See 荒唐 in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "荒唐",
"ruby": [
[
"荒",
"こう"
],
[
"唐",
"とう"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "kōtō",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "こうとう"
},
"expansion": "荒(こう)唐(とう) • (kōtō)",
"name": "ja-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "46 54",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with 2 kanji",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"absurdity"
],
"id": "en-荒唐-ja-noun-YvQp8bms",
"links": [
[
"absurdity",
"absurdity"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ko̞ːto̞ː]"
}
],
"word": "荒唐"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "荒唐",
"ruby": [
[
"荒",
"こう"
],
[
"唐",
"とう"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "kōtō",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "荒唐な",
"roman": "kōtō na",
"ruby": [
[
"荒",
"こう"
],
[
"唐",
"とう"
]
],
"tags": [
"adnominal"
]
},
{
"form": "荒唐に",
"roman": "kōtō ni",
"ruby": [
[
"荒",
"こう"
],
[
"唐",
"とう"
]
],
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ja-na",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "荒唐だろ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperfective",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "こうとうだろ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperfective",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "kōtō daro",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
]
},
{
"form": "荒唐で",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "こうとうで",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "kōtō de",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"continuative"
]
},
{
"form": "荒唐だ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"stem",
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "こうとうだ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"stem",
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "kōtō da",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "荒唐な",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"attributive",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "こうとうな",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"attributive",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "kōtō na",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"attributive"
]
},
{
"form": "荒唐なら",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"hypothetical",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "こうとうなら",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"hypothetical",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "kōtō nara",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"hypothetical"
]
},
{
"form": "荒唐であれ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "こうとうであれ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "kōtō de are",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative"
]
},
{
"form": "荒唐ではない",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "荒唐じゃない",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "こうとうではない",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "こうとうじゃない",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "kōtō de wa nai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "kōtō ja nai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "荒唐だった",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "こうとうだった",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "kōtō datta",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "荒唐ではなかった",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "荒唐じゃなかった",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "こうとうではなかった",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "こうとうじゃなかった",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "kōtō de wa nakatta",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "kōtō ja nakatta",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "荒唐です",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "こうとうです",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "kōtō desu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "荒唐ではありません",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "荒唐じゃありません",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "こうとうではありません",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "こうとうじゃありません",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "kōtō de wa arimasen",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "kōtō ja arimasen",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "荒唐でした",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "こうとうでした",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "kōtō deshita",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "荒唐ではありませんでした",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "荒唐じゃありませんでした",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "こうとうではありませんでした",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "こうとうじゃありませんでした",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "kōtō de wa arimasen deshita",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "kōtō ja arimasen deshita",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "荒唐で",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "こうとうで",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "kōtō de",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "荒唐なら（ば）",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conditional"
]
},
{
"form": "こうとうなら（ば）",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conditional"
]
},
{
"form": "kōtō nara (ba)",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conditional"
]
},
{
"form": "荒唐だったら",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "こうとうだったら",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "kōtō dattara",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "荒唐だろう",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "こうとうだろう",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "kōtō darō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "荒唐に",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
},
{
"form": "こうとうに",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
},
{
"form": "kōtō ni",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
},
{
"form": "荒唐さ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"noun-from-adj"
]
},
{
"form": "こうとうさ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"noun-from-adj"
]
},
{
"form": "kōtōsa",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"noun-from-adj"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "こうとう",
"infl": "na"
},
"expansion": "荒(こう)唐(とう) • (kōtō) -na (adnominal 荒(こう)唐(とう)な (kōtō na), adverbial 荒(こう)唐(とう)に (kōtō ni))",
"name": "ja-adj"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"adverbial": ". に",
"attributive": ". な",
"conditional": ". なら（ば）",
"conjunctive": ". で",
"continuative": ". で",
"degree": "さ",
"formal": ". です",
"formal_negative": ". で は ありません",
"formal_negative2": ". じゃ ありません",
"formal_negative_past": ". で は ありません でした",
"formal_negative_past2": ". じゃ ありません でした",
"formal_past": ". でした",
"hypothetical": ". なら",
"imperative": ". で あれ",
"imperfective": ". だろ",
"informal_negative": ". で は ない",
"informal_negative2": ". じゃ ない",
"informal_negative_past": ". で は なかった",
"informal_negative_past2": ". じゃ なかった",
"informal_past": ". だった",
"kana": "こうとう",
"lemma": "荒唐",
"provisional": ". だったら",
"terminal": ". だ",
"volitional": ". だろう"
},
"name": "ja-adj-infl"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "66 34",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "90 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant wikilinks",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "46 54",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with 2 kanji",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "72 28",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with multiple readings",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "90 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant sortkeys",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"absurd; ridiculous; nonsensical"
],
"id": "en-荒唐-ja-adj-vnvYYk~t",
"links": [
[
"absurd",
"absurd"
],
[
"ridiculous",
"ridiculous"
],
[
"nonsensical",
"nonsensical"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ko̞ːto̞ː]"
}
],
"word": "荒唐"
}
{
"categories": [
"Japanese adjectives",
"Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"Japanese lemmas",
"Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"Japanese nouns",
"Japanese terms spelled with secondary school kanji",
"Japanese terms with 2 kanji",
"Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation missing pitch accent",
"Japanese terms with multiple readings",
"Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
"Japanese な-na adjectives",
