"滑" meaning in Korean

See in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Character

IPA: [ɸwa̠ɭ] [SK-Standard, Seoul] Forms: 미끄러울 활 [eumhun]
Etymology: From Middle Chinese 滑 (MC hweat). Etymology templates: {{der|ko|ltc|-}} Middle Chinese, {{ltc-l|滑|id=3}} 滑 (MC hweat), {{lang|okm|ᅘᅪᇙ〮}} ᅘᅪᇙ〮, {{l|ko|東國正韻 / 동국정운|lit=|pos=|sc=|t=|tr=-}} 東國正韻 / 동국정운, {{lw|ko|s:동국정운|東國正韻 / 동국정운|tr=-}} 東國正韻 / 동국정운, {{hanja-dongguk|ᅘᅪᇙ〮|hhwálq}} Recorded as Middle Korean ᅘᅪᇙ〮 (Yale: hhwálq) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448., {{m|okm|활}} 활 (hwal), {{lang|ko|新增類合 / 신증유합}} 新增類合 / 신증유합, {{hanja-sinjeung|활|hwal|hun=믯그러울 활}} Recorded as Middle Korean 활 (hwal)^訓 (Yale: hwal) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576., {{collapse|* Recorded as Middle Korean ᅘᅪᇙ〮 (Yale: hhwálq) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448. * Recorded as Middle Korean <i class="Kore mention" lang="okm">활</i> (hwal)^訓 (Yale: hwal) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.|Historical readings|bg=#FFFFFF}} Head templates: {{ko-hanja|미끄럽다|미끄러울|활}} 滑 (eumhun 미끄러울 활 (mikkeureoul hwal))
  1. Hanja form of 활 (“slippery”). Tags: alt-of, hanja Alternative form of: (extra: slippery) Derived forms: 평활 (pyeonghwal) (alt: 平滑), 원활 (wonhwal) (alt: 圓滑) (english: smooth, trouble free), 활강 (hwalgang) (alt: 滑降) (english: downhill), 활공 (hwalgong) (alt: 滑空) (english: gliding), 활주 (hwalju) (alt: 滑走) (english: gliding, sliding), 활공기 (hwalgonggi) (alt: 滑空機), 활주로 (hwaljuro) (alt: 滑走路) (english: runway), 윤활유 (yunhwaryu) (alt: 潤滑油) (english: lubricating oil), 윤활제 (yunhwalje) (alt: 潤滑劑) (english: lubricant)
    Sense id: en-滑-ko-character-zh~FH34m Categories (other): Korean entries with incorrect language header, Korean links with redundant wikilinks, Korean terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys Disambiguation of Korean entries with incorrect language header: 50 50 Disambiguation of Korean links with redundant wikilinks: 50 50 Disambiguation of Korean terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys: 50 50
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Etymology number: 1

Character

IPA: [ko̞ɭ] [SK-Standard, Seoul] Forms: 익살스러울 골 [eumhun]
Etymology: From Middle Chinese 滑 (MC kwot). Etymology templates: {{der|ko|ltc|-}} Middle Chinese, {{ltc-l|滑|id=1}} 滑 (MC kwot), {{lang|okm|고ᇙ〮}} 고ᇙ〮, {{l|ko|東國正韻 / 동국정운|lit=|pos=|sc=|t=|tr=-}} 東國正韻 / 동국정운, {{lw|ko|s:동국정운|東國正韻 / 동국정운|tr=-}} 東國正韻 / 동국정운, {{hanja-dongguk|고ᇙ〮|kwólq}} Recorded as Middle Korean 고ᇙ〮 (Yale: kwólq) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448., {{collapse|* Recorded as Middle Korean 고ᇙ〮 (Yale: kwólq) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.|Historical readings|bg=#FFFFFF}} Head templates: {{ko-hanja|익살스럽다|익살스러울|골}} 滑 (eumhun 익살스러울 골 (iksalseureoul gol))
  1. Hanja form of 골 (“comical”). Tags: alt-of, hanja Alternative form of: (extra: comical) Derived forms: 골계 (golgye) (alt: 滑稽) (english: humorousness, jocosity, waggery), 골계전 (golgyejeon) (alt: 滑稽傳)
    Sense id: en-滑-ko-character-v~uHBiqN Categories (other): Korean entries with incorrect language header, Korean links with redundant wikilinks, Korean terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys Disambiguation of Korean entries with incorrect language header: 50 50 Disambiguation of Korean links with redundant wikilinks: 50 50 Disambiguation of Korean terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys: 50 50
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Etymology number: 2

