See 特有 in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "特有",
"ruby": [
[
"特",
"とく"
],
[
"有",
"ゆう"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "tokuyū",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "特有な",
"roman": "tokuyū na",
"ruby": [
[
"特",
"とく"
],
[
"有",
"ゆう"
]
],
"tags": [
"adnominal"
]
},
{
"form": "特有に",
"roman": "tokuyū ni",
"ruby": [
[
"特",
"とく"
],
[
"有",
"ゆう"
]
],
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ja-na",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "特有だろ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperfective",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "とくゆうだろ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperfective",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "tokuyū daro",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
]
},
{
"form": "特有で",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "とくゆうで",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "tokuyū de",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"continuative"
]
},
{
"form": "特有だ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"stem",
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "とくゆうだ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"stem",
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "tokuyū da",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "特有な",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"attributive",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "とくゆうな",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"attributive",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "tokuyū na",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"attributive"
]
},
{
"form": "特有なら",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"hypothetical",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "とくゆうなら",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"hypothetical",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "tokuyū nara",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"hypothetical"
]
},
{
"form": "特有であれ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "とくゆうであれ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "tokuyū de are",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative"
]
},
{
"form": "特有ではない",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "特有じゃない",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "とくゆうではない",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "とくゆうじゃない",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "tokuyū de wa nai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "tokuyū ja nai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "特有だった",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "とくゆうだった",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "tokuyū datta",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "特有ではなかった",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "特有じゃなかった",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "とくゆうではなかった",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "とくゆうじゃなかった",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "tokuyū de wa nakatta",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "tokuyū ja nakatta",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "特有です",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "とくゆうです",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "tokuyū desu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "特有ではありません",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "特有じゃありません",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "とくゆうではありません",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "とくゆうじゃありません",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "tokuyū de wa arimasen",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "tokuyū ja arimasen",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "特有でした",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "とくゆうでした",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "tokuyū deshita",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "特有ではありませんでした",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "特有じゃありませんでした",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "とくゆうではありませんでした",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "とくゆうじゃありませんでした",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "tokuyū de wa arimasen deshita",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "tokuyū ja arimasen deshita",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "特有で",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "とくゆうで",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "tokuyū de",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "特有なら（ば）",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conditional"
]
},
{
"form": "とくゆうなら（ば）",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conditional"
]
},
{
"form": "tokuyū nara (ba)",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conditional"
]
},
{
"form": "特有だったら",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "とくゆうだったら",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "tokuyū dattara",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "特有だろう",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "とくゆうだろう",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "tokuyū darō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "特有に",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
},
{
"form": "とくゆうに",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
},
{
"form": "tokuyū ni",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
},
{
"form": "特有さ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"noun-from-adj"
]
},
{
"form": "とくゆうさ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"noun-from-adj"
]
},
{
"form": "tokuyūsa",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"noun-from-adj"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "とくゆう",
"infl": "na"
},
"expansion": "特(とく)有(ゆう) • (tokuyū) -na (adnominal 特(とく)有(ゆう)な (tokuyū na), adverbial 特(とく)有(ゆう)に (tokuyū ni))",
"name": "ja-adj"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"adverbial": ". に",
"attributive": ". な",
"conditional": ". なら（ば）",
"conjunctive": ". で",
"continuative": ". で",
"degree": "さ",
"formal": ". です",
"formal_negative": ". で は ありません",
"formal_negative2": ". じゃ ありません",
"formal_negative_past": ". で は ありません でした",
"formal_negative_past2": ". じゃ ありません でした",
"formal_past": ". でした",
"hypothetical": ". なら",
"imperative": ". で あれ",
"imperfective": ". だろ",
"informal_negative": ". で は ない",
"informal_negative2": ". じゃ ない",
"informal_negative_past": ". で は なかった",
"informal_negative_past2": ". じゃ なかった",
"informal_past": ". だった",
"kana": "とくゆう",
"lemma": "特有",
"provisional": ". だったら",
"terminal": ". だ",
"volitional": ". だろう"
},
"name": "ja-adj-infl"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "66 34",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "91 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant wikilinks",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "33 67",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with 2 kanji",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "74 26",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with multiple readings",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "91 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant sortkeys",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"peculiar to, specific to"
],
"id": "en-特有-ja-adj-1LN0BMeb",
"links": [
[
"peculiar",
"peculiar"
],
[
"specific",
"specific"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"other": "とくゆう"
},
{
"ipa": "[to̞kɯ̟jɯ̟ː]"
}
],
"word": "特有"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "特有",
"ruby": [
[
"特",
"とく"
],
[
"有",
"ゆう"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "tokuyū",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "とくゆう"
},
"expansion": "特(とく)有(ゆう) • (tokuyū)",
"name": "ja-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "33 67",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with 2 kanji",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"peculiarity"
],
"id": "en-特有-ja-noun-o0yVUZEN",
"links": [
[
"peculiarity",
"peculiarity"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"other": "とくゆう"
},
{
"ipa": "[to̞kɯ̟jɯ̟ː]"
}
],
"word": "特有"
}
{
"categories": [
"Japanese adjectives",
"Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"Japanese lemmas",
"Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"Japanese nouns",
"Japanese terms spelled with fourth grade kanji",
"Japanese terms spelled with third grade kanji",
"Japanese terms with 2 kanji",
"Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Japanese terms with multiple readings",
"Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
