs<3>))",
        "footnote": "The non-i-stem variant is found in Medieval Latin."
      },
      "name": "la-ndecl"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Latin",
  "lang_code": "la",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "47 10 43",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "bold_text_offsets": [
            [
              147,
              152
            ]
          ],
          "bold_translation_offsets": [
            [
              169,
              174
            ]
          ],
          "english": "\"circum fremunt': Some in this place understand that they 'grumble' that is, protest commands, as Cassius in the second book of Annals: \"lest anyone seize power, if the plebs started to 'grumble' our commands\", that is, to protest.",
          "ref": "4th-5th century AD [2nd century BC], Servius, quoting Cassius Hemina, Annals, quoted in In Vergilii Aeneidos Libros:",
          "text": "'circum fremunt': quidam hoc loco 'fremunt' id est imperia recusant intellegunt, ut apud Cassium in annalium secundo “ne quis regnum occuparet, si plebs nostra fremere imperia coepisset” , id est recusare.",
          "translation": "\"circum fremunt': Some in this place understand that they 'grumble' that is, protest commands, as Cassius in the second book of Annals: \"lest anyone seize power, if the plebs started to 'grumble' our commands\", that is, to protest.",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "plebeians, plebs, common people"
      ],
      "id": "en-plebs-la-noun-Nxxi7QW4",
      "links": [
        [
          "plebeian",
          "plebeian"
        ],
        [
          "plebs",
          "plebs#English"
        ],
        [
          "common",
          "common"
        ],
        [
          "people",
          "people"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(uncountable) plebeians, plebs, common people"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "declension-3",
        "uncountable"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "47 10 43",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "1954 translation by E. S. Forster, Edward H. Heffner\nBut if the combs have produced no offspring, it will be open to you to bring together the population of two or three hives into one, but only after they have been sprinkled with sweet liquid",
          "ref": "4 CE – c. 70 CE, Columella, De Re Rustica 9.11",
          "text": "Quod si nullam progeniem tulerint favi, duas vel tres alv(e)orum plebes in unam contribuere licebit, sed prius respersas dulci liquore",
          "translation": "1954 translation by E. S. Forster, Edward H. Heffner\nBut if the combs have produced no offspring, it will be open to you to bring together the population of two or three hives into one, but only after they have been sprinkled with sweet liquid",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "populace, population, stock"
      ],
      "id": "en-plebs-la-noun-7z5HAPTb",
      "links": [
        [
          "populace",
          "populace"
        ],
        [
          "population",
          "population"
        ],
        [
          "stock",
          "stock"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(countable and uncountable) populace, population, stock"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "countable",
        "declension-3",
        "uncountable"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Late Latin",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "langcode": "la",
          "name": "Christianity",
          "orig": "la:Christianity",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "47 10 43",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "23 16 61",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Latin feminine nouns in the third declension",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "or if you prefer the discussion to be carried out by letters, let them be read to the congregations, so that at length they may be called not \"congregations\", but one congregation.",
          "ref": "396 CE, Augustine of Hippo, Letters 33.4",
          "text": "aut si per epistolas agi placet, ipsae plebibus recitentur, ut aliquando non plebes, sed plebs una dicatur.",
          "translation": "or if you prefer the discussion to be carried out by letters, let them be read to the congregations, so that at length they may be called not \"congregations\", but one congregation.",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "laity, congregation, parish"
      ],
      "id": "en-plebs-la-noun-CyVysM4w",
      "links": [
        [
          "Christianity",
          "Christianity"
        ],
        [
          "laity",
          "laity"
        ],
        [
          "congregation",
          "congregation"
        ],
        [
          "parish",
          "parish"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(Late Latin, countable and uncountable, Christianity) laity, congregation, parish"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Late-Latin",
        "countable",
        "declension-3",
        "uncountable"
      ],
      "topics": [
        "Christianity"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "[ˈpɫeːps]",
      "tags": [
        "Classical-Latin"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[ˈplɛbs]",
      "note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
    }
  ],
  "word": "plebs"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Latin 1-syllable words",
    "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
    "Latin feminine nouns",
    "Latin feminine nouns in the third declension",
    "Latin lemmas",
    "Latin nouns",
    "Latin terms derived from Old Latin",
    "Latin terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
    "Latin terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *pleh₁-",
    "Latin terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Latin terms with unknown etymologies",
    "Latin third declension nouns",
    "Pages using etymon with no ID",
    "Pages with 5 entries",
    "Pages with entries",
    "Pages with etymology trees",
    "pl:Collectives"
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "word": "concilium plēbis"
    },
    {
      "word": "plēbēcula"
    },
    {
      "word": "plēbicula"
    },
    {
      "word": "plēbēius"
    },
    {
      "word": "plēbicola"
    },
    {
      "word": "plēbiscītum"
    },
    {
      "word": "plēbitās"
    },
    {
      "word": "tribūnus plēbis"
    }
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "lang": "Italian",
          "lang_code": "it",
          "word": "pieve"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Venetan",
          "lang_code": "vec",
          "word": "piove"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Italo-Dalmatian",
      "lang_code": "unknown"
    },
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "lang": "Emilian",