Download JSON data for 滑 meaning in Korean (6.2kB)

{
  "etymology_number": 1,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ko",
        "2": "ltc",
        "3": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle Chinese",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "滑",
        "id": "3"
      },
      "expansion": "滑 (MC hweat)",
      "name": "ltc-l"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "okm",
        "2": "ᅘᅪᇙ〮"
      },
      "expansion": "ᅘᅪᇙ〮",
      "name": "lang"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ko",
        "2": "東國正韻 / 동국정운",
        "lit": "",
        "pos": "",
        "sc": "",
        "t": "",
        "tr": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "東國正韻 / 동국정운",
      "name": "l"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ko",
        "2": "s:동국정운",
        "3": "東國正韻 / 동국정운",
        "tr": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "東國正韻 / 동국정운",
      "name": "lw"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ᅘᅪᇙ〮",
        "2": "hhwálq"
      },
      "expansion": "Recorded as Middle Korean ᅘᅪᇙ〮 (Yale: hhwálq) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.",
      "name": "hanja-dongguk"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "okm",
        "2": "활"
      },
      "expansion": "활 (hwal)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ko",
        "2": "新增類合 / 신증유합"
      },
      "expansion": "新增類合 / 신증유합",
      "name": "lang"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "활",
        "2": "hwal",
        "hun": "믯그러울 활"
      },
      "expansion": "Recorded as Middle Korean 활 (hwal)^訓 (Yale: hwal) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.",
      "name": "hanja-sinjeung"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "* Recorded as Middle Korean ᅘᅪᇙ〮 (Yale: hhwálq) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.\n* Recorded as Middle Korean <i class=\"Kore mention\" lang=\"okm\">활</i> (hwal)^訓 (Yale: hwal) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.",
        "2": "Historical readings",
        "bg": "#FFFFFF"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "collapse"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Middle Chinese 滑 (MC hweat).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "미끄러울 활",
      "roman": "mikkeureoul hwal",
      "tags": [
        "eumhun"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "미끄럽다",
        "2": "미끄러울",
        "3": "활"
      },
      "expansion": "滑 (eumhun 미끄러울 활 (mikkeureoul hwal))",
      "name": "ko-hanja"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Korean",
  "lang_code": "ko",
  "pos": "character",
  "senses": [
    {
      "alt_of": [
        {
          "extra": "slippery",
          "word": "활"
        }
      ],
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "50 50",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Korean entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "50 50",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Korean links with redundant wikilinks",
          "parents": [
            "Links with redundant wikilinks",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "50 50",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Korean terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
          "parents": [
            "Terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "derived": [
        {
          "alt": "平滑",
          "roman": "pyeonghwal",
          "word": "평활"
        },
        {
          "alt": "圓滑",
          "english": "smooth, trouble free",
          "roman": "wonhwal",
          "word": "원활"
        },
        {
          "alt": "滑降",
          "english": "downhill",
          "roman": "hwalgang",
          "word": "활강"
        },
        {
          "alt": "滑空",
          "english": "gliding",
          "roman": "hwalgong",
          "word": "활공"
        },
        {
          "alt": "滑走",
          "english": "gliding, sliding",
          "roman": "hwalju",
          "word": "활주"
        },
        {
          "alt": "滑空機",
          "roman": "hwalgonggi",
          "word": "활공기"
        },
        {
          "alt": "滑走路",
          "english": "runway",
          "roman": "hwaljuro",
          "word": "활주로"
        },
        {
          "alt": "潤滑油",
          "english": "lubricating oil",
          "roman": "yunhwaryu",
          "word": "윤활유"
        },
        {
          "alt": "潤滑劑",
          "english": "lubricant",
          "roman": "yunhwalje",
          "word": "윤활제"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Hanja form of 활 (“slippery”)."
      ],
      "id": "en-滑-ko-character-zh~FH34m",
      "links": [
        [
          "Hanja",
          "hanja#English"
        ],
        [
          "활",
          "활#Korean"
        ],
        [
          "slippery",
          "slippery"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_tags": [
        "Hanja"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "alt-of",
        "hanja"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "[ɸwa̠ɭ]",
      "tags": [
        "SK-Standard",
        "Seoul"
      ]
    },
    {
      "other": "[활]"
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "Dongguk Jeongun",
    "ko:신증유합"
  ],
  "word": "滑"
}

