"aestas" meaning in Latin

See aestas in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Noun

IPA: [ˈae̯s.taːs] [Classical-Latin], [ˈɛs.tas] (note: modern Italianate Ecclesiastical)
Etymology: According to De Vaan, the term probably derives from Proto-Italic *aissāts, itself from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eydʰ-teh₂t-s, from the root *h₂eydʰ-. De Vaan proposes that the form *aissāts then underwent the analogical restoration of the suffix -tās during the transition to Latin. De Vaan criticizes an alternative etymology from *h₂e-h₂idʰ-eti, an i-reduplicated thematic present from the same root. This theory proposes that the aforementioned PIE form yielded *aīð-tu-, whence *aistu-, which is itself supposedly the source of both aestās and aestus. However, De Vaan argues that the existence of this reduplicated disyllabic PIE term is "unfounded." Moreover, De Vaan notes that -dʰt- becomes -ss- in Latin rather than -st-, preferring instead *h₂eydʰ-teh₂ts Proto-Italic *aissāt-s, which then had the suffix -t- consonant restored. Cognate with Latin aestus, Ancient Greek αἴθω (aíthō), and Old English ād (“pyre”). Etymology templates: {{root|la|ine-pro|*h₂eydʰ-}}, {{inh|la|itc-pro|*aissāts}} Proto-Italic *aissāts, {{inh|la|ine-pro||*h₂eydʰ-teh₂t-s}} Proto-Indo-European *h₂eydʰ-teh₂t-s, {{der|la|itc-pro||*aissāt-s}} Proto-Italic *aissāt-s, {{cog|la|aestus}} Latin aestus, {{cog|grc|αἴθω}} Ancient Greek αἴθω (aíthō), {{cog|ang|ād|t=pyre}} Old English ād (“pyre”) Head templates: {{la-noun|aestās<3>}} aestās f (genitive aestātis); third declension Inflection templates: {{la-ndecl|aestās<3>}} Forms: aestās [canonical, feminine], aestātis [genitive], no-table-tags [table-tags], aestās [nominative, singular], aestātēs [nominative, plural], aestātis [genitive, singular], aestātum [genitive, plural], aestātī [dative, singular], aestātibus [dative, plural], aestātem [accusative, singular], aestātēs [accusative, plural], aestāte [ablative, singular], aestātibus [ablative, plural], aestās [singular, vocative], aestātēs [plural, vocative]
  1. summer Tags: declension-3 Derived forms: aestīvus Related terms: aestus
{
  "descendants": [
    {
      "lang": "Emilian",
      "lang_code": "egl",
      "word": "estè"
    },
    {
      "lang": "Emilian",
      "lang_code": "egl",
      "word": "estèd"
    },
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "descendants": [
            {
              "lang": "Campidanese",
              "lang_code": "sc",
              "word": "stadi"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Logudorese",
              "lang_code": "sc",
              "word": "istade"
            }
          ],
          "lang": "Sardinian",
          "lang_code": "sc"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Insular Romance",
      "lang_code": "unknown"
    },
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "lang": "Dalmatian",
          "lang_code": "dlm",
          "word": "instuat"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Italian",
          "lang_code": "it",
          "raw_tags": [
            "latinized"
          ],
          "word": "estate"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Italian",
          "lang_code": "it",
          "word": "istate"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Italian",
          "lang_code": "it",
          "word": "state"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Sicilian",
          "lang_code": "scn",
          "word": "astati"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Venetan",
          "lang_code": "vec",
          "word": "istà"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Italo-Dalmatian",
      "lang_code": "unknown"
    },
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "lang": "Friulian",
          "lang_code": "fur",
          "word": "istât"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Friulian",
          "lang_code": "fur",
          "word": "instât"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Romansh",
          "lang_code": "rm",
          "word": "stad"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Romansh",
          "lang_code": "rm",
          "word": "sted"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Rhaeto-Romance",
      "lang_code": "unknown"
    },
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "descendants": [
            {
              "descendants": [
                {
                  "lang": "French",
                  "lang_code": "fr",
                  "word": "été"
                }
              ],
              "lang": "Middle French",
              "lang_code": "frm",
              "word": "esté"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Norman",
              "lang_code": "nrm",
              "tags": [
                "Jersey"
              ],
              "word": "êté"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Norman",
              "lang_code": "nrm",
              "tags": [
                "Guernsey"
              ],
              "word": "étaï"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Walloon",
              "lang_code": "wa",
              "word": "esté"
            }
          ],
          "lang": "Old French",
          "lang_code": "fro",
          "word": "esté"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Gallo-Romance",
      "lang_code": "unknown"
    },
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "lang": "Old Occitan",
          "lang_code": "pro",
          "word": "estat"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Occitano-Romance",
      "lang_code": "unknown"
    },
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "lang": "Spanish",
          "lang_code": "es",
          "word": "estad"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Ibero-Romance",
      "lang_code": "unknown"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*h₂eydʰ-"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "root"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "itc-pro",
        "3": "*aissāts"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Italic *aissāts",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "",
        "4": "*h₂eydʰ-teh₂t-s"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₂eydʰ-teh₂t-s",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "itc-pro",
        "3": "",
        "4": "*aissāt-s"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Italic *aissāt-s",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "aestus"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin aestus",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "grc",
        "2": "αἴθω"
      },
      "expansion": "Ancient Greek αἴθω (aíthō)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "ād",