"Japanese な-na adjectives",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"forms": [
{
"form": "特有",
"ruby": [
[
"特",
"とく"
],
[
"有",
"ゆう"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "tokuyū",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "特有な",
"roman": "tokuyū na",
"ruby": [
[
"特",
"とく"
],
[
"有",
"ゆう"
]
],
"tags": [
"adnominal"
]
},
{
"form": "特有に",
"roman": "tokuyū ni",
"ruby": [
[
"特",
"とく"
],
[
"有",
"ゆう"
]
],
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ja-na",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "特有だろ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperfective",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "とくゆうだろ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperfective",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "tokuyū daro",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
]
},
{
"form": "特有で",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "とくゆうで",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "tokuyū de",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"continuative"
]
},
{
"form": "特有だ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"stem",
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "とくゆうだ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"stem",
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "tokuyū da",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "特有な",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"attributive",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "とくゆうな",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"attributive",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "tokuyū na",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"attributive"
]
},
{
"form": "特有なら",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"hypothetical",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "とくゆうなら",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"hypothetical",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "tokuyū nara",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"hypothetical"
]
},
{
"form": "特有であれ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "とくゆうであれ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "tokuyū de are",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative"
]
},
{
"form": "特有ではない",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "特有じゃない",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "とくゆうではない",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "とくゆうじゃない",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "tokuyū de wa nai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "tokuyū ja nai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "特有だった",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "とくゆうだった",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "tokuyū datta",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "特有ではなかった",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "特有じゃなかった",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "とくゆうではなかった",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "とくゆうじゃなかった",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "tokuyū de wa nakatta",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "tokuyū ja nakatta",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "特有です",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "とくゆうです",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "tokuyū desu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "特有ではありません",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "特有じゃありません",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "とくゆうではありません",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "とくゆうじゃありません",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "tokuyū de wa arimasen",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "tokuyū ja arimasen",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "特有でした",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "とくゆうでした",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "tokuyū deshita",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "特有ではありませんでした",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "特有じゃありませんでした",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "とくゆうではありませんでした",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "とくゆうじゃありませんでした",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "tokuyū de wa arimasen deshita",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "tokuyū ja arimasen deshita",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "特有で",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "とくゆうで",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "tokuyū de",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "特有なら（ば）",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conditional"
]
},
{
"form": "とくゆうなら（ば）",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conditional"
]
},
{
"form": "tokuyū nara (ba)",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conditional"
]
},
{
"form": "特有だったら",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "とくゆうだったら",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "tokuyū dattara",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "特有だろう",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "とくゆうだろう",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "tokuyū darō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "特有に",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
},
{
"form": "とくゆうに",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
},
{
"form": "tokuyū ni",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
},
{
"form": "特有さ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"noun-from-adj"
]
},
{
"form": "とくゆうさ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"noun-from-adj"
]
},
{
"form": "tokuyūsa",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"noun-from-adj"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "とくゆう",
"infl": "na"
},
"expansion": "特(とく)有(ゆう) • (tokuyū) -na (adnominal 特(とく)有(ゆう)な (tokuyū na), adverbial 特(とく)有(ゆう)に (tokuyū ni))",
"name": "ja-adj"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"adverbial": ". に",
"attributive": ". な",
"conditional": ". なら（ば）",
"conjunctive": ". で",
"continuative": ". で",
"degree": "さ",
"formal": ". です",
"formal_negative": ". で は ありません",
"formal_negative2": ". じゃ ありません",
"formal_negative_past": ". で は ありません でした",
"formal_negative_past2": ". じゃ ありません でした",
"formal_past": ". でした",
"hypothetical": ". なら",
"imperative": ". で あれ",
"imperfective": ". だろ",
"informal_negative": ". で は ない",
"informal_negative2": ". じゃ ない",
"informal_negative_past": ". で は なかった",
"informal_negative_past2": ". じゃ なかった",
"informal_past": ". だった",
"kana": "とくゆう",
"lemma": "特有",
"provisional": ". だったら",
"terminal": ". だ",
"volitional": ". だろう"
},
"name": "ja-adj-infl"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"peculiar to, specific to"
],
"links": [
[
"peculiar",
"peculiar"
],
[
"specific",
"specific"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"other": "とくゆう"
},
{
"ipa": "[to̞kɯ̟jɯ̟ː]"
}
],
"word": "特有"
}
{
"categories": [
"Japanese adjectives",
"Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"Japanese lemmas",
"Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"Japanese nouns",
"Japanese terms spelled with fourth grade kanji",
"Japanese terms spelled with third grade kanji",
"Japanese terms with 2 kanji",
"Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Japanese terms with multiple readings",
"Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
"Japanese な-na adjectives",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"forms": [
{
"form": "特有",
"ruby": [
[
"特",
"とく"
],
[
"有",
"ゆう"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "tokuyū",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "とくゆう"
},
"expansion": "特(とく)有(ゆう) • (tokuyū)",
"name": "ja-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"peculiarity"
],
"links": [
[
"peculiarity",
"peculiarity"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"other": "とくゆう"
},
{
"ipa": "[to̞kɯ̟jɯ̟ː]"
}
],
"word": "特有"
}
Download raw JSONL data for 特有 meaning in Japanese (9.3kB)
{
"called_from": "parser/1336",
"msg": "no corresponding start tag found for </span>",
"path": [
"特有"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "adjective",
"title": "特有",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "parser/1336",
"msg": "no corresponding start tag found for </span>",
"path": [
"特有"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "特有",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Japanese dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-11-06 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-10-02 using wiktextract (fbeafe8 and 7f03c9b). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.