"顔を出す" meaning in Japanese

See 顔を出す in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Verb

Head templates: {{ja-verb|かお を だす|type=1}} 顔(かお)を出(だ)す • (kao o dasu) godan (stem 顔(かお)を出(だ)し (kao o dashi), past 顔(かお)を出(だ)した (kao o dashita)) Forms: 顔を出す [canonical] (ruby: (かお), ()), kao o dasu [romanization], 顔を出し [stem] (ruby: (かお), ()), 顔を出した [past] (ruby: (かお), ()), no-table-tags [table-tags], 顔を出さ [error-unrecognized-form], かおをださ [error-unrecognized-form], kao o dasa [error-unrecognized-form], 顔を出し [error-unrecognized-form], かおをだし [error-unrecognized-form], kao o dashi [error-unrecognized-form], 顔を出す [error-unrecognized-form], かおをだす [error-unrecognized-form], kao o dasu [error-unrecognized-form], 顔を出せ [error-unrecognized-form], かおをだせ [error-unrecognized-form], kao o dase [error-unrecognized-form], 顔を出される [passive], かおをだされる [passive], kao o dasareru [passive], 顔を出させる [causative], 顔を出さす [causative], かおをださせる [causative], かおをださす [causative], kao o dasaseru [causative], kao o dasasu [causative], 顔を出せる [potential], かおをだせる [potential], kao o daseru [potential], 顔を出そう [volitional], かおをだそう [volitional], kao o dasō [volitional], 顔を出さない [negative], かおをださない [negative], kao o dasanai [negative], 顔を出さず [continuative, negative], かおをださず [continuative, negative], kao o dasazu [continuative, negative], 顔を出します [formal], かおをだします [formal], kao o dashimasu [formal], 顔を出した [perfective], かおをだした [perfective], kao o dashita [perfective], 顔を出して [conjunctive], かおをだして [conjunctive], kao o dashite [conjunctive], 顔を出せば [conditional, hypothetical], かおをだせば [conditional, hypothetical], kao o daseba [conditional, hypothetical]
  1. (literally) to put out or show one's face Tags: literally
    Sense id: en-顔を出す-ja-verb-1why44gG Categories (other): Japanese entries with incorrect language header, Japanese links with manual fragments, Japanese links with redundant wikilinks, Japanese terms with 2 kanji, Japanese terms with multiple readings, Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys, Japanese verbs without transitivity, Pages with 1 entry Disambiguation of Japanese entries with incorrect language header: 97 3 Disambiguation of Japanese links with manual fragments: 93 7 Disambiguation of Japanese links with redundant wikilinks: 95 5 Disambiguation of Japanese terms with 2 kanji: 75 25 Disambiguation of Japanese terms with multiple readings: 91 9 Disambiguation of Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys: 95 5 Disambiguation of Japanese verbs without transitivity: 69 31 Disambiguation of Pages with 1 entry: 96 4
  2. (figuratively) to appear; to become visible Tags: figuratively
    Sense id: en-顔を出す-ja-verb-yeTytq3S
{
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "顔を出す",
      "ruby": [
        [
          "顔",
          "かお"
        ],
        [
          "出",
          "だ"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "canonical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kao o dasu",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "顔を出し",
      "roman": "kao o dashi",
      "ruby": [
        [
          "顔",
          "かお"
        ],
        [
          "出",
          "だ"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "stem"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "顔を出した",
      "roman": "kao o dashita",
      "ruby": [
        [
          "顔",
          "かお"
        ],
        [
          "出",
          "だ"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ja-go-su",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "顔を出さ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "かおをださ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kao o dasa",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "顔を出し",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "かおをだし",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kao o dashi",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "顔を出す",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "かおをだす",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kao o dasu",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "顔を出せ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "かおをだせ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kao o dase",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "顔を出される",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "passive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "かおをだされる",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "passive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kao o dasareru",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "passive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "顔を出させる",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "顔を出さす",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "かおをださせる",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "かおをださす",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kao o dasaseru",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kao o dasasu",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "顔を出せる",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "potential"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "かおをだせる",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "potential"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kao o daseru",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "potential"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "顔を出そう",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "volitional"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "かおをだそう",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "volitional"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kao o dasō",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "volitional"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "顔を出さない",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "かおをださない",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kao o dasanai",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "顔を出さず",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "continuative",
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "かおをださず",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "continuative",
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kao o dasazu",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "continuative",
