"熟練" meaning in Japanese

See 熟練 in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Noun

Forms: 熟練 [canonical] (ruby: (じゅく), (れん)), jukuren [romanization]
Head templates: {{ja-noun|じゅくれん}} 熟(じゅく)練(れん) • (jukuren)
  1. skill, proficiency, dexterity
    Sense id: en-熟練-ja-noun-gbK68lCv Categories (other): Japanese entries with incorrect language header, Japanese links with redundant wikilinks, Japanese terms with 2 kanji, Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys, Japanese verbs without transitivity Disambiguation of Japanese entries with incorrect language header: 64 36 Disambiguation of Japanese links with redundant wikilinks: 91 9 Disambiguation of Japanese terms with 2 kanji: 66 34 Disambiguation of Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys: 91 9 Disambiguation of Japanese verbs without transitivity: 63 37

Verb

Forms: 熟練する [canonical] (ruby: (じゅく), (れん)), jukuren suru [romanization], 熟練し [stem] (ruby: (じゅく), (れん)), 熟練した [past] (ruby: (じゅく), (れん)), no-table-tags [table-tags], 熟練し [error-unrecognized-form], じゅくれんし [error-unrecognized-form], jukuren shi [error-unrecognized-form], 熟練する [error-unrecognized-form], じゅくれんする [error-unrecognized-form], jukuren suru [error-unrecognized-form], 熟練すれ [error-unrecognized-form], じゅくれんすれ [error-unrecognized-form], jukuren sure [error-unrecognized-form], 熟練せよ [error-unrecognized-form, imperative, literary], 熟練しろ [colloquial, error-unrecognized-form, imperative], じゅくれんせよ [error-unrecognized-form, imperative, literary], じゅくれんしろ [colloquial, error-unrecognized-form, imperative], jukuren seyo [error-unrecognized-form, imperative, literary], jukuren shiro [colloquial, error-unrecognized-form, imperative], 熟練される [passive], じゅくれんされる [passive], jukuren sareru [passive], 熟練させる [causative], 熟練さす [causative], じゅくれんさせる [causative], じゅくれんさす [causative], jukuren saseru [causative], jukuren sasu [causative], 熟練できる [potential], じゅくれんできる [potential], jukuren dekiru [potential], 熟練しよう [volitional], じゅくれんしよう [volitional], jukuren shiyō [volitional], 熟練しない [negative], じゅくれんしない [negative], jukuren shinai [negative], 熟練せず [continuative, negative], じゅくれんせず [continuative, negative], jukuren sezu [continuative, negative], 熟練します [formal], じゅくれんします [formal], jukuren shimasu [formal], 熟練した [perfective], じゅくれんした [perfective], jukuren shita [perfective], 熟練して [conjunctive], じゅくれんして [conjunctive], jukuren shite [conjunctive], 熟練すれば [conditional, hypothetical], じゅくれんすれば [conditional, hypothetical], jukuren sureba [conditional, hypothetical]
  1. be skilled, be proficient, be an expert
    Sense id: en-熟練-ja-verb-6AeafJuN
{
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "熟練",
      "ruby": [
        [
          "熟",
          "じゅく"
        ],
        [
          "練",
          "れん"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "canonical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "jukuren",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "じゅくれん"
      },
      "expansion": "熟(じゅく)練(れん) • (jukuren)",
      "name": "ja-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Japanese",
  "lang_code": "ja",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "64 36",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "91 9",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
          "parents": [
            "Links with redundant wikilinks",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "66 34",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Japanese terms with 2 kanji",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "91 9",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
          "parents": [
            "Terms with redundant sortkeys",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "63 37",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Japanese verbs without transitivity",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "skill, proficiency, dexterity"
      ],
      "id": "en-熟練-ja-noun-gbK68lCv",
      "links": [
        [
          "skill",
          "skill"
        ],
        [
          "proficiency",
          "proficiency"
        ],
        [
          "dexterity",
          "dexterity"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "熟練"
}

