See ruffiano in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "arrufianarsi"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "ruffiana"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "ruffianata"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "ruffianeggiare"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "ruffianesco"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "ruffineria"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Catalan",
"lang_code": "ca",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "rufià"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "ruffian"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"word": "roffiaan"
},
{
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"word": "roffiaen"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Dutch",
"lang_code": "dum",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "ruffiaen"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"word": "roffiaan"
},
{
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"word": "roffiaen"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Dutch",
"lang_code": "dum",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "roffiaen"
}
],
"lang": "Middle French",
"lang_code": "frm",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "rufian"
},
{
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "rufián"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "goh",
"3": "hruf",
"4": "",
"5": "eschar, crust"
},
"expansion": "Old High German hruf (“eschar, crust”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "hrufla",
"3": "",
"4": "to scratch"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic hrufla (“to scratch”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ruffle"
},
"expansion": "English ruffle",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "VL.",
"3": "*rufianus"
},
"expansion": "Vulgar Latin *rufianus",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From roffia (“dirt”), from Old High German hruf (“eschar, crust”). Cognate with Icelandic hrufla (“to scratch”), English ruffle. Alternatively from Vulgar Latin *rufianus, from rūfus (“red”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "ruffiani",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ruffiana",
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m",
"f": "+"
},
"expansion": "ruffiano m (plural ruffiani, feminine ruffiana)",
"name": "it-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"ruf‧fià‧no"
],
"hyphenations": [
{
"parts": [
"ruf‧fià‧no"
]
}
],
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "56 4 17 4 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Italian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "100 0 0 0 0",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "it",
"name": "People",
"orig": "it:People",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"pander, procurer, pimp"
],
"id": "en-ruffiano-it-noun-6N1ioMSO",
"links": [
[
"pander",
"pander"
],
[
"procurer",
"procurer"
],
[
"pimp",
"pimp"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "magnaccia"
},
{
"word": "protettore"
},
{
"word": "lenone"
},
{
"word": "pappone"
}
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"bootlicker"
],
"id": "en-ruffiano-it-noun-zTT~-Wzy",
"links": [
[
"bootlicker",
"bootlicker"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"sycophant"
],
"id": "en-ruffiano-it-noun-D32fjiyn",
"links": [
[
"sycophant",
"sycophant"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"flunky"
],
"id": "en-ruffiano-it-noun-CSthdArW",
"links": [
[
"flunky",
"flunky"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"hanger-on"
],
"id": "en-ruffiano-it-noun-cIlio4Vu",
"links": [
[
"hanger-on",
"hanger-on"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/rufˈfja.no/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ano"
}
],
"word": "ruffiano"
}
{
"categories": [
"Italian 3-syllable words",
"Italian countable nouns",
"Italian entries with incorrect language header",
"Italian lemmas",
"Italian masculine nouns",
"Italian nouns",
"Italian terms derived from Old High German",
"Italian terms derived from Vulgar Latin",
"Italian terms inherited from Vulgar Latin",
"Italian terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:Italian/ano",
"Rhymes:Italian/ano/3 syllables",
"it:People"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "arrufianarsi"
},
{
"word": "ruffiana"
},
{
"word": "ruffianata"
},
{
"word": "ruffianeggiare"
},
{
"word": "ruffianesco"
},
{
"word": "ruffineria"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Catalan",
"lang_code": "ca",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "rufià"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "ruffian"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"word": "roffiaan"
},
{
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"word": "roffiaen"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Dutch",
"lang_code": "dum",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "ruffiaen"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"word": "roffiaan"
},
{
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"word": "roffiaen"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Dutch",
"lang_code": "dum",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "roffiaen"
}
],
"lang": "Middle French",
"lang_code": "frm",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "rufian"
},
{
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "rufián"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "goh",
"3": "hruf",
"4": "",
"5": "eschar, crust"
},
"expansion": "Old High German hruf (“eschar, crust”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "hrufla",
"3": "",
"4": "to scratch"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic hrufla (“to scratch”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ruffle"
},
"expansion": "English ruffle",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "VL.",
"3": "*rufianus"
},
"expansion": "Vulgar Latin *rufianus",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From roffia (“dirt”), from Old High German hruf (“eschar, crust”). Cognate with Icelandic hrufla (“to scratch”), English ruffle. Alternatively from Vulgar Latin *rufianus, from rūfus (“red”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "ruffiani",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ruffiana",
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m",
"f": "+"
},
"expansion": "ruffiano m (plural ruffiani, feminine ruffiana)",
"name": "it-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"ruf‧fià‧no"
],
"hyphenations": [
{
"parts": [
"ruf‧fià‧no"
]
}
],
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"pander, procurer, pimp"
],
"links": [
[
"pander",
"pander"
],
[
"procurer",
"procurer"
],
[
"pimp",
"pimp"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "magnaccia"
},
{
"word": "protettore"
},
{
"word": "lenone"
},
{
"word": "pappone"
}
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"bootlicker"
],
"links": [
[
"bootlicker",
"bootlicker"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"sycophant"
],
"links": [
[
"sycophant",
"sycophant"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"flunky"
],
"links": [
[
"flunky",
"flunky"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"hanger-on"
],
"links": [
[
"hanger-on",
"hanger-on"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/rufˈfja.no/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ano"
}
],
"word": "ruffiano"
}
Download raw JSONL data for ruffiano meaning in Italian (3.2kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Italian dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-12-23 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-12-02 using wiktextract (6fdc867 and 9905b1f). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.