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "顔を出します",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "かおをだします",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kao o dashimasu",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "顔を出した",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "perfective"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "かおをだした",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "perfective"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kao o dashita",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "perfective"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "顔を出して",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "かおをだして",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kao o dashite",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "顔を出せば",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "hypothetical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "かおをだせば",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "hypothetical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kao o daseba",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "hypothetical"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "かお を だす",
        "type": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "顔(かお)を出(だ)す • (kao o dasu) godan (stem 顔(かお)を出(だ)し (kao o dashi), past 顔(かお)を出(だ)した (kao o dashita))",
      "name": "ja-verb"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Japanese",
  "lang_code": "ja",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "97 3",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "93 7",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Japanese links with manual fragments",
          "parents": [
            "Links with manual fragments",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "95 5",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
          "parents": [
            "Links with redundant wikilinks",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "75 25",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Japanese terms with 2 kanji",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "91 9",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Japanese terms with multiple readings",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "95 5",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
          "parents": [
            "Terms with redundant sortkeys",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "69 31",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Japanese verbs without transitivity",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "96 4",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 1 entry",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "to pop up out of the pocket",
          "literal_meaning": "to show one's face from the inside of the pocket",
          "roman": "poketto no naka kara kao o dasu",
          "ruby": [
            [
              "中",
              "なか"
            ],
            [
              "顔",
              "かお"
            ],
            [
              "出",
              "だ"
            ]
          ],
          "text": "ポケットの中から顔を出す",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to put out or show one's face"
      ],
      "id": "en-顔を出す-ja-verb-1why44gG",
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(literally) to put out or show one's face"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "literally"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "when the sun appears",
          "roman": "taiyō ga kao o dasu toki",
          "ruby": [
            [
              "太陽",
              "たいよう"
            ],
            [
              "顔",
              "かお"
            ],
            [
              "出",
              "だ"
            ],
            [
              "時",
              "とき"
            ]
          ],
          "text": "太陽が顔を出す時",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to appear; to become visible"
      ],
      "id": "en-顔を出す-ja-verb-yeTytq3S",
      "links": [
        [
          "appear",
          "appear"
        ],
        [
          "visible",
          "visible"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(figuratively) to appear; to become visible"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "figuratively"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "顔を出す"
}
{
  "categories": [
    "Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
    "Japanese lemmas",
    "Japanese links with manual fragments",
    "Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
    "Japanese terms spelled with first grade kanji",
    "Japanese terms spelled with second grade kanji",
    "Japanese terms spelled with を",
    "Japanese terms with 2 kanji",
    "Japanese terms with multiple readings",
    "Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
    "Japanese type 1 verbs",
    "Japanese verbs",
    "Japanese verbs without transitivity",
    "Pages with 1 entry"
  ],
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "顔を出す",
      "ruby": [
        [
          "顔",
          "かお"
        ],
        [
          "出",
          "だ"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "canonical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kao o dasu",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "顔を出し",
      "roman": "kao o dashi",
      "ruby": [
        [
          "顔",
          "かお"
        ],
        [
          "出",
          "だ"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "stem"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "顔を出した",
      "roman": "kao o dashita",
      "ruby": [
        [
          "顔",
          "かお"
        ],
        [
          "出",
          "だ"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ja-go-su",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "顔を出さ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "かおをださ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kao o dasa",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "顔を出し",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "かおをだし",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kao o dashi",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "顔を出す",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "かおをだす",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kao o dasu",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "顔を出せ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "かおをだせ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kao o dase",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "顔を出される",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "passive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "かおをだされる",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "passive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kao o dasareru",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "passive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "顔を出させる",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "顔を出さす",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "かおをださせる",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "かおをださす",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kao o