{
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "熟練する",
      "ruby": [
        [
          "熟",
          "じゅく"
        ],
        [
          "練",
          "れん"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "canonical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "jukuren suru",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "熟練し",
      "roman": "jukuren shi",
      "ruby": [
        [
          "熟",
          "じゅく"
        ],
        [
          "練",
          "れん"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "stem"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "熟練した",
      "roman": "jukuren shita",
      "ruby": [
        [
          "熟",
          "じゅく"
        ],
        [
          "練",
          "れん"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ja-suru",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "熟練し",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "じゅくれんし",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "jukuren shi",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "熟練する",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "じゅくれんする",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "jukuren suru",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "熟練すれ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "じゅくれんすれ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "jukuren sure",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "熟練せよ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "imperative",
        "literary"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "熟練しろ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "colloquial",
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "imperative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "じゅくれんせよ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "imperative",
        "literary"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "じゅくれんしろ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "colloquial",
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "imperative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "jukuren seyo",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "imperative",
        "literary"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "jukuren shiro",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "colloquial",
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "imperative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "熟練される",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "passive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "じゅくれんされる",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "passive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "jukuren sareru",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "passive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "熟練させる",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "熟練さす",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "じゅくれんさせる",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "じゅくれんさす",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "jukuren saseru",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "jukuren sasu",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "熟練できる",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "potential"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "じゅくれんできる",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "potential"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "jukuren dekiru",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "potential"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "熟練しよう",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "volitional"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "じゅくれんしよう",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "volitional"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "jukuren shiyō",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "volitional"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "熟練しない",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "じゅくれんしない",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "jukuren shinai",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "熟練せず",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "continuative",
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "じゅくれんせず",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "continuative",
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "jukuren sezu",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "continuative",
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "熟練します",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "じゅくれんします",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "jukuren shimasu",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "熟練した",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "perfective"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "じゅくれんした",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "perfective"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "jukuren shita",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "perfective"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "熟練して",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "じゅくれんして",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "jukuren shite",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "熟練すれば",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "hypothetical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "じゅくれんすれば",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "hypothetical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "jukuren sureba",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "hypothetical"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Japanese",
  "lang_code": "ja",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "be skilled, be proficient, be an expert"
      ],
      "id": "en-熟練-ja-verb-6AeafJuN",
      "links": [
        [
          "proficient",
          "proficient"
        ],
        [
          "expert",
          "expert"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "熟練"
}
{
  "categories": [
    "Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
    "Japanese lemmas",
    "Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
    "Japanese nouns",
    "Japanese suru verbs",
    "Japanese terms spelled with sixth grade kanji",
    "Japanese terms spelled with third grade kanji",
    "Japanese terms with 2 kanji",
    "Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
    "Japanese verbs",
    "Japanese verbs without transitivity",
    "Pages with 2 entries",
    "Pages with entries"
  ],
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "熟練",
      "ruby": [
        [
          "熟",
          "じゅく"
        ],
        [
          "練",
          "れん"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "canonical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "jukuren",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "じゅくれん"
      },
      "expansion": "熟(じゅく)練(れん) • (jukuren)",
      "name": "ja-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Japanese",
  "lang_code": "ja",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "skill, proficiency, dexterity"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "skill",
          "skill"
        ],
        [
          "proficiency",
          "proficiency"
        ],
        [
          "dexterity",
          "dexterity"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "熟練"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
    "Japanese lemmas",
    "Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
    "Japanese nouns",
    "Japanese suru verbs",
    "Japanese terms spelled with sixth grade kanji",
    "Japanese terms spelled with third grade kanji",
    "Japanese terms with 2 kanji",
    "Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
    "Japanese verbs",
    "Japanese verbs without transitivity",
    "Pages with 2 entries",
    "Pages with entries"
  ],
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "熟練する",
      "ruby": [
        [
          "熟",
          "じゅく"
        ],
        [
          "練",
          "れん"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "canonical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "jukuren suru",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "熟練し",
      "roman": "jukuren shi",
      "ruby": [
        [
          "熟",
          "じゅく"
        ],
        [
          "練",
          "れん"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "stem"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "熟練した",
      "roman": "jukuren shita",
      "ruby": [
        [
          "熟",
          "じゅく"
        ],
        [
          "練",
          "れん"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ja-suru",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "熟練し",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "じゅくれんし",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "jukuren shi",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "熟練する",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "じゅくれんする",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "jukuren suru",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "熟練すれ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "じゅくれんすれ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "jukuren sure",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "熟練せよ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "imperative",
        "literary"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "熟練しろ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "colloquial",
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "imperative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "じゅくれんせよ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "imperative",
        "literary"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "じゅくれんしろ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "colloquial",
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "imperative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "jukuren seyo",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "imperative",
        "literary"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "jukuren shiro",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "colloquial",
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "imperative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "熟練される",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "passive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "じゅくれんされる",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "passive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "jukuren sareru",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "passive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "熟練させる",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "熟練さす",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "じゅくれんさせる",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "じゅくれんさす",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "jukuren saseru",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "jukuren sasu",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "熟練できる",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "potential"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "じゅくれんできる",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "potential"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "jukuren dekiru",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "potential"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "熟練しよう",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "volitional"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "じゅくれんしよう",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "volitional"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "jukuren shiyō",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "volitional"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "熟練しない",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "じゅくれんしない",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "jukuren shinai",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "熟練せず",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "continuative",
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "じゅくれんせず",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "continuative",
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "jukuren sezu",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "continuative",
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "熟練します",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "じゅくれんします",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "jukuren shimasu",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "熟練した",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "perfective"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "じゅくれんした",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "perfective"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "jukuren shita",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "perfective"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "熟練して",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "じゅくれんして",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "jukuren shite",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "熟練すれば",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "hypothetical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "じゅくれんすれば",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "hypothetical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "jukuren sureba",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "hypothetical"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Japanese",
  "lang_code": "ja",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "be skilled, be proficient, be an expert"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "proficient",
          "proficient"
        ],
        [
          "expert",
          "expert"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "熟練"
}

