See crudus in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Aromanian",
"lang_code": "rup",
"word": "crud"
},
{
"lang": "Asturian",
"lang_code": "ast",
"word": "crudu"
},
{
"lang": "Catalan",
"lang_code": "ca",
"word": "cru"
},
{
"lang": "Dalmatian",
"lang_code": "dlm",
"word": "croit"
},
{
"lang": "Franco-Provençal",
"lang_code": "frp",
"word": "cru"
},
{
"lang": "Friulian",
"lang_code": "fur",
"word": "crût"
},
{
"lang": "Friulian",
"lang_code": "fur",
"word": "crûd"
},
{
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"word": "crudo"
},
{
"lang": "Ligurian",
"lang_code": "lij",
"word": "crûo"
},
{
"lang": "Occitan",
"lang_code": "oc",
"word": "crus"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"word": "cru"
}
],
"lang": "Middle French",
"lang_code": "frm",
"word": "crud"
}
],
"lang": "Old French",
"lang_code": "fro",
"word": "cru"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"word": "cru"
}
],
"lang": "Middle French",
"lang_code": "frm",
"word": "crud"
}
],
"lang": "Old French",
"lang_code": "fro",
"word": "creu"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Galician",
"lang_code": "gl",
"word": "cru"
},
{
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"word": "cru"
}
],
"lang": "Old Galician-Portuguese",
"lang_code": "roa-opt",
"word": "cruu"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Ladino",
"lang_code": "lad",
"word": "krudo"
},
{
"lang": "Ladino",
"lang_code": "lad",
"word": "קרודו"
},
{
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"word": "crudo"
}
],
"lang": "Old Spanish",
"lang_code": "osp",
"word": "crudo"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Ladino",
"lang_code": "lad",
"word": "krudo"
},
{
"lang": "Ladino",
"lang_code": "lad",
"word": "קרודו"
},
{
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"word": "crudo"
}
],
"lang": "Old Spanish",
"lang_code": "osp",
"word": "cruo"
},
{
"lang": "Piedmontese",
"lang_code": "pms",
"word": "cru"
},
{
"lang": "Romanian",
"lang_code": "ro",
"word": "crud"
},
{
"lang": "Romansh",
"lang_code": "rm",
"word": "criv"
},
{
"lang": "Romansh",
"lang_code": "rm",
"word": "criu"
},
{
"lang": "Romansh",
"lang_code": "rm",
"word": "criev"
},
{
"lang": "Romansh",
"lang_code": "rm",
"word": "crüj"
},
{
"lang": "Sardinian",
"lang_code": "sc",
"word": "cru"
},
{
"lang": "Sardinian",
"lang_code": "sc",
"word": "crudu"
},
{
"lang": "Sardinian",
"lang_code": "sc",
"word": "cruo"
},
{
"lang": "Sardinian",
"lang_code": "sc",
"word": "cruu"
},
{
"lang": "Sicilian",
"lang_code": "scn",
"word": "crudu"
},
{
"lang": "Venetan",
"lang_code": "vec",
"word": "cruo"
},
{
"lang": "Venetan",
"lang_code": "vec",
"word": "cru"
},
{
"lang": "Venetan",
"lang_code": "vec",
"word": "cruf"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "crude"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "crude"
},
{
"lang": "Translingual",
"lang_code": "mul",
"raw_tags": [
"reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
],
"word": "Crudia"
}
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"*krewh₂-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/krewh₂-"
],
[
"*krewh₂-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/krewh₂-"
],
[
"-idus",
"-idus#Latin"
],
[
"raw",
"raw#English"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "itc-pro:<ety:der<ine-pro:*krewh₂->>"
},
"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#derived_terms|Derived]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*krewh₂-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"crudus\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" }\" data-lang=\"la\" data-title=\"crudus\">",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "Disputed"
},
"expansion": "Disputed",
"name": "unc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*krewh₂-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *krewh₂-",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "itc-pro",
"3": "",
"4": "*krūros"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic *krūros",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "",
"3": "*krowiðos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic *krowiðos",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "raw"
},
