"けれども" meaning in Japanese

See けれども in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Conjunction

IPA: [ke̞ɾe̞do̞mo̞] Forms: keredomo [romanization]
Etymology: Originally a compound of けれ (kere, not found in isolation; meaning roughly “be that as it may”) + ども (domo, conjunctive particle introducing a contrary condition). Etymology templates: {{compound|ja|けれ|ども|pos1=not found in isolation; meaning roughly “be that as it may”|pos2=conjunctive particle introducing a contrary condition|tr1=kere|tr2=domo}} けれ (kere, not found in isolation; meaning roughly “be that as it may”) + ども (domo, conjunctive particle introducing a contrary condition), {{m|ja|已然形||realis form|tr=izenkei}} 已然形 (izenkei, “realis form”), {{m|ja|已然形||realis form|tr=izenkei}} 已然形 (izenkei, “realis form”), {{ja-r|まじ}} まじ (maji), {{m|ja|已然形||realis form|tr=izenkei}} 已然形 (izenkei, “realis form”), {{ja-r|けり}} けり (keri), {{ja-r|あり}} あり (ari), {{ja-r|ある}} ある (aru), {{m|ja|あり||to be|tr=ari}} あり (ari, “to be”), {{cog|ojp|-}} Old Japanese, {{m|ja|来||to come|tr=ku}} 来 (ku, “to come”), {{noncog|en|be that as it may}} English be that as it may, {{m|ja|ど|pos=conjunctive particle introducing a contrary condition|tr=do}} ど (do, conjunctive particle introducing a contrary condition), {{m|ja|も||even, also|pos=particle|tr=mo}} も (mo, “even, also”, particle), {{collapse|* The former kere part has multiple possible derivations: *# The <i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja">已然形</i> (izenkei, “realis form”) suffix for classical -ku adjectives (modern -i adjectives) *# The <i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja">已然形</i> (izenkei, “realis form”) suffix for classical negative supposition auxiliary verb まじ (<span class="mention-tr tr">maji</span>) *# The <i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja">已然形</i> (izenkei, “realis form”) of classical past recollective auxiliary verb けり (<span class="mention-tr tr">keri</span>) : Auxiliary verb maji conjugates almost identically to a classical -ku adjective, so 1 and 2 above can be broadly viewed together. This theory is somewhat flawed, in that the regular realis form of classical -ku adjectives would be not -kere, but rather -kare (as the fusion of adverbial ending -ku + the realis form are of classical copular or “to be” verb あり (<span class="mention-tr tr">ari</span>), modern ある (<span class="mention-tr tr">aru</span>)). There are historical examples of -ku + are fusing into -kere, but these appear to be restricted to early modern Japanese in the Kyoto area, while keredomo appears in the late middle Japanese period and was not restricted to Kyoto. : The realis form of past recollective auxiliary verb keri was likewise formed by fusion, combining ki with the realis form are of existence verb <i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja">あり</i> (ari, “to be”). There are other documented examples of the diphthong ia changing into e, so the shift from ki + are to kere would not be unexpected. Some theories point towards the ki element being the past recollective auxiliary verb ki, but this had no known continuative form (for joining to following verbs). Other theories suggest that this was the continuative stem form ki of Old Japanese verb <i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja">来</i> (ku, “to come”), which would fit grammatically, with the compound presumably meaning “having come to be, having come into being”. Compare English <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">be that as it may</i>. * The latter domo part was itself originally a compound of <i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja">ど</i> (do, conjunctive particle introducing a contrary condition) + <i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja">も</i> (mo, “even, also”, particle). The do conjunctive particle grammatically requires that the preceding conjugation be in the realis form, and this is indeed the form used for the preceding kere portion of keredomo.|title=Etymology details}} Head templates: {{ja-pos|conjunction}} けれども • (keredomo)
  1. (formal) however; be that as it may; but Tags: formal Synonyms: だけれども, だけれど, だけども, だけど, だが Related terms: それでも (sore de mo)
    Sense id: en-けれども-ja-conj-qixn9a0v
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Synonyms: けれど (keredo) [informal], けども (kedomo) [informal], けんど (kendo) [dialectal]

Particle

IPA: [ke̞ɾe̞do̞mo̞] Forms: keredomo [romanization]
Etymology: Originally a compound of けれ (kere, not found in isolation; meaning roughly “be that as it may”) + ども (domo, conjunctive particle introducing a contrary condition). Etymology templates: {{compound|ja|けれ|ども|pos1=not found in isolation; meaning roughly “be that as it may”|pos2=conjunctive particle introducing a contrary condition|tr1=kere|tr2=domo}} けれ (kere, not found in isolation; meaning roughly “be that as it may”) + ども (domo, conjunctive particle introducing a contrary condition), {{m|ja|已然形||realis form|tr=izenkei}} 已然形 (izenkei, “realis form”), {{m|ja|已然形||realis form|tr=izenkei}} 已然形 (izenkei, “realis form”), {{ja-r|まじ}} まじ (maji), {{m|ja|已然形||realis form|tr=izenkei}} 已然形 (izenkei, “realis form”), {{ja-r|けり}} けり (keri), {{ja-r|あり}} あり (ari), {{ja-r|ある}} ある (aru), {{m|ja|あり||to be|tr=ari}} あり (ari, “to be”), {{cog|ojp|-}} Old Japanese, {{m|ja|来||to come|tr=ku}} 来 (ku, “to come”), {{noncog|en|be that as it may}} English be that as it may, {{m|ja|ど|pos=conjunctive particle introducing a contrary condition|tr=do}} ど (do, conjunctive particle introducing a contrary condition), {{m|ja|も||even, also|pos=particle|tr=mo}} も (mo, “even, also”, particle), {{collapse|* The former kere part has multiple