          "lang_code": "egl",
          "word": "pev"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Ligurian",
          "lang_code": "lij",
          "word": "chieve"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Piedmontese",
          "lang_code": "pms",
          "word": "piev"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Gallo-Italic",
      "lang_code": "unknown"
    },
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "lang": "Friulian",
          "lang_code": "fur",
          "word": "plef"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Friulian",
          "lang_code": "fur",
          "word": "plêv"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Ladin",
          "lang_code": "lld",
          "word": "plief"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Ladin",
          "lang_code": "lld",
          "word": "plieu"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Ladin",
          "lang_code": "lld",
          "word": "pieue"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Ladin",
          "lang_code": "lld",
          "word": "plié"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Romansh",
          "lang_code": "rm",
          "word": "plaif"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Romansh",
          "lang_code": "rm",
          "word": "plaiv"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Rhaeto-Romance",
      "lang_code": "unknown"
    },
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "lang": "Old Occitan",
          "lang_code": "pro",
          "word": "pleu"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Gallo-Romance",
      "lang_code": "unknown"
    },
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "lang": "Italian",
          "lang_code": "it",
          "word": "pievano"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Italian",
          "lang_code": "it",
          "word": "piovano"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Venetan",
          "lang_code": "vec",
          "raw_tags": [
            "Muggia"
          ],
          "word": "plavan"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Italo-Dalmatian",
      "lang_code": "unknown"
    },
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "lang": "Piedmontese",
          "lang_code": "pms",
          "word": "piovan"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Gallo-Italic",
      "lang_code": "unknown"
    },
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "lang": "Friulian",
          "lang_code": "fur",
          "word": "plevan"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Ladin",
          "lang_code": "lld",
          "word": "pluvan"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Ladin",
          "lang_code": "lld",
          "word": "ploan"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Romansh",
          "lang_code": "rm",
          "word": "plevon"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Romansh",
          "lang_code": "rm",
          "word": "plavan"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Rhaeto-Romance",
      "lang_code": "unknown"
    },
    {
      "lang": "Catalan",
      "lang_code": "ca",
      "raw_tags": [
        "borrowed"
      ],
      "word": "plebs"
    },
    {
      "lang": "English",
      "lang_code": "en",
      "raw_tags": [
        "borrowed"
      ],
      "word": "plebs"
    },
    {
      "lang": "English",
      "lang_code": "en",
      "raw_tags": [
        "borrowed"
      ],
      "word": "pleb"
    },
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "lang": "Romanian",
          "lang_code": "ro",
          "raw_tags": [
            "borrowed"
          ],
          "word": "plebe"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "French",
      "lang_code": "fr",
      "raw_tags": [
        "borrowed"
      ],
      "word": "plèbe"
    },
    {
      "lang": "Greek",
      "lang_code": "el",
      "raw_tags": [
        "borrowed"
      ],
      "roman": "pliveíos",
      "word": "πληβείος"
    },
    {
      "lang": "Greek",
      "lang_code": "el",
      "raw_tags": [
        "borrowed",
        "f"
      ],
      "roman": "pliveía",
      "word": "πληβεία"
    },
    {
      "lang": "Icelandic",
      "lang_code": "is",
      "raw_tags": [
        "borrowed"
      ],
      "word": "plebbi"
    },
    {
      "lang": "Italian",
      "lang_code": "it",
      "raw_tags": [
        "borrowed"
      ],
      "word": "plebe"
    },
    {
      "lang": "Polish",
      "lang_code": "pl",
      "raw_tags": [
        "borrowed"
      ],
      "word": "plebs"
    },
    {
      "lang": "Portuguese",
      "lang_code": "pt",
      "raw_tags": [
        "borrowed"
      ],
      "word": "plebe"
    },
    {
      "lang": "Proto-Brythonic",
      "lang_code": "cel-bry-pro",
      "raw_tags": [
        "borrowed",
        "from the plural"
      ],
      "word": "*pluɨβ"
    },
    {
      "lang": "Spanish",
      "lang_code": "es",
      "raw_tags": [
        "borrowed"
      ],
      "word": "plebe"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*pleh₁-"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "root"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "itc-ola",
        "3": "plēbēs"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Latin plēbēs",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "unclear"
      },
      "expansion": "unclear",
      "name": "unc"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "grc",
        "2": "πληθύς"
      },
      "expansion": "Ancient Greek πληθύς (plēthús)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "itc-pro",
        "3": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Italic",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "",
        "4": "*-dʰw-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-dʰw-",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "",
        "3": "-b-"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin -b-",
      "name": "m+"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "",
        "3": "-d-"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin -d-",
      "name": "m+"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "vidua"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin vidua",
      "name": "m+"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*h₁widʰéwh₂"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₁widʰéwh₂",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "itc-pro",
        "3": "",
        "4": "*plēðū- ~ *plēðw-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Italic *plēðū- ~ *plēðw-",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "",
        "4": "*pléh₁dʰ-uh₁-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *pléh₁dʰ-uh₁-",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "osc",
        "2": "𐌐𐌋𐌝𐌚𐌓𐌉𐌊𐌔",
        "3": "",
        "4": "plebeian",
        "pos": "nom. sg."
