"fiamma" meaning in Italian

See fiamma in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Noun

IPA: /ˈfjam.ma/ Audio: LL-Q652 (ita)-LangPao-fiamma.wav Forms: fiamme [plural]
Rhymes: -amma Etymology: From Latin flamma, from Proto-Italic *flāgmā, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰl̥h₂gmeh₂, derived from an extension of the root *bʰel- (“shiny, white”). Compare French flamme, Portuguese chama, Spanish llama. Etymology templates: {{inh|it|la|flamma}} Latin flamma, {{inh|it|itc-pro|*flāgmā}} Proto-Italic *flāgmā, {{inh|it|ine-pro||*bʰl̥h₂gmeh₂}} Proto-Indo-European *bʰl̥h₂gmeh₂, {{cog|fr|flamme}} French flamme, {{cog|pt|chama}} Portuguese chama, {{cog|es|llama}} Spanish llama Head templates: {{it-noun|f}} fiamma f (plural fiamme)
  1. flame (part of fire) Tags: feminine
    Sense id: en-fiamma-it-noun-bWJY5Pyz Categories (other): Fire Disambiguation of Fire: 63 18 18 0 0 0
  2. (figurative) flame (romantic partner) Tags: feminine, figuratively
    Sense id: en-fiamma-it-noun-pAMitLQq Categories (other): Italian entries with incorrect language header, Italian nouns with irregular gender, Occupations Disambiguation of Italian entries with incorrect language header: 1 44 6 8 3 38 Disambiguation of Italian nouns with irregular gender: 9 26 18 15 13 18 Disambiguation of Occupations: 3 41 3 3 10 39
  3. (figurative) flame (burning sentiment) Tags: feminine, figuratively
    Sense id: en-fiamma-it-noun-GI1poMPL
  4. (nautical) pennant, pennon Tags: feminine
    Sense id: en-fiamma-it-noun-wZN~9vTH Categories (other): Nautical Topics: nautical, transport
  5. (military) flash Tags: feminine
    Sense id: en-fiamma-it-noun-hR5DvUSi Categories (other): Military, Occupations Disambiguation of Occupations: 3 41 3 3 10 39 Topics: government, military, politics, war
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Derived forms: fiammeggiare, fiammella Related terms: fiammante, fiammare, fiammeggiante, fiammeo, fiammifero, flammeo, infiammare

Noun

IPA: /ˈfjam.ma/ Audio: LL-Q652 (ita)-LangPao-fiamma.wav
Rhymes: -amma Etymology: From Latin flamma, from Proto-Italic *flāgmā, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰl̥h₂gmeh₂, derived from an extension of the root *bʰel- (“shiny, white”). Compare French flamme, Portuguese chama, Spanish llama. Etymology templates: {{inh|it|la|flamma}} Latin flamma, {{inh|it|itc-pro|*flāgmā}} Proto-Italic *flāgmā, {{inh|it|ine-pro||*bʰl̥h₂gmeh₂}} Proto-Indo-European *bʰl̥h₂gmeh₂, {{cog|fr|flamme}} French flamme, {{cog|pt|chama}} Portuguese chama, {{cog|es|llama}} Spanish llama Head templates: {{it-noun|m|#}} fiamma m (invariable)
  1. (siderurgy) a worker who cuts metal using a cutting torch Tags: invariable, masculine Synonyms: bruciaferro, fiammista, ossigenista Related terms: fiaccola (english: torch), fuoco (english: fire)
    Sense id: en-fiamma-it-noun-w7l9LQtW Categories (other): Italian entries with incorrect language header, Occupations Disambiguation of Italian entries with incorrect language header: 1 44 6 8 3 38 Disambiguation of Occupations: 3 41 3 3 10 39