possible derivations: *# The <i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja">已然形</i> (izenkei, “realis form”) suffix for classical -ku adjectives (modern -i adjectives) *# The <i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja">已然形</i> (izenkei, “realis form”) suffix for classical negative supposition auxiliary verb まじ (<span class="mention-tr tr">maji</span>) *# The <i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja">已然形</i> (izenkei, “realis form”) of classical past recollective auxiliary verb けり (<span class="mention-tr tr">keri</span>) : Auxiliary verb maji conjugates almost identically to a classical -ku adjective, so 1 and 2 above can be broadly viewed together. This theory is somewhat flawed, in that the regular realis form of classical -ku adjectives would be not -kere, but rather -kare (as the fusion of adverbial ending -ku + the realis form are of classical copular or “to be” verb あり (<span class="mention-tr tr">ari</span>), modern ある (<span class="mention-tr tr">aru</span>)). There are historical examples of -ku + are fusing into -kere, but these appear to be restricted to early modern Japanese in the Kyoto area, while keredomo appears in the late middle Japanese period and was not restricted to Kyoto. : The realis form of past recollective auxiliary verb keri was likewise formed by fusion, combining ki with the realis form are of existence verb <i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja">あり</i> (ari, “to be”). There are other documented examples of the diphthong ia changing into e, so the shift from ki + are to kere would not be unexpected. Some theories point towards the ki element being the past recollective auxiliary verb ki, but this had no known continuative form (for joining to following verbs). Other theories suggest that this was the continuative stem form ki of Old Japanese verb <i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja">来</i> (ku, “to come”), which would fit grammatically, with the compound presumably meaning “having come to be, having come into being”. Compare English <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">be that as it may</i>. * The latter domo part was itself originally a compound of <i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja">ど</i> (do, conjunctive particle introducing a contrary condition) + <i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja">も</i> (mo, “even, also”, particle). The do conjunctive particle grammatically requires that the preceding conjugation be in the realis form, and this is indeed the form used for the preceding kere portion of keredomo.|title=Etymology details}} Head templates: {{ja-pos|particle}} けれども • (keredomo)
  1. (formal) although; though; but Tags: formal Synonyms: が
    Sense id: en-けれども-ja-particle-5h7-wkQJ
  2. (formal) Used to introduce context or provide additional information before introducing a new topic. Tags: formal Synonyms: が Synonyms (more informal): けど (kedo)
    Sense id: en-けれども-ja-particle-KgiYn6wi Categories (other): Japanese links with redundant wikilinks, Japanese entries with incorrect language header, Japanese links with redundant alt parameters, Japanese links with redundant wikilinks, Japanese particles, Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys Disambiguation of Japanese entries with incorrect language header: 7 0 93 Disambiguation of Japanese links with redundant alt parameters: 9 0 91 Disambiguation of Japanese links with redundant wikilinks: 4 0 96 Disambiguation of Japanese particles: 12 0 88 Disambiguation of Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys: 9 0 91 Disambiguation of 'more informal': 0 100 0
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Synonyms: けれど (keredo) [informal], けども (kedomo) [informal], けんど (kendo) [dialectal]

Inflected forms

Alternative forms

Download JSON data for けれども meaning in Japanese (13.8kB)

{
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ja",
        "2": "けれ",
        "3": "ども",
        "pos1": "not found in isolation; meaning roughly “be that as it may”",
        "pos2": "conjunctive particle introducing a contrary condition",
        "tr1": "kere",
        "tr2": "domo"
      },
      "expansion": "けれ (kere, not found in isolation; meaning roughly “be that as it may”) + ども (domo, conjunctive particle introducing a contrary condition)",
      "name": "compound"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ja",
        "2": "已然形",
        "3": "",
        "4": "realis form",
        "tr": "izenkei"
      },
      "expansion": "已然形 (izenkei, “realis form”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ja",
        "2": "已然形",
        "3": "",
        "4": "realis form",
        "tr": "izenkei"
      },
      "expansion": "已然形 (izenkei, “realis form”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "まじ"
      },
      "expansion": "まじ (maji)",
      "name": "ja-r"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ja",
        "2": "已然形",
        "3": "",
        "4": "realis form",
        "tr": "izenkei"
      },
      "expansion": "已然形 (izenkei, “realis form”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "けり"
      },
      "expansion": "けり (keri)",
      "name": "ja-r"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "あり"
      },
      "expansion": "あり (ari)",
      "name": "ja-r"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ある"
      },
      "expansion": "ある (aru)",
      "name": "ja-r"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ja",
        "2": "あり",
        "3": "",
        "4": "to be",
        "tr": "ari"
      },
      "expansion": "あり (ari, “to be”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ojp",
