See あくどい in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "あ",
"linkto": "-",
"pos": "of uncertain meaning"
},
"expansion": "あ (a, of uncertain meaning)",
"name": "ja-r"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "どい"
},
"expansion": "どい (doi)",
"name": "ja-r"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "とい",
"2": "",
"3": "sharp, biting; fierce, vicious; fast, quick"
},
"expansion": "とい (toi, “sharp, biting; fierce, vicious; fast, quick”)",
"name": "ja-r"
}
],
"etymology_text": "First cited to 1694.\nUltimate derivation is unclear.\n* One reference derives this from prefix あ (a, of uncertain meaning) + 諄い (kudoi, “repetitive, tedious, clunky, long-winded, insistent”).\n*: However, there is no apparent fitting prefix, only 亜 (a-, “sub-, -ous, -ite”, most often found in chemistry or biology).\n* Described in another source as deriving from 灰汁 (aku, “lye; harshness [as a characteristic of flavor or personality]”) + suffixing element どい (doi). This doi is probably from now-archaic adjective 利し・鋭し・疾し・敏し (toshi), modernized form とい (toi, “sharp, biting; fierce, vicious; fast, quick”).\nConsidering the senses, this might be a case of separately derived homophones, or a case where separate partially-similar terms influenced the meaning.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "akudoi",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "あくどく",
"roman": "akudoku",
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ja-i",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "あくどかろ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperfective",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "akudokaro",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperfective",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "あくどく",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "akudoku",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "あくどい",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"stem",
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "akudoi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"stem",
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "あくどい",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"attributive",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "akudoi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"attributive",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "あくどけれ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"hypothetical",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "akudokere",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"hypothetical",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "あくどかれ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "akudokare",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "あくどくない",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "akudoku nai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "あくどかった",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "akudokatta",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "あくどくなかった",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "akudoku nakatta",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "あくどいです",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "akudoi desu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "あくどくないです",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "akudoku nai desu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "あくどかったです",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "akudokatta desu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "あくどくなかったです",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "akudoku nakatta desu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "あくどくて",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "akudokute",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "あくどければ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conditional"
]
},
{
"form": "akudokereba",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conditional"
]
},
{
"form": "あくどかったら",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "akudokattara",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "あくどかろう",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "akudokarō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "あくどく",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
},
{
"form": "akudoku",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
},
{
"form": "あくどさ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"noun-from-adj"
]
},
{
"form": "akudosa",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"noun-from-adj"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"infl": "i"
},
"expansion": "あくどい • (akudoi) -i (adverbial あくどく (akudoku))",
"name": "ja-adj"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"adverbial": "く",
"attributive": "い",
"conditional": "ければ",
"conjunctive": "くて",
"continuative": "く",
"degree": "さ",
"formal": "い です",
"formal_negative": "く ない です",
"formal_negative_past": "く なかった です",
"formal_past": "かった です",
"hypothetical": "けれ",
"imperative": "かれ",
"imperfective": "かろ",
"informal_negative": "く ない",
"informal_negative_past": "く なかった",
"informal_past": "かった",
"kana": "",
"lemma": "あくど",
"provisional": "かったら",
"terminal": "い",
"volitional": "かろう"
},
"name": "ja-adj-infl"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "54 46",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "48 52",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with manual fragments",
"parents": [
"Links with manual fragments",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "47 53",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with redundant alt parameters",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant alt parameters",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "47 53",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant wikilinks",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "48 52",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant sortkeys",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "45 55",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "51 49",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "They use dirty tricks.",
"roman": "Akudoi shudan o tsukau.",
"ruby": [
[
"手",
"しゅ"
],
[
"段",
"だん"
],
[
"使",
"つか"
]
],
"text": "あくどい手段を使う。",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"harsh of manner or personality; vicious, wily, unscrupulous, villainous"
],
"id": "en-あくどい-ja-adj-N~PWa8e1",
"links": [
[
"harsh",
"harsh"
],
[
"vicious",
"vicious"
],
[
"wily",
"wily"
],
[
"unscrupulous",
"unscrupulous"
],
[
"villainous",
"villainous"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"english": "dishonest, unscrupulous",
"word": "悪徳"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "54 46",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "48 52",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with manual fragments",
"parents": [
"Links with manual fragments",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "47 53",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with redundant alt parameters",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant alt parameters",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "47 53",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant wikilinks",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "48 52",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant sortkeys",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "45 55",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "51 49",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"persistent or stubborn of manner; cloying of flavor; garish or overdone of color or appearance"
],
"id": "en-あくどい-ja-adj-aUbUnUL2",
"links": [
[
"persistent",
"persistent"
],
[
"stubborn",
"stubborn"
],
[
"cloying",
"cloying"
],
[
"flavor",
"flavor"
],
[
"garish",
"garish"
],
