See 寡言 in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "寡言",
"ruby": [
[
"寡",
"か"
],
[
"言",
"げん"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "kagen",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "寡言な",
"roman": "kagen na",
"ruby": [
[
"寡",
"か"
],
[
"言",
"げん"
]
],
"tags": [
"adnominal"
]
},
{
"form": "寡言に",
"roman": "kagen ni",
"ruby": [
[
"寡",
"か"
],
[
"言",
"げん"
]
],
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ja-na",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "寡言だろ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperfective",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "かげんだろ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperfective",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "ka-gen daro",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
]
},
{
"form": "寡言で",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "かげんで",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "ka-gen de",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"continuative"
]
},
{
"form": "寡言だ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"stem",
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "かげんだ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"stem",
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "ka-gen da",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "寡言な",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"attributive",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "かげんな",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"attributive",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "ka-gen na",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"attributive"
]
},
{
"form": "寡言なら",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"hypothetical",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "かげんなら",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"hypothetical",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "ka-gen nara",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"hypothetical"
]
},
{
"form": "寡言であれ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "かげんであれ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "ka-gen de are",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative"
]
},
{
"form": "寡言ではない",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "寡言じゃない",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "かげんではない",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "かげんじゃない",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "ka-gen de wa nai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "ka-gen ja nai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "寡言だった",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "かげんだった",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "ka-gen datta",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "寡言ではなかった",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "寡言じゃなかった",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "かげんではなかった",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "かげんじゃなかった",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "ka-gen de wa nakatta",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "ka-gen ja nakatta",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "寡言です",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "かげんです",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "ka-gen desu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "寡言ではありません",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "寡言じゃありません",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "かげんではありません",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "かげんじゃありません",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "ka-gen de wa arimasen",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "ka-gen ja arimasen",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "寡言でした",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "かげんでした",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "ka-gen deshita",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "寡言ではありませんでした",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "寡言じゃありませんでした",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "かげんではありませんでした",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "かげんじゃありませんでした",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "ka-gen de wa arimasen deshita",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "ka-gen ja arimasen deshita",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "寡言で",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "かげんで",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "ka-gen de",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "寡言なら（ば）",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conditional"
]
},
{
"form": "かげんなら（ば）",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conditional"
]
},
{
"form": "ka-gen nara (ba)",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conditional"
]
},
{
"form": "寡言だったら",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "かげんだったら",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "ka-gen dattara",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "寡言だろう",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "かげんだろう",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "ka-gen darō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "寡言に",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
},
{
"form": "かげんに",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
},
{
"form": "ka-gen ni",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
},
{
"form": "寡言さ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"noun-from-adj"
]
},
{
"form": "かげんさ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"noun-from-adj"
]
},
{
"form": "ka-gensa",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"noun-from-adj"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "かげん",
"infl": "na"
},
"expansion": "寡(か)言(げん) • (kagen) -na (adnominal 寡(か)言(げん)な (kagen na), adverbial 寡(か)言(げん)に (kagen ni))",
"name": "ja-adj"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"adverbial": ". に",
"attributive": ". な",
"conditional": ". なら（ば）",
"conjunctive": ". で",
"continuative": ". で",
"degree": "さ",
"formal": ". です",
"formal_negative": ". で は ありません",
"formal_negative2": ". じゃ ありません",
"formal_negative_past": ". で は ありません でした",
"formal_negative_past2": ". じゃ ありません でした",
"formal_past": ". でした",
"hypothetical": ". なら",
"imperative": ". で あれ",
"imperfective": ". だろ",
"informal_negative": ". で は ない",
"informal_negative2": ". じゃ ない",
"informal_negative_past": ". で は なかった",
"informal_negative_past2": ". じゃ なかった",
"informal_past": ". だった",
"kana": "か-げん",
"lemma": "寡言",
"provisional": ". だったら",
"terminal": ". だ",
"volitional": ". だろう"
},
"name": "ja-adj-infl"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"taciturn, reticent"
],
"id": "en-寡言-ja-adj-rEueNPlW",
"links": [
[
"taciturn",
"taciturn"
],
[
"reticent",
"reticent"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"other": "かげん"
},
{
"ipa": "[ka̠ɡẽ̞ɴ]"
}
],
"word": "寡言"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "寡言",
"ruby": [
[
"寡",
"か"
],
[
"言",
"げん"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "kagen",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "かげん"
},
"expansion": "寡(か)言(げん) • (kagen)",
"name": "ja-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "14 86",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 97",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with redundant alt parameters",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant alt parameters",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 97",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant wikilinks",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 100",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with 2 kanji",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 97",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant sortkeys",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 100",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 3 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 100",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"reticence, taciturnity"
],
"id": "en-寡言-ja-noun-Dk7vH8VX",
"links": [
[
"reticence",
"reticence"
],
[
"taciturnity",
"taciturnity"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"other": "かげん"
},
{
"ipa": "[ka̠ɡẽ̞ɴ]"
}
],
"word": "寡言"
}
{
"categories": [
"Japanese adjectives",
"Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"Japanese lemmas",
"Japanese links with redundant alt parameters",
"Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"Japanese nouns",
"Japanese terms spelled with second grade kanji",
"Japanese terms spelled with secondary school kanji",
"Japanese terms with 2 kanji",
"Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
"Japanese な-na adjectives",
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"forms": [
{
"form": "寡言",
"ruby": [
[
"寡",
"か"
],
[
"言",
"げん"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "kagen",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "寡言な",
"roman": "kagen na",
"ruby": [
[
"寡",
"か"
],
[
"言",
"げん"
]
],
"tags": [
"adnominal"
]
},
{
"form": "寡言に",
"roman": "kagen ni",
"ruby": [
[
"寡",
"か"
],
[
"言",
"げん"
]
],
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ja-na",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "寡言だろ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperfective",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "かげんだろ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperfective",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "ka-gen daro",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
]
},
{
"form": "寡言で",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "かげんで",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "ka-gen de",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"continuative"
]
},
{
"form": "寡言だ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"stem",
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "かげんだ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"stem",
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "ka-gen da",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "寡言な",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"attributive",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "かげんな",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"attributive",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "ka-gen na",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"attributive"
]
},
{
"form": "寡言なら",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"hypothetical",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "かげんなら",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"hypothetical",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "ka-gen nara",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"hypothetical"
]
},
{
"form": "寡言であれ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "かげんであれ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "ka-gen de are",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative"
]
},
{
"form": "寡言ではない",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "寡言じゃない",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "かげんではない",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "かげんじゃない",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "ka-gen de wa nai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "ka-gen ja nai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "寡言だった",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "かげんだった",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "ka-gen datta",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "寡言ではなかった",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "寡言じゃなかった",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "かげんではなかった",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "かげんじゃなかった",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "ka-gen de wa nakatta",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "ka-gen ja nakatta",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "寡言です",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "かげんです",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "ka-gen desu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "寡言ではありません",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "寡言じゃありません",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "かげんではありません",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "かげんじゃありません",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "ka-gen de wa arimasen",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "ka-gen ja arimasen",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "寡言でした",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "かげんでした",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "ka-gen deshita",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "寡言ではありませんでした",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "寡言じゃありませんでした",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "かげんではありませんでした",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "かげんじゃありませんでした",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "ka-gen de wa arimasen deshita",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "ka-gen ja arimasen deshita",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "寡言で",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "かげんで",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "ka-gen de",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "寡言なら（ば）",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conditional"
]
},
{
"form": "かげんなら（ば）",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conditional"
]
},
{
"form": "ka-gen nara (ba)",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conditional"
]
},
{
"form": "寡言だったら",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "かげんだったら",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "ka-gen dattara",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "寡言だろう",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "かげんだろう",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "ka-gen darō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "寡言に",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
},
{
"form": "かげんに",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
},
{
"form": "ka-gen ni",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
},
{
"form": "寡言さ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"noun-from-adj"
]
},
{
"form": "かげんさ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"noun-from-adj"
]
},
{
"form": "ka-gensa",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"noun-from-adj"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "かげん",
"infl": "na"
},
"expansion": "寡(か)言(げん) • (kagen) -na (adnominal 寡(か)言(げん)な (kagen na), adverbial 寡(か)言(げん)に (kagen ni))",
"name": "ja-adj"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"adverbial": ". に",
"attributive": ". な",
"conditional": ". なら（ば）",
"conjunctive": ". で",
"continuative": ". で",
"degree": "さ",
"formal": ". です",
"formal_negative": ". で は ありません",
"formal_negative2": ". じゃ ありません",
"formal_negative_past": ". で は ありません でした",
"formal_negative_past2": ". じゃ ありません でした",
"formal_past": ". でした",
"hypothetical": ". なら",
"imperative": ". で あれ",
"imperfective": ". だろ",
"informal_negative": ". で は ない",
"informal_negative2": ". じゃ ない",
"informal_negative_past": ". で は なかった",
"informal_negative_past2": ". じゃ なかった",
"informal_past": ". だった",
"kana": "か-げん",
"lemma": "寡言",
"provisional": ". だったら",
"terminal": ". だ",
"volitional": ". だろう"
},
"name": "ja-adj-infl"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"taciturn, reticent"
],
"links": [
[
"taciturn",
"taciturn"
],
[
"reticent",
"reticent"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"other": "かげん"
},
{
"ipa": "[ka̠ɡẽ̞ɴ]"
}
],
"word": "寡言"
}
{
"categories": [
"Japanese adjectives",
"Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"Japanese lemmas",
"Japanese links with redundant alt parameters",
"Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"Japanese nouns",
"Japanese terms spelled with second grade kanji",
"Japanese terms spelled with secondary school kanji",
"Japanese terms with 2 kanji",
"Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
"Japanese な-na adjectives",
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"forms": [
{
"form": "寡言",
"ruby": [
[
"寡",
"か"
],
[
"言",
"げん"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "kagen",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "かげん"
},
"expansion": "寡(か)言(げん) • (kagen)",
"name": "ja-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"reticence, taciturnity"
],
"links": [
[
"reticence",
"reticence"
],
[
"taciturnity",
"taciturnity"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"other": "かげん"
},
{
"ipa": "[ka̠ɡẽ̞ɴ]"
}
],
"word": "寡言"
}
Download raw JSONL data for 寡言 meaning in Japanese (9.2kB)
{
"called_from": "parser/1336",
"msg": "no corresponding start tag found for </span>",
"path": [
"寡言"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "adjective",
"title": "寡言",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "parser/1336",
"msg": "no corresponding start tag found for </span>",
"path": [
"寡言"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "寡言",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Japanese dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-21 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-12-04 using wiktextract (d8cb2f3 and 4e554ae). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.