        "2": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Japanese",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ja",
        "2": "来",
        "3": "",
        "4": "to come",
        "tr": "ku"
      },
      "expansion": "来 (ku, “to come”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "be that as it may"
      },
      "expansion": "English be that as it may",
      "name": "noncog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ja",
        "2": "ど",
        "pos": "conjunctive particle introducing a contrary condition",
        "tr": "do"
      },
      "expansion": "ど (do, conjunctive particle introducing a contrary condition)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ja",
        "2": "も",
        "3": "",
        "4": "even, also",
        "pos": "particle",
        "tr": "mo"
      },
      "expansion": "も (mo, “even, also”, particle)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "* The former kere part has multiple possible derivations:\n*# The <i class=\"Jpan mention\" lang=\"ja\">已然形</i> (izenkei, “realis form”) suffix for classical -ku adjectives (modern -i adjectives)\n*# The <i class=\"Jpan mention\" lang=\"ja\">已然形</i> (izenkei, “realis form”) suffix for classical negative supposition auxiliary verb まじ (<span class=\"mention-tr tr\">maji</span>)\n*# The <i class=\"Jpan mention\" lang=\"ja\">已然形</i> (izenkei, “realis form”) of classical past recollective auxiliary verb けり (<span class=\"mention-tr tr\">keri</span>)\n: Auxiliary verb maji conjugates almost identically to a classical -ku adjective, so 1 and 2 above can be broadly viewed together. This theory is somewhat flawed, in that the regular realis form of classical -ku adjectives would be not -kere, but rather -kare (as the fusion of adverbial ending -ku + the realis form are of classical copular or “to be” verb あり (<span class=\"mention-tr tr\">ari</span>), modern ある (<span class=\"mention-tr tr\">aru</span>)). There are historical examples of -ku + are fusing into -kere, but these appear to be restricted to early modern Japanese in the Kyoto area, while keredomo appears in the late middle Japanese period and was not restricted to Kyoto.\n: The realis form of past recollective auxiliary verb keri was likewise formed by fusion, combining ki with the realis form are of existence verb <i class=\"Jpan mention\" lang=\"ja\">あり</i> (ari, “to be”). There are other documented examples of the diphthong ia changing into e, so the shift from ki + are to kere would not be unexpected. Some theories point towards the ki element being the past recollective auxiliary verb ki, but this had no known continuative form (for joining to following verbs). Other theories suggest that this was the continuative stem form ki of Old Japanese verb <i class=\"Jpan mention\" lang=\"ja\">来</i> (ku, “to come”), which would fit grammatically, with the compound presumably meaning “having come to be, having come into being”. Compare English <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"en\">be that as it may</i>.\n* The latter domo part was itself originally a compound of <i class=\"Jpan mention\" lang=\"ja\">ど</i> (do, conjunctive particle introducing a contrary condition) + <i class=\"Jpan mention\" lang=\"ja\">も</i> (mo, “even, also”, particle). The do conjunctive particle grammatically requires that the preceding conjugation be in the realis form, and this is indeed the form used for the preceding kere portion of keredomo.",
        "title": "Etymology details"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "collapse"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Originally a compound of けれ (kere, not found in isolation; meaning roughly “be that as it may”) + ども (domo, conjunctive particle introducing a contrary condition).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "keredomo",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "particle"
      },
      "expansion": "けれども • (keredomo)",
      "name": "ja-pos"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Japanese",
  "lang_code": "ja",
  "pos": "particle",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "Tired though I was, I kept him company.",
          "roman": "Tsukarete ita keredomo, aite o shite yatta.",
          "ruby": [
            [
              "疲",
              "つか"
            ],
            [
              "相",
              "あい"
            ],
            [
              "手",
              "て"
            ]
          ],
          "text": "疲れていたけれども、相手をしてやった。"
        },
        {
          "english": "She is strange but pretty.",
          "roman": "Kanojo wa ippū kawatte iru kedo kirei da.",
          "ruby": [
            [
              "彼",
              "かの"
            ],
            [
              "女",
              "じょ"
            ],
            [
              "一",
              "いっ"
            ],
            [
              "風",
              "ぷう"
            ],
            [
              "変",
              "か"
            ],
            [
              "綺",
              "き"
            ],
            [
              "麗",
              "れい"
            ]
          ],
          "text": "彼女は一風変わっているけど綺麗だ。"
        },
        {
          "english": "It hurts but it feels good.",
          "roman": "Itai kedo kimochi ii.",
          "ruby": [
            [
              "痛",
              "いた"
            ],
            [
              "気",
              "き"
            ],
            [
              "持",
              "も"
            ]
          ],
          "text": "痛いけど気持ちいい。"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "although; though; but"