      },
      "expansion": "Oscan 𐌐𐌋𐌝𐌚𐌓𐌉𐌊𐌔 (plífriks, “plebeian”, nom. sg.)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "itc-pro",
        "2": "",
        "3": "*plēðros",
        "pos": "a"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Italic *plēðros (adjective)",
      "name": "m+"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "xve",
        "2": "𐌐𐌋𐌄𐌃⸱𐌄⸱𐌉"
      },
      "expansion": "Venetic 𐌐𐌋𐌄𐌃⸱𐌄⸱𐌉 (pled⸱e⸱i)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "populus"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin populus",
      "name": "m+"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Old Latin plēbēs and ultimately from the root *pleh₁- (“fill”), though the exact development of the term is unclear.\n* According to Schrijver, the term derives from the same pre-form as Ancient Greek πληθύς (plēthús), which Schrijver derives from a hysterodynamic form *pléh₁dʰuh₁(s) (acc sg, *pl̥h₁dʰwéh₁m̥; gen sg, *pl̥h₁dʰuh₁ós). Schrijver suggests that Proto-Italic outcome of this sequence was *plēðūs, *plēðēm, *plēðes, wherein the oblique forms were generalized from the PIE accusative singular form. Ultimately, the inflectional pattern of such a form would be synchronically irregular, perhaps leading to a remodeling. The term was reshaped into a fifth-declension form on the basis of the accusative singular *plēðēm, just as diēs was created on the model of diēm.\n* Kortlandt, however, argues that Proto-Indo-European *-dʰw- would evolve into Latin -b-, whereas intervocalic *-dʰ- yields Latin -d- (e.g. Latin vidua < Proto-Indo-European *h₁widʰéwh₂). Thus, Kortlandt reconstructs an original proterodynamic paradigm. De Vaan reconstructs Proto-Italic *plēðū- ~ *plēðw-, itself from Proto-Indo-European *pléh₁dʰ-uh₁- (acc sg, *-uh₁m̥; gen sg, *-weh₁s).\n* The linguist Dariusz Piwowarczyk reconstructs an original u-stem *pleh₁dʰ-us ~ *pleh₁dʰwe/os, the oblique stem of which yielded plēbis, whence the nominative singulars plēbs and plēbēs emerged via back-formation. Piwowarczyk further suggests possible contamination from pūbēs.\nCognate with Oscan 𐌐𐌋𐌝𐌚𐌓𐌉𐌊𐌔 (plífriks, “plebeian”, nom. sg.), perhaps derived from Proto-Italic *plēðros (adjective). It is also possibly related to Venetic 𐌐𐌋𐌄𐌃⸱𐌄⸱𐌉 (pled⸱e⸱i). See also Latin populus and the Greek-origin borrowing plēthōra.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "plēbs",
      "tags": [
        "canonical",
        "feminine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "plēbis",
      "links": [
        [
          "plēbis",
          "plebis"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "genitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "la-ndecl",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "plēbs",
      "links": [
        [
          "plēbs",
          "plebs#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "plēbēs",
      "links": [
        [
          "plēbēs",
          "plebes#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "plēbis",
      "links": [
        [
          "plēbis",
          "plebis#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "plēbium",
      "links": [
        [
          "plēbium",
          "plebium#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "plēbum",
      "links": [
        [
          "plēbum",
          "plebum#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "plēbī",
      "links": [
        [
          "plēbī",
          "plebi#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "plēbibus",
      "links": [
        [
          "plēbibus",
          "plebibus#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "plēbem",
      "links": [
        [
          "plēbem",
          "plebem#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "plēbēs",
      "links": [
        [
          "plēbēs",
          "plebes#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "plēbīs",
      "links": [
        [
          "plēbīs",
          "plebis#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "plēbe",
      "links": [
        [
          "plēbe",
          "plebe#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "ablative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "plēbibus",
      "links": [
        [
          "plēbibus",
          "plebibus#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "ablative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "plēbs",
      "links": [
        [
          "plēbs",
          "plebs#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "plēbēs",
      "links": [
        [
          "plēbēs",
          "plebes#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "plēbēs",
      "tags": [
        "alternative",
        "archaic"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "plēbis",
      "tags": [
        "alternative",
        "archaic"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "((plēbs<3.I>,plēbs<3>))",
        "footnote": "The non-i-stem variant is found in Medieval Latin.",
        "g": "f"
      },
      "expansion": "plēbs f (genitive plēbis); third declension",
      "name": "la-noun"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "((plēbs<3.I>,plēbs<3>))",
        "footnote": "The non-i-stem variant is found in Medieval Latin."