dasaseru",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kao o dasasu",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "顔を出せる",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "potential"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "かおをだせる",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "potential"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kao o daseru",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "potential"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "顔を出そう",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "volitional"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "かおをだそう",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "volitional"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kao o dasō",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "volitional"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "顔を出さない",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "かおをださない",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kao o dasanai",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "顔を出さず",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "continuative",
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "かおをださず",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "continuative",
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kao o dasazu",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "continuative",
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "顔を出します",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "かおをだします",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kao o dashimasu",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "顔を出した",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "perfective"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "かおをだした",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "perfective"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kao o dashita",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "perfective"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "顔を出して",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "かおをだして",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kao o dashite",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "顔を出せば",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "hypothetical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "かおをだせば",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "hypothetical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kao o daseba",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "hypothetical"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "かお を だす",
        "type": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "顔(かお)を出(だ)す • (kao o dasu) godan (stem 顔(かお)を出(だ)し (kao o dashi), past 顔(かお)を出(だ)した (kao o dashita))",
      "name": "ja-verb"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Japanese",
  "lang_code": "ja",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Japanese terms with usage examples"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "to pop up out of the pocket",
          "literal_meaning": "to show one's face from the inside of the pocket",
          "roman": "poketto no naka kara kao o dasu",
          "ruby": [
            [
              "中",
              "なか"
            ],
            [
              "顔",
              "かお"
            ],
            [
              "出",
              "だ"
            ]
          ],
          "text": "ポケットの中から顔を出す",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to put out or show one's face"
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(literally) to put out or show one's face"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "literally"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Japanese terms with usage examples"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "when the sun appears",
          "roman": "taiyō ga kao o dasu toki",
          "ruby": [
            [
              "太陽",
              "たいよう"
            ],
            [
              "顔",
              "かお"
            ],
            [
              "出",
              "だ"
            ],
            [
              "時",
              "とき"
            ]
          ],
          "text": "太陽が顔を出す時",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to appear; to become visible"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "appear",
          "appear"
        ],
        [
          "visible",
          "visible"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(figuratively) to appear; to become visible"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "figuratively"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "顔を出す"
}

Download raw JSONL data for 顔を出す meaning in Japanese (6.0kB)

{
  "called_from": "parser/1336",
  "msg": "no corresponding start tag found for </span>",
  "path": [
    "顔を出す"
  ],
  "section": "Japanese",
  "subsection": "verb",
  "title": "顔を出す",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "inflection/735",
  "msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Mizenkei (\"imperfective\")'",
  "path": [
    "顔を出す"
  ],
  "section": "Japanese",
  "subsection": "verb",
  "title": "顔を出す",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "inflection/735",
  "msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Ren’yōkei (\"continuative\")'",
  "path": [
    "顔を出す"
  ],
  "section": "Japanese",
  "subsection": "verb",
  "title": "顔を出す",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "inflection/735",
  "msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Shūshikei (\"terminal\")'",
  "path": [
    "顔を出す"
  ],
  "section": "Japanese",
  "subsection": "verb",
  "title": "顔を出す",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "inflection/735",
  "msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Rentaikei (\"attributive\")'",
  "path": [
    "顔を出す"
  ],
  "section": "Japanese",
  "subsection": "verb",
  "title": "顔を出す",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "inflection/735",
  "msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Kateikei (\"hypothetical\")'",
  "path": [
    "顔を出す"
  ],
  "section": "Japanese",
  "subsection": "verb",
  "title": "顔を出す",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "inflection/735",
  "msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Meireikei (\"imperative\")'",
  "path": [
    "顔を出す"
  ],
  "section": "Japanese",
  "subsection": "verb",
  "title": "顔を出す",
  "trace": ""
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Japanese dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-09-22 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-09-20 using wiktextract (af5c55c and 66545a6). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.