"expansion": "English raw",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Disputed. Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *krewh₂-.\n* It may be dissimilated from earlier *crūrus, from Proto-Italic *krūros, itself from *kruh₂rós, from *krewh₂- (“raw meat, fresh blood”). Alternatively, Sihler suggests dissimilation from a pre-form *krowros. However, De Vaan argues that the required dissimilation is unusual and \"cannot be accepted without further support.\"\n* Nussbaum has suggested that the term may derive from *krewh₂-idʰos. However, according to De Vaan, such a PIE form would be expected to develop into Proto-Italic *krowiðos, which could only produce crūdus via syncope. Thus, De Vaan doubts this etymology, arguing that syncope is unusual for adjectives in -idus.\n* De Vaan alternatively suggests a possible derivation from *krowoðos, from *krewh₂-odʰ-os.\nCognate with English raw.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "crūdus",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "crūda",
"links": [
[
"crūda",
"cruda"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "crūdum",
"links": [
[
"crūdum",
"crudum"
]
],
"tags": [
"neuter"
]
},
{
"form": "crūdior",
"links": [
[
"crūdior",
"crudior"
]
],
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "crūdissimus",
"links": [
[
"crūdissimus",
"crudissimus"
]
],
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-adecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "crūdus",
"links": [
[
"crūdus",
"crudus#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "crūda",
"links": [
[
"crūda",
"cruda#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "crūdum",
"links": [
[
"crūdum",
"crudum#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "crūdī",
"links": [
[
"crūdī",
"crudi#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "crūdae",
"links": [
[
"crūdae",
"crudae#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "crūda",
"links": [
[
"crūda",
"cruda#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "crūdī",
"links": [
[
"crūdī",
"crudi#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "crūdae",
"links": [
[
"crūdae",
"crudae#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "crūdī",
"links": [
[
"crūdī",
"crudi#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "crūdōrum",
"links": [
[
"crūdōrum",
"crudorum#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "crūdārum",
"links": [
[
"crūdārum",
"crudarum#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "crūdōrum",
"links": [
[
"crūdōrum",
"crudorum#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "crūdō",
"links": [
[
"crūdō",
"crudo#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "crūdae",
"links": [
[
"crūdae",
"crudae#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "crūdō",
"links": [
[
"crūdō",
"crudo#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "crūdīs",
"links": [
[
"crūdīs",
"crudis#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"masculine",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "crūdum",
"links": [
[
"crūdum",
"crudum#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "crūdam",
"links": [
[
"crūdam",
"crudam#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "crūdum",
"links": [
[
"crūdum",
"crudum#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "crūdōs",
"links": [
[
"crūdōs",
"crudos#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "crūdās",
"links": [
[
"crūdās",
"crudas#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "crūda",
"links": [
[
"crūda",
"cruda#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "crūdō",
"links": [
[
"crūdō",
"crudo#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "crūdā",
"links": [
[
"crūdā",
"cruda#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "crūdō",
"links": [
[
"crūdō",
"crudo#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "crūdīs",
"links": [
[
"crūdīs",
"crudis#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"feminine",
"masculine",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "crūde",
"links": [
[
"crūde",
"crude#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "crūda",
"links": [
[
"crūda",
"cruda#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "crūdum",
"links": [
[
"crūdum",
"crudum#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "crūdī",
"links": [
[
"crūdī",
"crudi#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "crūdae",
"links": [
[
"crūdae",
"crudae#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "crūda",
"links": [
[
"crūda",
"cruda#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "crūdus",
"comp": "crūdior",
"sup": "crūdissimus"
},
"expansion": "crūdus (feminine crūda, neuter crūdum, comparative crūdior, superlative crūdissimus); first/second-declension adjective",
"name": "la-adj"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "crūdus"
},