      ],
      "id": "en-けれども-ja-particle-5h7-wkQJ",
      "links": [
        [
          "although",
          "although"
        ],
        [
          "though",
          "though"
        ],
        [
          "but",
          "but"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(formal) although; though; but"
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "が"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "formal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
          "parents": [
            "Links with redundant wikilinks",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "7 0 93",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "9 0 91",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Japanese links with redundant alt parameters",
          "parents": [
            "Links with redundant alt parameters",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "4 0 96",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
          "parents": [
            "Links with redundant wikilinks",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "12 0 88",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Japanese particles",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "9 0 91",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
          "parents": [
            "Terms with redundant sortkeys",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Used to introduce context or provide additional information before introducing a new topic."
      ],
      "id": "en-けれども-ja-particle-KgiYn6wi",
      "links": [
        [
          "デジタル大辞泉",
          "w:ja:大辞泉#電子版"
        ],
        [
          "Tōkyō",
          "w:Tōkyō"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(formal) Used to introduce context or provide additional information before introducing a new topic."
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "が"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "0 100 0",
          "roman": "kedo",
          "sense": "more informal",
          "word": "けど"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "formal"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "other": "けれども"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[ke̞ɾe̞do̞mo̞]"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "roman": "keredo",
      "tags": [
        "informal"
      ],
      "word": "けれど"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "roman": "kedomo",
      "tags": [
        "informal"
      ],
      "word": "けども"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "roman": "kendo",
      "tags": [
        "dialectal"
      ],
      "word": "けんど"
    }
  ],
  "word": "けれども"
}

{
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ja",
        "2": "けれ",
        "3": "ども",
        "pos1": "not found in isolation; meaning roughly “be that as it may”",
        "pos2": "conjunctive particle introducing a contrary condition",
        "tr1": "kere",
        "tr2": "domo"
      },
      "expansion": "けれ (kere, not found in isolation; meaning roughly “be that as it may”) + ども (domo, conjunctive particle introducing a contrary condition)",
      "name": "compound"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ja",
        "2": "已然形",
        "3": "",
        "4": "realis form",
        "tr": "izenkei"
      },
      "expansion": "已然形 (izenkei, “realis form”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ja",
        "2": "已然形",
        "3": "",
        "4": "realis form",
        "tr": "izenkei"
      },
      "expansion": "已然形 (izenkei, “realis form”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "まじ"
      },
      "expansion": "まじ (maji)",
      "name": "ja-r"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ja",
        "2": "已然形",
        "3": "",
        "4": "realis form",
        "tr": "izenkei"
      },
      "expansion": "已然形 (izenkei, “realis form”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "けり"
      },
      "expansion": "けり (keri)",
      "name": "ja-r"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "あり"
      },
      "expansion": "あり (ari)",
      "name": "ja-r"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ある"
      },
      "expansion": "ある (aru)",
      "name": "ja-r"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ja",
        "2": "あり",
        "3": "",
        "4": "to be",
        "tr": "ari"
      },
      "expansion": "あり (ari, “to be”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ojp",
        "2": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Japanese",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ja",
        "2": "来",
        "3": "",
        "4": "to come",
        "tr": "ku"
      },
      "expansion": "来 (ku, “to come”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "be that as it may"
      },
      "expansion": "English be that as it may",
      "name": "noncog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ja",
        "2": "ど",
        "pos": "conjunctive particle introducing a contrary condition",
        "tr": "do"
      },
      "expansion": "ど (do, conjunctive particle introducing a contrary condition)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ja",
        "2": "も",
        "3": "",
        "4": "even, also",
        "pos": "particle",
        "tr": "mo"
      },