        "t": "pyre"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English ād (“pyre”)",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "According to De Vaan, the term probably derives from Proto-Italic *aissāts, itself from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eydʰ-teh₂t-s, from the root *h₂eydʰ-. De Vaan proposes that the form *aissāts then underwent the analogical restoration of the suffix -tās during the transition to Latin.\nDe Vaan criticizes an alternative etymology from *h₂e-h₂idʰ-eti, an i-reduplicated thematic present from the same root. This theory proposes that the aforementioned PIE form yielded *aīð-tu-, whence *aistu-, which is itself supposedly the source of both aestās and aestus. However, De Vaan argues that the existence of this reduplicated disyllabic PIE term is \"unfounded.\" Moreover, De Vaan notes that -dʰt- becomes -ss- in Latin rather than -st-, preferring instead *h₂eydʰ-teh₂ts Proto-Italic *aissāt-s, which then had the suffix -t- consonant restored.\nCognate with Latin aestus, Ancient Greek αἴθω (aíthō), and Old English ād (“pyre”).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "aestās",
      "tags": [
        "canonical",
        "feminine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "aestātis",
      "links": [
        [
          "aestātis",
          "aestatis"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "genitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "la-ndecl",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "aestās",
      "links": [
        [
          "aestās",
          "aestas#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "aestātēs",
      "links": [
        [
          "aestātēs",
          "aestates#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "aestātis",
      "links": [
        [
          "aestātis",
          "aestatis#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "aestātum",
      "links": [
        [
          "aestātum",
          "aestatum#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "aestātī",
      "links": [
        [
          "aestātī",
          "aestati#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "aestātibus",
      "links": [
        [
          "aestātibus",
          "aestatibus#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "aestātem",
      "links": [
        [
          "aestātem",
          "aestatem#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "aestātēs",
      "links": [
        [
          "aestātēs",
          "aestates#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "aestāte",
      "links": [
        [
          "aestāte",
          "aestate#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "ablative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "aestātibus",
      "links": [
        [
          "aestātibus",
          "aestatibus#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "ablative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "aestās",
      "links": [
        [
          "aestās",
          "aestas#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "aestātēs",
      "links": [
        [
          "aestātēs",
          "aestates#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "aestās<3>"
      },
      "expansion": "aestās f (genitive aestātis); third declension",
      "name": "la-noun"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "aestās<3>"
      },
      "name": "la-ndecl"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Latin",
  "lang_code": "la",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Latin feminine nouns in the third declension",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 1 entry",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "langcode": "la",
          "name": "Seasons",
          "orig": "la:Seasons",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "derived": [
        {
          "word": "aestīvus"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "summer"
      ],
      "id": "en-aestas-la-noun-6DZkJVxp",
      "links": [
        [
          "summer",
          "summer"
        ]
      ],
      "related": [
        {
          "word": "aestus"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "declension-3"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "[ˈae̯s.taːs]",
      "tags": [
        "Classical-Latin"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[ˈɛs.tas]",
      "note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
    }
  ],
  "word": "aestas"
}
{
  "derived": [
    {
      "word": "aestīvus"
    }
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "lang": "Emilian",
      "lang_code": "egl",
      "word": "estè"
    },
    {
      "lang": "Emilian",
      "lang_code": "egl",
      "word": "estèd"
    },
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "descendants": [
            {
              "lang": "Campidanese",
              "lang_code": "sc",
              "word": "stadi"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Logudorese",
              "lang_code": "sc",
              "word": "istade"
            }
          ],
          "lang": "Sardinian",
          "lang_code": "sc"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Insular Romance",
      "lang_code": "unknown"
    },
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "lang": "Dalmatian",
          "lang_code": "dlm",
          "word": "instuat"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Italian",
          "lang_code": "it",
          "raw_tags": [
            "latinized"
          ],
          "word": "estate"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Italian",
          "lang_code": "it",
          "word": "istate"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Italian",
          "lang_code": "it",
          "word": "state"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Sicilian",
          "lang_code": "scn",
          "word": "astati"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Venetan",
          "lang_code": "vec",
          "word": "istà"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Italo-Dalmatian",
      "lang_code": "unknown"
    },
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "lang": "Friulian",
          "lang_code": "fur",
          "word": "istât"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Friulian",
          "lang_code": "fur",
          "word": "instât"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Romansh",
          "lang_code": "rm",
          "word": "stad"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Romansh",
          "lang_code": "rm",
          "word": "sted"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Rhaeto-Romance",
      "lang_code": "unknown"
    },
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "descendants": [
            {
              "descendants": [
                {
                  "lang": "French",
                  "lang_code": "fr",
                  "word": "été"
                }
              ],
              "lang": "Middle French",
              "lang_code": "frm",
              "word": "esté"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Norman",
              "lang_code": "nrm",
              "tags": [
                "Jersey"
              ],
              "word": "êté"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Norman",