      },
      "name": "la-ndecl"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Latin",
  "lang_code": "la",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Latin terms with quotations",
        "Latin uncountable nouns"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "bold_text_offsets": [
            [
              147,
              152
            ]
          ],
          "bold_translation_offsets": [
            [
              169,
              174
            ]
          ],
          "english": "\"circum fremunt': Some in this place understand that they 'grumble' that is, protest commands, as Cassius in the second book of Annals: \"lest anyone seize power, if the plebs started to 'grumble' our commands\", that is, to protest.",
          "ref": "4th-5th century AD [2nd century BC], Servius, quoting Cassius Hemina, Annals, quoted in In Vergilii Aeneidos Libros:",
          "text": "'circum fremunt': quidam hoc loco 'fremunt' id est imperia recusant intellegunt, ut apud Cassium in annalium secundo “ne quis regnum occuparet, si plebs nostra fremere imperia coepisset” , id est recusare.",
          "translation": "\"circum fremunt': Some in this place understand that they 'grumble' that is, protest commands, as Cassius in the second book of Annals: \"lest anyone seize power, if the plebs started to 'grumble' our commands\", that is, to protest.",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "plebeians, plebs, common people"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "plebeian",
          "plebeian"
        ],
        [
          "plebs",
          "plebs#English"
        ],
        [
          "common",
          "common"
        ],
        [
          "people",
          "people"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(uncountable) plebeians, plebs, common people"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "declension-3",
        "uncountable"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Latin countable nouns",
        "Latin terms with quotations",
        "Latin uncountable nouns"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "1954 translation by E. S. Forster, Edward H. Heffner\nBut if the combs have produced no offspring, it will be open to you to bring together the population of two or three hives into one, but only after they have been sprinkled with sweet liquid",
          "ref": "4 CE – c. 70 CE, Columella, De Re Rustica 9.11",
          "text": "Quod si nullam progeniem tulerint favi, duas vel tres alv(e)orum plebes in unam contribuere licebit, sed prius respersas dulci liquore",
          "translation": "1954 translation by E. S. Forster, Edward H. Heffner\nBut if the combs have produced no offspring, it will be open to you to bring together the population of two or three hives into one, but only after they have been sprinkled with sweet liquid",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "populace, population, stock"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "populace",
          "populace"
        ],
        [
          "population",
          "population"
        ],
        [
          "stock",
          "stock"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(countable and uncountable) populace, population, stock"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "countable",
        "declension-3",
        "uncountable"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Late Latin",
        "Latin countable nouns",
        "Latin terms with quotations",
        "Latin uncountable nouns",
        "la:Christianity"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "or if you prefer the discussion to be carried out by letters, let them be read to the congregations, so that at length they may be called not \"congregations\", but one congregation.",
          "ref": "396 CE, Augustine of Hippo, Letters 33.4",
          "text": "aut si per epistolas agi placet, ipsae plebibus recitentur, ut aliquando non plebes, sed plebs una dicatur.",
          "translation": "or if you prefer the discussion to be carried out by letters, let them be read to the congregations, so that at length they may be called not \"congregations\", but one congregation.",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "laity, congregation, parish"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "Christianity",
          "Christianity"
        ],
        [
          "laity",
          "laity"
        ],
        [
          "congregation",
          "congregation"
        ],
        [
          "parish",
          "parish"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(Late Latin, countable and uncountable, Christianity) laity, congregation, parish"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Late-Latin",
        "countable",
        "declension-3",
        "uncountable"
      ],
      "topics": [
        "Christianity"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "[ˈpɫeːps]",
      "tags": [
        "Classical-Latin"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[ˈplɛbs]",
      "note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
    }
  ],
  "word": "plebs"
}