{
  "etymology_number": 2,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ko",
        "2": "ltc",
        "3": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle Chinese",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "滑",
        "id": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "滑 (MC kwot)",
      "name": "ltc-l"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "okm",
        "2": "고ᇙ〮"
      },
      "expansion": "고ᇙ〮",
      "name": "lang"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ko",
        "2": "東國正韻 / 동국정운",
        "lit": "",
        "pos": "",
        "sc": "",
        "t": "",
        "tr": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "東國正韻 / 동국정운",
      "name": "l"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ko",
        "2": "s:동국정운",
        "3": "東國正韻 / 동국정운",
        "tr": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "東國正韻 / 동국정운",
      "name": "lw"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "고ᇙ〮",
        "2": "kwólq"
      },
      "expansion": "Recorded as Middle Korean 고ᇙ〮 (Yale: kwólq) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.",
      "name": "hanja-dongguk"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "* Recorded as Middle Korean 고ᇙ〮 (Yale: kwólq) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.",
        "2": "Historical readings",
        "bg": "#FFFFFF"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "collapse"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Middle Chinese 滑 (MC kwot).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "익살스러울 골",
      "roman": "iksalseureoul gol",
      "tags": [
        "eumhun"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "익살스럽다",
        "2": "익살스러울",
        "3": "골"
      },
      "expansion": "滑 (eumhun 익살스러울 골 (iksalseureoul gol))",
      "name": "ko-hanja"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Korean",
  "lang_code": "ko",
  "pos": "character",
  "senses": [
    {
      "alt_of": [
        {
          "extra": "comical",
          "word": "골"
        }
      ],
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "50 50",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Korean entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "50 50",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Korean links with redundant wikilinks",
          "parents": [
            "Links with redundant wikilinks",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "50 50",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Korean terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
          "parents": [
            "Terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "derived": [
        {
          "alt": "滑稽",
          "english": "humorousness, jocosity, waggery",
          "roman": "golgye",
          "word": "골계"
        },
        {
          "alt": "滑稽傳",
          "roman": "golgyejeon",
          "word": "골계전"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Hanja form of 골 (“comical”)."
      ],
      "id": "en-滑-ko-character-v~uHBiqN",
      "links": [
        [
          "Hanja",
          "hanja#English"
        ],
        [
          "골",
          "골#Korean"
        ],
        [
          "comical",
          "comical"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_tags": [
        "Hanja"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "alt-of",
        "hanja"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "[ko̞ɭ]",
      "tags": [
        "SK-Standard",
        "Seoul"
      ]
    },
    {
      "other": "[골]"
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "Dongguk Jeongun"
  ],
  "word": "滑"
}
{
  "categories": [
    "Korean Han characters",
    "Korean entries with incorrect language header",
    "Korean lemmas",
    "Korean links with redundant wikilinks",
    "Korean terms derived from Middle Chinese",
    "Korean terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
    "Middle Korean Han characters"
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "alt": "平滑",
      "roman": "pyeonghwal",
      "word": "평활"
    },
    {
      "alt": "圓滑",
      "english": "smooth, trouble free",
      "roman": "wonhwal",
      "word": "원활"
    },
    {
      "alt": "滑降",
      "english": "downhill",
      "roman": "hwalgang",
      "word": "활강"
    },
    {
      "alt": "滑空",
      "english": "gliding",
      "roman": "hwalgong",
      "word": "활공"
    },
    {
      "alt": "滑走",
      "english": "gliding, sliding",
      "roman": "hwalju",
      "word": "활주"
    },
    {
      "alt": "滑空機",
      "roman": "hwalgonggi",
      "word": "활공기"
    },
    {
      "alt": "滑走路",
      "english": "runway",
      "roman": "hwaljuro",
      "word": "활주로"
    },
    {
      "alt": "潤滑油",
      "english": "lubricating oil",
      "roman": "yunhwaryu",
      "word": "윤활유"
    },
    {
      "alt": "潤滑劑",
      "english": "lubricant",
      "roman": "yunhwalje",
      "word": "윤활제"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_number": 1,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ko",
        "2": "ltc",
        "3": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle Chinese",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "滑",
        "id": "3"
      },
      "expansion": "滑 (MC hweat)",
      "name": "ltc-l"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "okm",
        "2": "ᅘᅪᇙ〮"
      },
      "expansion": "ᅘᅪᇙ〮",
      "name": "lang"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ko",
        "2": "東國正韻 / 동국정운",
        "lit": "",
        "pos": "",
        "sc": "",
        "t": "",
        "tr": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "東國正韻 / 동국정운",
      "name": "l"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ko",
        "2": "s:동국정운",
        "3": "東國正韻 / 동국정운",
        "tr": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "東國正韻 / 동국정운",
      "name": "lw"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ᅘᅪᇙ〮",
        "2": "hhwálq"
      },