Download raw JSONL data for 熟練 meaning in Japanese (6.2kB)

{
  "called_from": "parser/1336",
  "msg": "no corresponding start tag found for </span>",
  "path": [
    "熟練"
  ],
  "section": "Japanese",
  "subsection": "noun",
  "title": "熟練",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "inflection/735",
  "msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Mizenkei (\"imperfective\")'",
  "path": [
    "熟練"
  ],
  "section": "Japanese",
  "subsection": "verb",
  "title": "熟練",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "inflection/735",
  "msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Ren’yōkei (\"continuative\")'",
  "path": [
    "熟練"
  ],
  "section": "Japanese",
  "subsection": "verb",
  "title": "熟練",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "inflection/735",
  "msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Shūshikei (\"terminal\")'",
  "path": [
    "熟練"
  ],
  "section": "Japanese",
  "subsection": "verb",
  "title": "熟練",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "inflection/735",
  "msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Rentaikei (\"attributive\")'",
  "path": [
    "熟練"
  ],
  "section": "Japanese",
  "subsection": "verb",
  "title": "熟練",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "inflection/735",
  "msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Kateikei (\"hypothetical\")'",
  "path": [
    "熟練"
  ],
  "section": "Japanese",
  "subsection": "verb",
  "title": "熟練",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "inflection/735",
  "msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Meireikei (\"imperative\")'",
  "path": [
    "熟練"
  ],
  "section": "Japanese",
  "subsection": "verb",
  "title": "熟練",
  "trace": ""
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Japanese dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-21 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-12-04 using wiktextract (d8cb2f3 and 4e554ae). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.