"name": "la-adecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "adj",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "crūdēlē"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "crūdēlis"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "crūdēlitas"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "crūdēliter"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "crūdescō"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "crūditās"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "crūditātiō"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "crūditō"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "31 34 34 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "36 15 42 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "42 12 47 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "35 28 37 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "35 29 36 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"raw, bloody, bleeding"
],
"id": "en-crudus-la-adj-1gGq59ZJ",
"links": [
[
"raw",
"raw"
],
[
"bloody",
"bloody"
],
[
"bleeding",
"bleeding"
]
],
"tags": [
"adjective",
"declension-1",
"declension-2"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "31 34 34 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "36 15 42 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "42 12 47 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "35 28 37 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "35 29 36 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"immature, unripe, premature"
],
"id": "en-crudus-la-adj-YoBFN55F",
"links": [
[
"immature",
"immature"
],
[
"unripe",
"unripe"
],
[
"premature",
"premature"
]
],
"tags": [
"adjective",
"declension-1",
"declension-2"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "31 34 34 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "36 15 42 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "42 12 47 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "35 28 37 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "35 29 36 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"unprepared, raw, uncooked"
],
"id": "en-crudus-la-adj-KIW6dTad",
"links": [
[
"unprepared",
"unprepared"
],
[
"raw",
"raw"
],
[
"uncooked",
"uncooked"
]
],
"tags": [
"adjective",
"declension-1",
"declension-2"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"crude, cruel, rough"
],
"id": "en-crudus-la-adj-mmOUd8p8",
"links": [
[
"crude",
"crude"
],
[
"cruel",
"cruel"
],
[
"rough",
"rough"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(figuratively) crude, cruel, rough"
],
"tags": [
"adjective",
"declension-1",
"declension-2",
"figuratively"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ˈkruː.dʊs]",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈkruː.dus]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"word": "crudus"
}
{
"categories": [
"Latin 2-syllable words",
"Latin adjectives",
"Latin entries with etymon",
"Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"Latin first and second declension adjectives",
"Latin lemmas",
"Latin terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Latin terms derived from Proto-Italic",
"Latin terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *krewh₂-",
"Latin terms inherited from Proto-Italic",
"Latin terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Latin terms with unknown etymologies",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Pages with etymon"
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Aromanian",
"lang_code": "rup",
"word": "crud"
},
{
"lang": "Asturian",
"lang_code": "ast",
"word": "crudu"
},
{
"lang": "Catalan",
"lang_code": "ca",
"word": "cru"
},
{
"lang": "Dalmatian",
"lang_code": "dlm",
"word": "croit"
},
{
"lang": "Franco-Provençal",
"lang_code": "frp",
"word": "cru"
},
{
"lang": "Friulian",
"lang_code": "fur",
"word": "crût"
},
{
"lang": "Friulian",
"lang_code": "fur",
"word": "crûd"
},
{
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"word": "crudo"
},
{
"lang": "Ligurian",
"lang_code": "lij",
"word": "crûo"
},
{
"lang": "Occitan",
"lang_code": "oc",
"word": "crus"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"word": "cru"
}
],
"lang": "Middle French",
"lang_code": "frm",
"word": "crud"
}
],
"lang": "Old French",
"lang_code": "fro",
"word": "cru"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"word": "cru"
}
],
"lang": "Middle French",
"lang_code": "frm",
"word": "crud"
}
],
"lang": "Old French",
"lang_code": "fro",
"word": "creu"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Galician",
"lang_code": "gl",
"word": "cru"
},
{
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"word": "cru"
}
],
"lang": "Old Galician-Portuguese",
"lang_code": "roa-opt",
"word": "cruu"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Ladino",
"lang_code": "lad",
"word": "krudo"
},
{
"lang": "Ladino",
"lang_code": "lad",
"word": "קרודו"
},
{
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"word": "crudo"