      "expansion": "も (mo, “even, also”, particle)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "* The former kere part has multiple possible derivations:\n*# The <i class=\"Jpan mention\" lang=\"ja\">已然形</i> (izenkei, “realis form”) suffix for classical -ku adjectives (modern -i adjectives)\n*# The <i class=\"Jpan mention\" lang=\"ja\">已然形</i> (izenkei, “realis form”) suffix for classical negative supposition auxiliary verb まじ (<span class=\"mention-tr tr\">maji</span>)\n*# The <i class=\"Jpan mention\" lang=\"ja\">已然形</i> (izenkei, “realis form”) of classical past recollective auxiliary verb けり (<span class=\"mention-tr tr\">keri</span>)\n: Auxiliary verb maji conjugates almost identically to a classical -ku adjective, so 1 and 2 above can be broadly viewed together. This theory is somewhat flawed, in that the regular realis form of classical -ku adjectives would be not -kere, but rather -kare (as the fusion of adverbial ending -ku + the realis form are of classical copular or “to be” verb あり (<span class=\"mention-tr tr\">ari</span>), modern ある (<span class=\"mention-tr tr\">aru</span>)). There are historical examples of -ku + are fusing into -kere, but these appear to be restricted to early modern Japanese in the Kyoto area, while keredomo appears in the late middle Japanese period and was not restricted to Kyoto.\n: The realis form of past recollective auxiliary verb keri was likewise formed by fusion, combining ki with the realis form are of existence verb <i class=\"Jpan mention\" lang=\"ja\">あり</i> (ari, “to be”). There are other documented examples of the diphthong ia changing into e, so the shift from ki + are to kere would not be unexpected. Some theories point towards the ki element being the past recollective auxiliary verb ki, but this had no known continuative form (for joining to following verbs). Other theories suggest that this was the continuative stem form ki of Old Japanese verb <i class=\"Jpan mention\" lang=\"ja\">来</i> (ku, “to come”), which would fit grammatically, with the compound presumably meaning “having come to be, having come into being”. Compare English <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"en\">be that as it may</i>.\n* The latter domo part was itself originally a compound of <i class=\"Jpan mention\" lang=\"ja\">ど</i> (do, conjunctive particle introducing a contrary condition) + <i class=\"Jpan mention\" lang=\"ja\">も</i> (mo, “even, also”, particle). The do conjunctive particle grammatically requires that the preceding conjugation be in the realis form, and this is indeed the form used for the preceding kere portion of keredomo.",
        "title": "Etymology details"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "collapse"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Originally a compound of けれ (kere, not found in isolation; meaning roughly “be that as it may”) + ども (domo, conjunctive particle introducing a contrary condition).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "keredomo",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "conjunction"
      },
      "expansion": "けれども • (keredomo)",
      "name": "ja-pos"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Japanese",
  "lang_code": "ja",
  "pos": "conj",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "But when you think about it though, isn't it kinda disgusting?",
          "roman": "Kedo sā, yoku kangaete mitara kimoku ne?",
          "ruby": [
            [
              "考",
              "かんが"
            ]
          ],
          "text": "けどさあ、よく考えてみたらキモくね？"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "however; be that as it may; but"
      ],
      "id": "en-けれども-ja-conj-qixn9a0v",
      "links": [
        [
          "however",
          "however"
        ],
        [
          "be that as it may",
          "be that as it may"
        ],
        [
          "but",
          "but"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(formal) however; be that as it may; but"
      ],
      "related": [
        {
          "roman": "sore de mo",
          "word": "それでも"
        }
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "だけれども"
        },
        {
          "word": "だけれど"
        },
        {
          "word": "だけども"
        },
        {
          "word": "だけど"
        },
        {
          "word": "だが"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "formal"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "other": "けれども"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[ke̞ɾe̞do̞mo̞]"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "roman": "keredo",
      "tags": [
        "informal"
      ],
      "word": "けれど"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "roman": "kedomo",
      "tags": [
        "informal"
      ],
      "word": "けども"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "roman": "kendo",
      "tags": [
        "dialectal"
      ],
      "word": "けんど"
    }
  ],
  "word": "けれども"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Japanese compound terms",
    "Japanese conjunctions",
    "Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
    "Japanese hiragana",
    "Japanese lemmas",
    "Japanese links with redundant alt parameters",
    "Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
    "Japanese particles",
    "Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys"
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ja",
        "2": "けれ",
        "3": "ども",
        "pos1": "not found in isolation; meaning roughly “be that as it may”",
        "pos2": "conjunctive particle introducing a contrary condition",
        "tr1": "kere",
        "tr2": "domo"
      },
      "expansion": "けれ (kere, not found in isolation; meaning roughly “be that as it may”) + ども (domo, conjunctive particle introducing a contrary condition)",
      "name": "compound"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ja",
        "2": "已然形",
        "3": "",
        "4": "realis form",