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"forms": [
{
"form": "荒唐",
"ruby": [
[
"荒",
"こう"
],
[
"唐",
"とう"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "kōtō",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "こうとう"
},
"expansion": "荒(こう)唐(とう) • (kōtō)",
"name": "ja-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"absurdity"
],
"links": [
[
"absurdity",
"absurdity"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ko̞ːto̞ː]"
}
],
"word": "荒唐"
}
{
"categories": [
"Japanese adjectives",
"Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"Japanese lemmas",
"Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"Japanese nouns",
"Japanese terms spelled with secondary school kanji",
"Japanese terms with 2 kanji",
"Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation missing pitch accent",
"Japanese terms with multiple readings",
"Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
"Japanese な-na adjectives",
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"forms": [
{
"form": "荒唐",
"ruby": [
[
"荒",
"こう"
],
[
"唐",
"とう"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "kōtō",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "荒唐な",
"roman": "kōtō na",
"ruby": [
[
"荒",
"こう"
],
[
"唐",
"とう"
]
],
"tags": [
"adnominal"
]
},
{
"form": "荒唐に",
"roman": "kōtō ni",
"ruby": [
[
"荒",
"こう"
],
[
"唐",
"とう"
]
],
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ja-na",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "荒唐だろ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperfective",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "こうとうだろ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperfective",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "kōtō daro",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
]
},
{
"form": "荒唐で",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "こうとうで",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "kōtō de",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"continuative"
]
},
{
"form": "荒唐だ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"stem",
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "こうとうだ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"stem",
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "kōtō da",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "荒唐な",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"attributive",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "こうとうな",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"attributive",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "kōtō na",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"attributive"
]
},
{
"form": "荒唐なら",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"hypothetical",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "こうとうなら",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"hypothetical",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "kōtō nara",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"hypothetical"
]
},
{
"form": "荒唐であれ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "こうとうであれ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "kōtō de are",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative"
]
},
{
"form": "荒唐ではない",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "荒唐じゃない",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "こうとうではない",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "こうとうじゃない",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "kōtō de wa nai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "kōtō ja nai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "荒唐だった",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "こうとうだった",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "kōtō datta",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "荒唐ではなかった",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "荒唐じゃなかった",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "こうとうではなかった",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "こうとうじゃなかった",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "kōtō de wa nakatta",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "kōtō ja nakatta",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "荒唐です",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "こうとうです",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "kōtō desu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "荒唐ではありません",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "荒唐じゃありません",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "こうとうではありません",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "こうとうじゃありません",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "kōtō de wa arimasen",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "kōtō ja arimasen",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "荒唐でした",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "こうとうでした",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "kōtō deshita",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "荒唐ではありませんでした",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "荒唐じゃありませんでした",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "こうとうではありませんでした",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "こうとうじゃありませんでした",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "kōtō de wa arimasen deshita",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "kōtō ja arimasen deshita",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "荒唐で",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "こうとうで",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "kōtō de",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "荒唐なら（ば）",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conditional"
]
},
{
"form": "こうとうなら（ば）",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conditional"
]
},
{
"form": "kōtō nara (ba)",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conditional"
]
},
{
"form": "荒唐だったら",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "こうとうだったら",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "kōtō dattara",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "荒唐だろう",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "こうとうだろう",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "kōtō darō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "荒唐に",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
},
{
"form": "こうとうに",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
},
{
"form": "kōtō ni",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
},
{
"form": "荒唐さ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"noun-from-adj"
]
},
{
"form": "こうとうさ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"noun-from-adj"
]
},
{
"form": "kōtōsa",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"noun-from-adj"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "こうとう",
"infl": "na"
},
"expansion": "荒(こう)唐(とう) • (kōtō) -na (adnominal 荒(こう)唐(とう)な (kōtō na), adverbial 荒(こう)唐(とう)に (kōtō ni))",
"name": "ja-adj"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"adverbial": ". に",
"attributive": ". な",
"conditional": ". なら（ば）",
"conjunctive": ". で",
"continuative": ". で",
"degree": "さ",
"formal": ". です",
"formal_negative": ". で は ありません",
"formal_negative2": ". じゃ ありません",
"formal_negative_past": ". で は ありません でした",
"formal_negative_past2": ". じゃ ありません でした",
"formal_past": ". でした",
"hypothetical": ". なら",
"imperative": ". で あれ",
"imperfective": ". だろ",
"informal_negative": ". で は ない",
"informal_negative2": ". じゃ ない",
"informal_negative_past": ". で は なかった",
"informal_negative_past2": ". じゃ なかった",
"informal_past": ". だった",
"kana": "こうとう",
"lemma": "荒唐",
"provisional": ". だったら",
"terminal": ". だ",
"volitional": ". だろう"
},
"name": "ja-adj-infl"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"absurd; ridiculous; nonsensical"
],
"links": [
[
"absurd",
"absurd"
],
[
"ridiculous",
"ridiculous"
],
[
"nonsensical",
"nonsensical"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ko̞ːto̞ː]"
}
],
"word": "荒唐"
}
Download raw JSONL data for 荒唐 meaning in Japanese (9.3kB)
{
"called_from": "parser/1336",
"msg": "no corresponding start tag found for </span>",
"path": [
"荒唐"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "荒唐",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "parser/1336",
"msg": "no corresponding start tag found for </span>",
"path": [
"荒唐"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "adjective",
"title": "荒唐",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Japanese dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-11-06 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-10-02 using wiktextract (fbeafe8 and 7f03c9b). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.