}
],
"lang": "Old Spanish",
"lang_code": "osp",
"word": "crudo"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Ladino",
"lang_code": "lad",
"word": "krudo"
},
{
"lang": "Ladino",
"lang_code": "lad",
"word": "קרודו"
},
{
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"word": "crudo"
}
],
"lang": "Old Spanish",
"lang_code": "osp",
"word": "cruo"
},
{
"lang": "Piedmontese",
"lang_code": "pms",
"word": "cru"
},
{
"lang": "Romanian",
"lang_code": "ro",
"word": "crud"
},
{
"lang": "Romansh",
"lang_code": "rm",
"word": "criv"
},
{
"lang": "Romansh",
"lang_code": "rm",
"word": "criu"
},
{
"lang": "Romansh",
"lang_code": "rm",
"word": "criev"
},
{
"lang": "Romansh",
"lang_code": "rm",
"word": "crüj"
},
{
"lang": "Sardinian",
"lang_code": "sc",
"word": "cru"
},
{
"lang": "Sardinian",
"lang_code": "sc",
"word": "crudu"
},
{
"lang": "Sardinian",
"lang_code": "sc",
"word": "cruo"
},
{
"lang": "Sardinian",
"lang_code": "sc",
"word": "cruu"
},
{
"lang": "Sicilian",
"lang_code": "scn",
"word": "crudu"
},
{
"lang": "Venetan",
"lang_code": "vec",
"word": "cruo"
},
{
"lang": "Venetan",
"lang_code": "vec",
"word": "cru"
},
{
"lang": "Venetan",
"lang_code": "vec",
"word": "cruf"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "crude"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "crude"
},
{
"lang": "Translingual",
"lang_code": "mul",
"raw_tags": [
"reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
],
"word": "Crudia"
}
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"*krewh₂-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/krewh₂-"
],
[
"*krewh₂-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/krewh₂-"
],
[
"-idus",
"-idus#Latin"
],
[
"raw",
"raw#English"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "itc-pro:<ety:der<ine-pro:*krewh₂->>"
},
"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#derived_terms|Derived]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*krewh₂-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"crudus\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" }\" data-lang=\"la\" data-title=\"crudus\">",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "Disputed"
},
"expansion": "Disputed",
"name": "unc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*krewh₂-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *krewh₂-",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "itc-pro",
"3": "",
"4": "*krūros"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic *krūros",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "",
"3": "*krowiðos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic *krowiðos",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "raw"
},
"expansion": "English raw",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Disputed. Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *krewh₂-.\n* It may be dissimilated from earlier *crūrus, from Proto-Italic *krūros, itself from *kruh₂rós, from *krewh₂- (“raw meat, fresh blood”). Alternatively, Sihler suggests dissimilation from a pre-form *krowros. However, De Vaan argues that the required dissimilation is unusual and \"cannot be accepted without further support.\"\n* Nussbaum has suggested that the term may derive from *krewh₂-idʰos. However, according to De Vaan, such a PIE form would be expected to develop into Proto-Italic *krowiðos, which could only produce crūdus via syncope. Thus, De Vaan doubts this etymology, arguing that syncope is unusual for adjectives in -idus.\n* De Vaan alternatively suggests a possible derivation from *krowoðos, from *krewh₂-odʰ-os.\nCognate with English raw.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "crūdus",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "crūda",
"links": [
[
"crūda",
"cruda"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "crūdum",
"links": [
[
"crūdum",
"crudum"
]
],
"tags": [
"neuter"
]
},
{
"form": "crūdior",
"links": [
[
"crūdior",
"crudior"
]
],
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "crūdissimus",
"links": [
[
"crūdissimus",
"crudissimus"
]
],
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-adecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "crūdus",
"links": [
[
"crūdus",
"crudus#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "crūda",
"links": [
[
"crūda",
"cruda#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "crūdum",
"links": [
[
"crūdum",
"crudum#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "crūdī",
"links": [
[
"crūdī",
"crudi#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "crūdae",
"links": [
[
"crūdae",
"crudae#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "crūda",
"links": [
[
"crūda",