        "tr": "izenkei"
      },
      "expansion": "已然形 (izenkei, “realis form”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ja",
        "2": "已然形",
        "3": "",
        "4": "realis form",
        "tr": "izenkei"
      },
      "expansion": "已然形 (izenkei, “realis form”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "まじ"
      },
      "expansion": "まじ (maji)",
      "name": "ja-r"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ja",
        "2": "已然形",
        "3": "",
        "4": "realis form",
        "tr": "izenkei"
      },
      "expansion": "已然形 (izenkei, “realis form”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "けり"
      },
      "expansion": "けり (keri)",
      "name": "ja-r"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "あり"
      },
      "expansion": "あり (ari)",
      "name": "ja-r"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ある"
      },
      "expansion": "ある (aru)",
      "name": "ja-r"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ja",
        "2": "あり",
        "3": "",
        "4": "to be",
        "tr": "ari"
      },
      "expansion": "あり (ari, “to be”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ojp",
        "2": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Japanese",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ja",
        "2": "来",
        "3": "",
        "4": "to come",
        "tr": "ku"
      },
      "expansion": "来 (ku, “to come”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "be that as it may"
      },
      "expansion": "English be that as it may",
      "name": "noncog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ja",
        "2": "ど",
        "pos": "conjunctive particle introducing a contrary condition",
        "tr": "do"
      },
      "expansion": "ど (do, conjunctive particle introducing a contrary condition)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ja",
        "2": "も",
        "3": "",
        "4": "even, also",
        "pos": "particle",
        "tr": "mo"
      },
      "expansion": "も (mo, “even, also”, particle)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "* The former kere part has multiple possible derivations:\n*# The <i class=\"Jpan mention\" lang=\"ja\">已然形</i> (izenkei, “realis form”) suffix for classical -ku adjectives (modern -i adjectives)\n*# The <i class=\"Jpan mention\" lang=\"ja\">已然形</i> (izenkei, “realis form”) suffix for classical negative supposition auxiliary verb まじ (<span class=\"mention-tr tr\">maji</span>)\n*# The <i class=\"Jpan mention\" lang=\"ja\">已然形</i> (izenkei, “realis form”) of classical past recollective auxiliary verb けり (<span class=\"mention-tr tr\">keri</span>)\n: Auxiliary verb maji conjugates almost identically to a classical -ku adjective, so 1 and 2 above can be broadly viewed together. This theory is somewhat flawed, in that the regular realis form of classical -ku adjectives would be not -kere, but rather -kare (as the fusion of adverbial ending -ku + the realis form are of classical copular or “to be” verb あり (<span class=\"mention-tr tr\">ari</span>), modern ある (<span class=\"mention-tr tr\">aru</span>)). There are historical examples of -ku + are fusing into -kere, but these appear to be restricted to early modern Japanese in the Kyoto area, while keredomo appears in the late middle Japanese period and was not restricted to Kyoto.\n: The realis form of past recollective auxiliary verb keri was likewise formed by fusion, combining ki with the realis form are of existence verb <i class=\"Jpan mention\" lang=\"ja\">あり</i> (ari, “to be”). There are other documented examples of the diphthong ia changing into e, so the shift from ki + are to kere would not be unexpected. Some theories point towards the ki element being the past recollective auxiliary verb ki, but this had no known continuative form (for joining to following verbs). Other theories suggest that this was the continuative stem form ki of Old Japanese verb <i class=\"Jpan mention\" lang=\"ja\">来</i> (ku, “to come”), which would fit grammatically, with the compound presumably meaning “having come to be, having come into being”. Compare English <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"en\">be that as it may</i>.\n* The latter domo part was itself originally a compound of <i class=\"Jpan mention\" lang=\"ja\">ど</i> (do, conjunctive particle introducing a contrary condition) + <i class=\"Jpan mention\" lang=\"ja\">も</i> (mo, “even, also”, particle). The do conjunctive particle grammatically requires that the preceding conjugation be in the realis form, and this is indeed the form used for the preceding kere portion of keredomo.",
        "title": "Etymology details"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "collapse"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Originally a compound of けれ (kere, not found in isolation; meaning roughly “be that as it may”) + ども (domo, conjunctive particle introducing a contrary condition).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "keredomo",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "particle"
      },
      "expansion": "けれども • (keredomo)",
      "name": "ja-pos"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Japanese",
  "lang_code": "ja",
  "pos": "particle",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Japanese formal terms",
        "Japanese terms with usage examples"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "Tired though I was, I kept him company.",
          "roman": "Tsukarete ita keredomo, aite o shite yatta.",
          "ruby": [
            [
              "疲",
              "つか"
            ],
            [