              "lang_code": "nrm",
              "tags": [
                "Guernsey"
              ],
              "word": "étaï"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Walloon",
              "lang_code": "wa",
              "word": "esté"
            }
          ],
          "lang": "Old French",
          "lang_code": "fro",
          "word": "esté"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Gallo-Romance",
      "lang_code": "unknown"
    },
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "lang": "Old Occitan",
          "lang_code": "pro",
          "word": "estat"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Occitano-Romance",
      "lang_code": "unknown"
    },
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "lang": "Spanish",
          "lang_code": "es",
          "word": "estad"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Ibero-Romance",
      "lang_code": "unknown"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*h₂eydʰ-"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "root"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "itc-pro",
        "3": "*aissāts"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Italic *aissāts",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "",
        "4": "*h₂eydʰ-teh₂t-s"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₂eydʰ-teh₂t-s",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "itc-pro",
        "3": "",
        "4": "*aissāt-s"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Italic *aissāt-s",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "aestus"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin aestus",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "grc",
        "2": "αἴθω"
      },
      "expansion": "Ancient Greek αἴθω (aíthō)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "ād",
        "t": "pyre"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English ād (“pyre”)",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "According to De Vaan, the term probably derives from Proto-Italic *aissāts, itself from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eydʰ-teh₂t-s, from the root *h₂eydʰ-. De Vaan proposes that the form *aissāts then underwent the analogical restoration of the suffix -tās during the transition to Latin.\nDe Vaan criticizes an alternative etymology from *h₂e-h₂idʰ-eti, an i-reduplicated thematic present from the same root. This theory proposes that the aforementioned PIE form yielded *aīð-tu-, whence *aistu-, which is itself supposedly the source of both aestās and aestus. However, De Vaan argues that the existence of this reduplicated disyllabic PIE term is \"unfounded.\" Moreover, De Vaan notes that -dʰt- becomes -ss- in Latin rather than -st-, preferring instead *h₂eydʰ-teh₂ts Proto-Italic *aissāt-s, which then had the suffix -t- consonant restored.\nCognate with Latin aestus, Ancient Greek αἴθω (aíthō), and Old English ād (“pyre”).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "aestās",
      "tags": [
        "canonical",
        "feminine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "aestātis",
      "links": [
        [
          "aestātis",
          "aestatis"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "genitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "la-ndecl",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "aestās",
      "links": [
        [
          "aestās",
          "aestas#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "aestātēs",
      "links": [
        [
          "aestātēs",
          "aestates#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "aestātis",
      "links": [
        [
          "aestātis",
          "aestatis#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "aestātum",
      "links": [
        [
          "aestātum",
          "aestatum#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "aestātī",
      "links": [
        [
          "aestātī",
          "aestati#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "aestātibus",
      "links": [
        [
          "aestātibus",
          "aestatibus#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "aestātem",
      "links": [
        [
          "aestātem",
          "aestatem#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "aestātēs",
      "links": [
        [
          "aestātēs",
          "aestates#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "aestāte",
      "links": [
        [
          "aestāte",
          "aestate#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "ablative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "aestātibus",
      "links": [
        [
          "aestātibus",
          "aestatibus#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "ablative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "aestās",
      "links": [
        [
          "aestās",
          "aestas#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "aestātēs",
      "links": [
        [
          "aestātēs",
          "aestates#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "aestās<3>"
      },
      "expansion": "aestās f (genitive aestātis); third declension",
      "name": "la-noun"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "aestās<3>"
      },
      "name": "la-ndecl"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Latin",
  "lang_code": "la",
  "pos": "noun",
  "related": [
    {
      "word": "aestus"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Latin 2-syllable words",
        "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
        "Latin feminine nouns",
        "Latin feminine nouns in the third declension",
        "Latin lemmas",
        "Latin nouns",
        "Latin terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
        "Latin terms derived from Proto-Italic",
        "Latin terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *h₂eydʰ-",
        "Latin terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
        "Latin terms inherited from Proto-Italic",
        "Latin terms with IPA pronunciation",
        "Latin third declension nouns",
        "Pages with 1 entry",
        "Pages with entries",
        "la:Seasons"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "summer"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "summer",
          "summer"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "declension-3"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "[ˈae̯s.taːs]",
      "tags": [
        "Classical-Latin"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[ˈɛs.tas]",
      "note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
    }
  ],
  "word": "aestas"
}

Download raw JSONL data for aestas meaning in Latin (6.5kB)


This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Latin dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-06-21 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-06-01 using wiktextract (ade7ec3 and 7f4db16). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.