[
"overdone",
"overdone"
],
[
"color",
"color"
],
[
"appearance",
"appearance"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"english": "persistent of manner or flavor",
"word": "しつこい"
},
{
"english": "overdone, garish",
"word": "どぎつい"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"other": "あくどい"
},
{
"ipa": "[a̠kɯ̟do̞i]"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Nihon Kokugo Daijiten"
],
"word": "あくどい"
}
{
"categories": [
"Japanese adjectives",
"Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"Japanese hiragana",
"Japanese lemmas",
"Japanese links with manual fragments",
"Japanese links with redundant alt parameters",
"Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
"Japanese い-i adjectives",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "あ",
"linkto": "-",
"pos": "of uncertain meaning"
},
"expansion": "あ (a, of uncertain meaning)",
"name": "ja-r"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "どい"
},
"expansion": "どい (doi)",
"name": "ja-r"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "とい",
"2": "",
"3": "sharp, biting; fierce, vicious; fast, quick"
},
"expansion": "とい (toi, “sharp, biting; fierce, vicious; fast, quick”)",
"name": "ja-r"
}
],
"etymology_text": "First cited to 1694.\nUltimate derivation is unclear.\n* One reference derives this from prefix あ (a, of uncertain meaning) + 諄い (kudoi, “repetitive, tedious, clunky, long-winded, insistent”).\n*: However, there is no apparent fitting prefix, only 亜 (a-, “sub-, -ous, -ite”, most often found in chemistry or biology).\n* Described in another source as deriving from 灰汁 (aku, “lye; harshness [as a characteristic of flavor or personality]”) + suffixing element どい (doi). This doi is probably from now-archaic adjective 利し・鋭し・疾し・敏し (toshi), modernized form とい (toi, “sharp, biting; fierce, vicious; fast, quick”).\nConsidering the senses, this might be a case of separately derived homophones, or a case where separate partially-similar terms influenced the meaning.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "akudoi",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "あくどく",
"roman": "akudoku",
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ja-i",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "あくどかろ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperfective",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "akudokaro",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperfective",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "あくどく",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "akudoku",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "あくどい",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"stem",
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "akudoi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"stem",
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "あくどい",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"attributive",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "akudoi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"attributive",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "あくどけれ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"hypothetical",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "akudokere",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"hypothetical",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "あくどかれ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "akudokare",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "あくどくない",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "akudoku nai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "あくどかった",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "akudokatta",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "あくどくなかった",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "akudoku nakatta",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "あくどいです",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "akudoi desu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "あくどくないです",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "akudoku nai desu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "あくどかったです",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "akudokatta desu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "あくどくなかったです",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "akudoku nakatta desu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "あくどくて",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "akudokute",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "あくどければ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conditional"
]
},
{
"form": "akudokereba",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conditional"
]
},
{
"form": "あくどかったら",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "akudokattara",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "あくどかろう",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "akudokarō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "あくどく",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
},
{
"form": "akudoku",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
},
{
"form": "あくどさ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"noun-from-adj"
]
},
{
"form": "akudosa",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"noun-from-adj"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"infl": "i"
},
"expansion": "あくどい • (akudoi) -i (adverbial あくどく (akudoku))",
"name": "ja-adj"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"adverbial": "く",
"attributive": "い",
"conditional": "ければ",
"conjunctive": "くて",
"continuative": "く",
"degree": "さ",
"formal": "い です",
"formal_negative": "く ない です",
"formal_negative_past": "く なかった です",
"formal_past": "かった です",
"hypothetical": "けれ",
"imperative": "かれ",
"imperfective": "かろ",
"informal_negative": "く ない",
"informal_negative_past": "く なかった",
"informal_past": "かった",
"kana": "",
"lemma": "あくど",
"provisional": "かったら",
"terminal": "い",
"volitional": "かろう"
},
"name": "ja-adj-infl"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Japanese terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "They use dirty tricks.",
"roman": "Akudoi shudan o tsukau.",
"ruby": [
[
"手",
"しゅ"
],
[
"段",
"だん"
],
[
"使",
"つか"
]
],
"text": "あくどい手段を使う。",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"harsh of manner or personality; vicious, wily, unscrupulous, villainous"
],
"links": [
[
"harsh",
"harsh"
],
[
"vicious",
"vicious"
],
[
"wily",
"wily"
],
[
"unscrupulous",
"unscrupulous"
],
[
"villainous",
"villainous"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"english": "dishonest, unscrupulous",
"word": "悪徳"
}
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"persistent or stubborn of manner; cloying of flavor; garish or overdone of color or appearance"
],
"links": [
[
"persistent",
"persistent"
],
[
"stubborn",
"stubborn"
],
[
"cloying",
"cloying"
],
[
"flavor",
"flavor"
],
[
"garish",
"garish"
],
[
"overdone",
"overdone"
],
[
"color",
"color"
],
[
"appearance",
"appearance"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"english": "persistent of manner or flavor",
"word": "しつこい"
},
{
"english": "overdone, garish",
"word": "どぎつい"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"other": "あくどい"
},
{
"ipa": "[a̠kɯ̟do̞i]"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Nihon Kokugo Daijiten"
],
"word": "あくどい"
}
Download raw JSONL data for あくどい meaning in Japanese (6.9kB)
{
"called_from": "parser/1336",
"msg": "no corresponding start tag found for </span>",
"path": [
"あくどい"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "adjective",
"title": "あくどい",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Japanese dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-08 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-12-04 using wiktextract (bb46d54 and 0c3c9f6). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.