              "相",
              "あい"
            ],
            [
              "手",
              "て"
            ]
          ],
          "text": "疲れていたけれども、相手をしてやった。"
        },
        {
          "english": "She is strange but pretty.",
          "roman": "Kanojo wa ippū kawatte iru kedo kirei da.",
          "ruby": [
            [
              "彼",
              "かの"
            ],
            [
              "女",
              "じょ"
            ],
            [
              "一",
              "いっ"
            ],
            [
              "風",
              "ぷう"
            ],
            [
              "変",
              "か"
            ],
            [
              "綺",
              "き"
            ],
            [
              "麗",
              "れい"
            ]
          ],
          "text": "彼女は一風変わっているけど綺麗だ。"
        },
        {
          "english": "It hurts but it feels good.",
          "roman": "Itai kedo kimochi ii.",
          "ruby": [
            [
              "痛",
              "いた"
            ],
            [
              "気",
              "き"
            ],
            [
              "持",
              "も"
            ]
          ],
          "text": "痛いけど気持ちいい。"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "although; though; but"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "although",
          "although"
        ],
        [
          "though",
          "though"
        ],
        [
          "but",
          "but"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(formal) although; though; but"
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "が"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "formal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Japanese formal terms",
        "Japanese links with redundant wikilinks"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Used to introduce context or provide additional information before introducing a new topic."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "デジタル大辞泉",
          "w:ja:大辞泉#電子版"
        ],
        [
          "Tōkyō",
          "w:Tōkyō"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(formal) Used to introduce context or provide additional information before introducing a new topic."
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "が"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "formal"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "other": "けれども"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[ke̞ɾe̞do̞mo̞]"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "roman": "keredo",
      "tags": [
        "informal"
      ],
      "word": "けれど"
    },
    {
      "roman": "kedomo",
      "tags": [
        "informal"
      ],
      "word": "けども"
    },
    {
      "roman": "kedo",
      "sense": "more informal",
      "word": "けど"
    },
    {
      "roman": "kendo",
      "tags": [
        "dialectal"
      ],
      "word": "けんど"
    }
  ],
  "word": "けれども"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Japanese compound terms",
    "Japanese conjunctions",
    "Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
    "Japanese hiragana",
    "Japanese lemmas",
    "Japanese links with redundant alt parameters",
    "Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
    "Japanese particles",
    "Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys"
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ja",
        "2": "けれ",
        "3": "ども",
        "pos1": "not found in isolation; meaning roughly “be that as it may”",
        "pos2": "conjunctive particle introducing a contrary condition",
        "tr1": "kere",
        "tr2": "domo"
      },
      "expansion": "けれ (kere, not found in isolation; meaning roughly “be that as it may”) + ども (domo, conjunctive particle introducing a contrary condition)",
      "name": "compound"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ja",
        "2": "已然形",
        "3": "",
        "4": "realis form",
        "tr": "izenkei"
      },
      "expansion": "已然形 (izenkei, “realis form”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ja",
        "2": "已然形",
        "3": "",
        "4": "realis form",
        "tr": "izenkei"
      },
      "expansion": "已然形 (izenkei, “realis form”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "まじ"
      },
      "expansion": "まじ (maji)",
      "name": "ja-r"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ja",
        "2": "已然形",
        "3": "",
        "4": "realis form",
        "tr": "izenkei"
      },
      "expansion": "已然形 (izenkei, “realis form”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "けり"
      },
      "expansion": "けり (keri)",
      "name": "ja-r"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "あり"
      },
      "expansion": "あり (ari)",
      "name": "ja-r"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ある"
      },
      "expansion": "ある (aru)",
      "name": "ja-r"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ja",
        "2": "あり",
        "3": "",
        "4": "to be",
        "tr": "ari"
      },
      "expansion": "あり (ari, “to be”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ojp",
        "2": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Japanese",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ja",
        "2": "来",
        "3": "",
        "4": "to come",
        "tr": "ku"
      },
      "expansion": "来 (ku, “to come”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "be that as it may"
      },
      "expansion": "English be that as it may",
      "name": "noncog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ja",
        "2": "ど",