      "expansion": "Recorded as Middle Korean ᅘᅪᇙ〮 (Yale: hhwálq) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.",
      "name": "hanja-dongguk"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "okm",
        "2": "활"
      },
      "expansion": "활 (hwal)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ko",
        "2": "新增類合 / 신증유합"
      },
      "expansion": "新增類合 / 신증유합",
      "name": "lang"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "활",
        "2": "hwal",
        "hun": "믯그러울 활"
      },
      "expansion": "Recorded as Middle Korean 활 (hwal)^訓 (Yale: hwal) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.",
      "name": "hanja-sinjeung"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "* Recorded as Middle Korean ᅘᅪᇙ〮 (Yale: hhwálq) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.\n* Recorded as Middle Korean <i class=\"Kore mention\" lang=\"okm\">활</i> (hwal)^訓 (Yale: hwal) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.",
        "2": "Historical readings",
        "bg": "#FFFFFF"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "collapse"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Middle Chinese 滑 (MC hweat).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "미끄러울 활",
      "roman": "mikkeureoul hwal",
      "tags": [
        "eumhun"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "미끄럽다",
        "2": "미끄러울",
        "3": "활"
      },
      "expansion": "滑 (eumhun 미끄러울 활 (mikkeureoul hwal))",
      "name": "ko-hanja"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Korean",
  "lang_code": "ko",
  "pos": "character",
  "senses": [
    {
      "alt_of": [
        {
          "extra": "slippery",
          "word": "활"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Hanja form of 활 (“slippery”)."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "Hanja",
          "hanja#English"
        ],
        [
          "활",
          "활#Korean"
        ],
        [
          "slippery",
          "slippery"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_tags": [
        "Hanja"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "alt-of",
        "hanja"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "[ɸwa̠ɭ]",
      "tags": [
        "SK-Standard",
        "Seoul"
      ]
    },
    {
      "other": "[활]"
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "Dongguk Jeongun",
    "ko:신증유합"
  ],
  "word": "滑"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Korean Han characters",
    "Korean entries with incorrect language header",
    "Korean lemmas",
    "Korean links with redundant wikilinks",
    "Korean terms derived from Middle Chinese",
    "Korean terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys"
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "alt": "滑稽",
      "english": "humorousness, jocosity, waggery",
      "roman": "golgye",
      "word": "골계"
    },
    {
      "alt": "滑稽傳",
      "roman": "golgyejeon",
      "word": "골계전"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_number": 2,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ko",
        "2": "ltc",
        "3": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle Chinese",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "滑",
        "id": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "滑 (MC kwot)",
      "name": "ltc-l"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "okm",
        "2": "고ᇙ〮"
      },
      "expansion": "고ᇙ〮",
      "name": "lang"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ko",
        "2": "東國正韻 / 동국정운",
        "lit": "",
        "pos": "",
        "sc": "",
        "t": "",
        "tr": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "東國正韻 / 동국정운",
      "name": "l"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ko",
        "2": "s:동국정운",
        "3": "東國正韻 / 동국정운",
        "tr": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "東國正韻 / 동국정운",
      "name": "lw"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "고ᇙ〮",
        "2": "kwólq"
      },
      "expansion": "Recorded as Middle Korean 고ᇙ〮 (Yale: kwólq) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.",
      "name": "hanja-dongguk"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "* Recorded as Middle Korean 고ᇙ〮 (Yale: kwólq) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.",
        "2": "Historical readings",
        "bg": "#FFFFFF"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "collapse"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Middle Chinese 滑 (MC kwot).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "익살스러울 골",
      "roman": "iksalseureoul gol",
      "tags": [
        "eumhun"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "익살스럽다",
        "2": "익살스러울",
        "3": "골"
      },
      "expansion": "滑 (eumhun 익살스러울 골 (iksalseureoul gol))",
      "name": "ko-hanja"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Korean",
  "lang_code": "ko",
  "pos": "character",
  "senses": [
    {
      "alt_of": [
        {
          "extra": "comical",
          "word": "골"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Hanja form of 골 (“comical”)."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "Hanja",
          "hanja#English"
        ],
        [
          "골",
          "골#Korean"
        ],
        [
          "comical",
          "comical"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_tags": [
        "Hanja"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "alt-of",
        "hanja"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "[ko̞ɭ]",
      "tags": [
        "SK-Standard",
        "Seoul"
      ]
    },
    {
      "other": "[골]"
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "Dongguk Jeongun"
  ],
  "word": "滑"
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Korean dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-09 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (4d5d0bb and edd475d). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.