See 断る in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "言",
"3": "割る",
"sort": "ことわる",
"t1": "words",
"t2": "split",
"tr1": "koto",
"tr2": "waru"
},
"expansion": "言 (koto, “words”) + 割る (waru, “split”)",
"name": "compound"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Originally a compound of 言 (koto, “words”) + 割る (waru, “split”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "断る",
"ruby": [
[
"断",
"ことわ"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "kotowaru",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "断り",
"roman": "kotowari",
"ruby": [
[
"断",
"ことわ"
]
],
"tags": [
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "断った",
"roman": "kotowatta",
"ruby": [
[
"断",
"ことわ"
]
],
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ja-go-ru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "断ら",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "ことわら",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "kotowara",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "断り",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "ことわり",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "kotowari",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "断る",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "ことわる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "kotowaru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "断れ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "ことわれ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "kotoware",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "断られる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "ことわられる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "kotowarareru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "断らせる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "断らす",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "ことわらせる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "ことわらす",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "kotowaraseru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "kotowarasu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "断れる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "ことわれる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "kotowareru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "断ろう",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "ことわろう",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "kotowarō",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "断らない",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "ことわらない",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "kotowaranai",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "断らず",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "ことわらず",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "kotowarazu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "断ります",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "ことわります",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "kotowarimasu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "断った",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfective"
]
},
{
"form": "ことわった",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfective"
]
},
{
"form": "kotowatta",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfective"
]
},
{
"form": "断って",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "ことわって",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "kotowatte",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "断れば",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"hypothetical"
]
},
{
"form": "ことわれば",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"hypothetical"
]
},
{
"form": "kotowareba",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"hypothetical"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ことわる",
"tr": "trans",
"type": "1"
},
"expansion": "断(ことわ)る • (kotowaru) transitive godan (stem 断(ことわ)り (kotowari), past 断(ことわ)った (kotowatta))",
"name": "ja-verb"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "57 43",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese godan verbs ending with -ru",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "But I refuse.",
"roman": "daga kotowaru",
"ruby": [
[
"断",
"ことわ"
]
],
"text": "だが断る",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to refuse, to reject, to turn down"
],
"id": "en-断る-ja-verb-ZUHsqt9l",
"links": [
[
"refuse",
"refuse"
],
[
"reject",
"reject"
],
[
"turn down",
"turn down"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "13 87",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 77",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with manual fragments",
"parents": [
"Links with manual fragments",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "14 86",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with redundant alt parameters",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant alt parameters",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "13 87",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant wikilinks",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "36 64",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with 1 kanji",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "14 86",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"parents": [
"Terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "13 87",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant sortkeys",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "11 89",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 94",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "to give some notices before coming to the main topic",
"roman": "hondai ni hairu mae ni kotowatte oku",
"ruby": [
[
"本",
"ほん"
],
[
"題",
"だい"
],
[
"入",
"はい"
],
[
"前",
"まえ"
],
[
"断",
"ことわ"
]
],
"text": "本題に入る前に断っておく",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to announce in advance, especially to ask for permission"
],
"id": "en-断る-ja-verb--ADJtn3z",
"links": [
[
"announce",
"announce"
],
[
"permission",
"permission"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"other": "ことわる"
},
{
"ipa": "[ko̞to̞β̞a̠ɾɯ̟]"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Daijirin"
],
"word": "断る"
}
{
"categories": [
"Japanese compound terms",
"Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"Japanese godan verbs",
"Japanese godan verbs ending with -ru",
"Japanese lemmas",
"Japanese links with manual fragments",
"Japanese links with redundant alt parameters",
"Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"Japanese terms spelled with fifth grade kanji",
"Japanese terms with 1 kanji",
"Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
"Japanese transitive verbs",
"Japanese verbs",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
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"2": "言",
"3": "割る",
"sort": "ことわる",
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"t2": "split",
"tr1": "koto",
"tr2": "waru"
},
"expansion": "言 (koto, “words”) + 割る (waru, “split”)",
"name": "compound"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Originally a compound of 言 (koto, “words”) + 割る (waru, “split”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "断る",
"ruby": [
[
"断",
"ことわ"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "kotowaru",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "断り",
"roman": "kotowari",
"ruby": [
[
"断",
"ことわ"
]
],
"tags": [
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "断った",
"roman": "kotowatta",
"ruby": [
[
"断",
"ことわ"
]
],
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ja-go-ru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "断ら",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "ことわら",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "kotowara",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "断り",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "ことわり",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "kotowari",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "断る",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "ことわる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "kotowaru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "断れ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "ことわれ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "kotoware",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "断られる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "ことわられる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "kotowarareru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "断らせる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "断らす",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "ことわらせる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "ことわらす",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "kotowaraseru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "kotowarasu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "断れる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "ことわれる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "kotowareru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "断ろう",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "ことわろう",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "kotowarō",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "断らない",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "ことわらない",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "kotowaranai",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "断らず",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "ことわらず",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "kotowarazu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "断ります",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "ことわります",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "kotowarimasu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "断った",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfective"
]
},
{
"form": "ことわった",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfective"
]
},
{
"form": "kotowatta",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfective"
]
},
{
"form": "断って",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "ことわって",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "kotowatte",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "断れば",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"hypothetical"
]
},
{
"form": "ことわれば",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"hypothetical"
]
},
{
"form": "kotowareba",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"hypothetical"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ことわる",
"tr": "trans",
"type": "1"
},
"expansion": "断(ことわ)る • (kotowaru) transitive godan (stem 断(ことわ)り (kotowari), past 断(ことわ)った (kotowatta))",
"name": "ja-verb"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Japanese terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "But I refuse.",
"roman": "daga kotowaru",
"ruby": [
[
"断",
"ことわ"
]
],
"text": "だが断る",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to refuse, to reject, to turn down"
],
"links": [
[
"refuse",
"refuse"
],
[
"reject",
"reject"
],
[
"turn down",
"turn down"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Japanese terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "to give some notices before coming to the main topic",
"roman": "hondai ni hairu mae ni kotowatte oku",
"ruby": [
[
"本",
"ほん"
],
[
"題",
"だい"
],
[
"入",
"はい"
],
[
"前",
"まえ"
],
[
"断",
"ことわ"
]
],
"text": "本題に入る前に断っておく",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to announce in advance, especially to ask for permission"
],
"links": [
[
"announce",
"announce"
],
[
"permission",
"permission"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"other": "ことわる"
},
{
"ipa": "[ko̞to̞β̞a̠ɾɯ̟]"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Daijirin"
],
"word": "断る"
}
Download raw JSONL data for 断る meaning in Japanese (6.1kB)
{
"called_from": "parser/1336",
"msg": "no corresponding start tag found for </span>",
"path": [
"断る"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "断る",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Mizenkei (\"imperfective\")'",
"path": [
"断る"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "断る",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Ren’yōkei (\"continuative\")'",
"path": [
"断る"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "断る",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Shūshikei (\"terminal\")'",
"path": [
"断る"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "断る",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Rentaikei (\"attributive\")'",
"path": [
"断る"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "断る",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Kateikei (\"hypothetical\")'",
"path": [
"断る"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "断る",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Meireikei (\"imperative\")'",
"path": [
"断る"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "断る",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Japanese dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-11-06 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-10-02 using wiktextract (fbeafe8 and 7f03c9b). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.