"cruda#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "crūdī",
"links": [
[
"crūdī",
"crudi#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "crūdae",
"links": [
[
"crūdae",
"crudae#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "crūdī",
"links": [
[
"crūdī",
"crudi#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "crūdōrum",
"links": [
[
"crūdōrum",
"crudorum#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "crūdārum",
"links": [
[
"crūdārum",
"crudarum#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "crūdōrum",
"links": [
[
"crūdōrum",
"crudorum#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "crūdō",
"links": [
[
"crūdō",
"crudo#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "crūdae",
"links": [
[
"crūdae",
"crudae#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "crūdō",
"links": [
[
"crūdō",
"crudo#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "crūdīs",
"links": [
[
"crūdīs",
"crudis#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"masculine",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "crūdum",
"links": [
[
"crūdum",
"crudum#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "crūdam",
"links": [
[
"crūdam",
"crudam#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "crūdum",
"links": [
[
"crūdum",
"crudum#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "crūdōs",
"links": [
[
"crūdōs",
"crudos#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "crūdās",
"links": [
[
"crūdās",
"crudas#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "crūda",
"links": [
[
"crūda",
"cruda#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "crūdō",
"links": [
[
"crūdō",
"crudo#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "crūdā",
"links": [
[
"crūdā",
"cruda#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "crūdō",
"links": [
[
"crūdō",
"crudo#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "crūdīs",
"links": [
[
"crūdīs",
"crudis#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"feminine",
"masculine",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "crūde",
"links": [
[
"crūde",
"crude#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "crūda",
"links": [
[
"crūda",
"cruda#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "crūdum",
"links": [
[
"crūdum",
"crudum#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "crūdī",
"links": [
[
"crūdī",
"crudi#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "crūdae",
"links": [
[
"crūdae",
"crudae#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "crūda",
"links": [
[
"crūda",
"cruda#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "crūdus",
"comp": "crūdior",
"sup": "crūdissimus"
},
"expansion": "crūdus (feminine crūda, neuter crūdum, comparative crūdior, superlative crūdissimus); first/second-declension adjective",
"name": "la-adj"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "crūdus"
},
"name": "la-adecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "adj",
"related": [
{
"word": "crūdēlē"
},
{
"word": "crūdēlis"
},
{
"word": "crūdēlitas"
},
{
"word": "crūdēliter"
},
{
"word": "crūdescō"
},
{
"word": "crūditās"
},
{
"word": "crūditātiō"
},
{
"word": "crūditō"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"raw, bloody, bleeding"
],
"links": [
[
"raw",
"raw"
],
[
"bloody",
"bloody"
],
[
"bleeding",
"bleeding"
]
],
"tags": [
"adjective",
"declension-1",
"declension-2"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"immature, unripe, premature"
],
"links": [
[
"immature",
"immature"
],
[
"unripe",
"unripe"
],
[
"premature",
"premature"
]
],
"tags": [
"adjective",
"declension-1",
"declension-2"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"unprepared, raw, uncooked"
],
"links": [
[
"unprepared",
"unprepared"
],
[
"raw",
"raw"
],
[
"uncooked",
"uncooked"
]
],
"tags": [
"adjective",
"declension-1",
"declension-2"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"crude, cruel, rough"
],
"links": [
[
"crude",
"crude"
],
[
"cruel",
"cruel"
],
[
"rough",
"rough"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(figuratively) crude, cruel, rough"
],
"tags": [
"adjective",
"declension-1",
"declension-2",
"figuratively"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ˈkruː.dʊs]",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈkruː.dus]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"word": "crudus"
}
Download raw JSONL data for crudus meaning in Latin (11.6kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Latin dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-10-03 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-09-02 using wiktextract (1a05e46 and e3d6d4e). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.