        "pos": "conjunctive particle introducing a contrary condition",
        "tr": "do"
      },
      "expansion": "ど (do, conjunctive particle introducing a contrary condition)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ja",
        "2": "も",
        "3": "",
        "4": "even, also",
        "pos": "particle",
        "tr": "mo"
      },
      "expansion": "も (mo, “even, also”, particle)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "* The former kere part has multiple possible derivations:\n*# The <i class=\"Jpan mention\" lang=\"ja\">已然形</i> (izenkei, “realis form”) suffix for classical -ku adjectives (modern -i adjectives)\n*# The <i class=\"Jpan mention\" lang=\"ja\">已然形</i> (izenkei, “realis form”) suffix for classical negative supposition auxiliary verb まじ (<span class=\"mention-tr tr\">maji</span>)\n*# The <i class=\"Jpan mention\" lang=\"ja\">已然形</i> (izenkei, “realis form”) of classical past recollective auxiliary verb けり (<span class=\"mention-tr tr\">keri</span>)\n: Auxiliary verb maji conjugates almost identically to a classical -ku adjective, so 1 and 2 above can be broadly viewed together. This theory is somewhat flawed, in that the regular realis form of classical -ku adjectives would be not -kere, but rather -kare (as the fusion of adverbial ending -ku + the realis form are of classical copular or “to be” verb あり (<span class=\"mention-tr tr\">ari</span>), modern ある (<span class=\"mention-tr tr\">aru</span>)). There are historical examples of -ku + are fusing into -kere, but these appear to be restricted to early modern Japanese in the Kyoto area, while keredomo appears in the late middle Japanese period and was not restricted to Kyoto.\n: The realis form of past recollective auxiliary verb keri was likewise formed by fusion, combining ki with the realis form are of existence verb <i class=\"Jpan mention\" lang=\"ja\">あり</i> (ari, “to be”). There are other documented examples of the diphthong ia changing into e, so the shift from ki + are to kere would not be unexpected. Some theories point towards the ki element being the past recollective auxiliary verb ki, but this had no known continuative form (for joining to following verbs). Other theories suggest that this was the continuative stem form ki of Old Japanese verb <i class=\"Jpan mention\" lang=\"ja\">来</i> (ku, “to come”), which would fit grammatically, with the compound presumably meaning “having come to be, having come into being”. Compare English <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"en\">be that as it may</i>.\n* The latter domo part was itself originally a compound of <i class=\"Jpan mention\" lang=\"ja\">ど</i> (do, conjunctive particle introducing a contrary condition) + <i class=\"Jpan mention\" lang=\"ja\">も</i> (mo, “even, also”, particle). The do conjunctive particle grammatically requires that the preceding conjugation be in the realis form, and this is indeed the form used for the preceding kere portion of keredomo.",
        "title": "Etymology details"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "collapse"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Originally a compound of けれ (kere, not found in isolation; meaning roughly “be that as it may”) + ども (domo, conjunctive particle introducing a contrary condition).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "keredomo",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "conjunction"
      },
      "expansion": "けれども • (keredomo)",
      "name": "ja-pos"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Japanese",
  "lang_code": "ja",
  "pos": "conj",
  "related": [
    {
      "roman": "sore de mo",
      "word": "それでも"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Japanese formal terms",
        "Japanese terms with usage examples"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "But when you think about it though, isn't it kinda disgusting?",
          "roman": "Kedo sā, yoku kangaete mitara kimoku ne?",
          "ruby": [
            [
              "考",
              "かんが"
            ]
          ],
          "text": "けどさあ、よく考えてみたらキモくね？"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "however; be that as it may; but"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "however",
          "however"
        ],
        [
          "be that as it may",
          "be that as it may"
        ],
        [
          "but",
          "but"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(formal) however; be that as it may; but"
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "だけれども"
        },
        {
          "word": "だけれど"
        },
        {
          "word": "だけども"
        },
        {
          "word": "だけど"
        },
        {
          "word": "だが"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "formal"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "other": "けれども"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[ke̞ɾe̞do̞mo̞]"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "roman": "keredo",
      "tags": [
        "informal"
      ],
      "word": "けれど"
    },
    {
      "roman": "kedomo",
      "tags": [
        "informal"
      ],
      "word": "けども"
    },
    {
      "roman": "kedo",
      "sense": "more informal",
      "word": "けど"
    },
    {
      "roman": "kendo",
      "tags": [
        "dialectal"
      ],
      "word": "けんど"
    }
  ],
  "word": "けれども"
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Japanese dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-01 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-04-21 using wiktextract (f4fd8c9 and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.