Inflected forms

{
  "derived": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "fiammeggiare"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "fiammella"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "it",
        "2": "la",
        "3": "flamma"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin flamma",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "it",
        "2": "itc-pro",
        "3": "*flāgmā"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Italic *flāgmā",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "it",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "",
        "4": "*bʰl̥h₂gmeh₂"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *bʰl̥h₂gmeh₂",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "flamme"
      },
      "expansion": "French flamme",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pt",
        "2": "chama"
      },
      "expansion": "Portuguese chama",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "es",
        "2": "llama"
      },
      "expansion": "Spanish llama",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Latin flamma, from Proto-Italic *flāgmā, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰl̥h₂gmeh₂, derived from an extension of the root *bʰel- (“shiny, white”). Compare French flamme, Portuguese chama, Spanish llama.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "fiamme",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "f"
      },
      "expansion": "fiamma f (plural fiamme)",
      "name": "it-noun"
    }
  ],
  "hyphenation": [
    "fiàm‧ma"
  ],
  "lang": "Italian",
  "lang_code": "it",
  "pos": "noun",
  "related": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "fiammante"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "fiammare"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "fiammeggiante"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "fiammeo"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "fiammifero"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "flammeo"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "infiammare"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "63 18 18 0 0 0",
          "kind": "other",
          "langcode": "it",
          "name": "Fire",
          "orig": "it:Fire",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "flame (part of fire)"
      ],
      "id": "en-fiamma-it-noun-bWJY5Pyz",
      "links": [
        [
          "flame",
          "flame"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "1 44 6 8 3 38",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Italian entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "9 26 18 15 13 18",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Italian nouns with irregular gender",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "3 41 3 3 10 39",
          "kind": "other",
          "langcode": "it",
          "name": "Occupations",
          "orig": "it:Occupations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "flame (romantic partner)"
      ],
      "id": "en-fiamma-it-noun-pAMitLQq",
      "links": [
        [
          "flame",
          "flame"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(figurative) flame (romantic partner)"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "figuratively"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "flame (burning sentiment)"
      ],
      "id": "en-fiamma-it-noun-GI1poMPL",
      "links": [
        [
          "flame",
          "flame"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(figurative) flame (burning sentiment)"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "figuratively"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "langcode": "it",
          "name": "Nautical",
          "orig": "it:Nautical",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "pennant, pennon"
      ],
      "id": "en-fiamma-it-noun-wZN~9vTH",
      "links": [
        [
          "nautical",
          "nautical"
        ],
        [
          "pennant",
          "pennant"
        ],
        [
          "pennon",
          "pennon"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(nautical) pennant, pennon"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "topics": [
        "nautical",
        "transport"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "langcode": "it",
          "name": "Military",
          "orig": "it:Military",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "3 41 3 3 10 39",
          "kind": "other",
          "langcode": "it",
          "name": "Occupations",
          "orig": "it:Occupations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "flash"
      ],
      "id": "en-fiamma-it-noun-hR5DvUSi",
      "links": [
        [
          "military",
          "military"
        ],
        [
          "flash",
          "flash"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(military) flash"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "topics": [
        "government",
        "military",
        "politics",
        "war"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈfjam.ma/"
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-amma"
    },
    {
      "audio": "LL-Q652 (ita)-LangPao-fiamma.wav",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a3/LL-Q652_%28ita%29-LangPao-fiamma.wav/LL-Q652_%28ita%29-LangPao-fiamma.wav.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a3/LL-Q652_%28ita%29-LangPao-fiamma.wav/LL-Q652_%28ita%29-LangPao-fiamma.wav.ogg"
    }
  ],
  "word": "fiamma"
}

{
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "it",
        "2": "la",
        "3": "flamma"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin flamma",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "it",
        "2": "itc-pro",
        "3": "*flāgmā"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Italic *flāgmā",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "it",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "",
        "4": "*bʰl̥h₂gmeh₂"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *bʰl̥h₂gmeh₂",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "flamme"
      },
      "expansion": "French flamme",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pt",
        "2": "chama"
      },
      "expansion": "Portuguese chama",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "es",
        "2": "llama"
      },
      "expansion": "Spanish llama",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Latin flamma, from Proto-Italic *flāgmā, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰl̥h₂gmeh₂, derived from an extension of the root *bʰel- (“shiny, white”). Compare French flamme, Portuguese chama, Spanish llama.",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "m",
        "2": "#"
      },
      "expansion": "fiamma m (invariable)",
      "name": "it-noun"
    }
  ],
  "hyphenation": [
    "fiàm‧ma"
  ],
  "lang": "Italian",
  "lang_code": "it",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "1 44 6 8 3 38",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Italian entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "3 41 3 3 10 39",
          "kind": "other",
          "langcode": "it",
          "name": "Occupations",
          "orig": "it:Occupations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "a worker who cuts metal using a cutting torch"
      ],
      "id": "en-fiamma-it-noun-w7l9LQtW",
      "links": [
        [
          "worker",
          "worker"
        ],
        [
          "cut",
          "cut"
        ],
        [
          "metal",
          "metal"
        ],
        [
          "cutting torch",
          "cutting torch"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(siderurgy) a worker who cuts metal using a cutting torch"
      ],
      "related": [
        {
          "english": "torch",
          "word": "fiaccola"
        },
        {
          "english": "fire",
          "word": "fuoco"
        }
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "bruciaferro"
        },
        {
          "word": "fiammista"
        },
        {
          "word": "ossigenista"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "invariable",
        "masculine"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈfjam.ma/"
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-amma"
    },
    {
      "audio": "LL-Q652 (ita)-LangPao-fiamma.wav",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a3/LL-Q652_%28ita%29-LangPao-fiamma.wav/LL-Q652_%28ita%29-LangPao-fiamma.wav.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a3/LL-Q652_%28ita%29-LangPao-fiamma.wav/LL-Q652_%28ita%29-LangPao-fiamma.wav.ogg"
    }
  ],
  "word": "fiamma"
}
{
  "categories": [
    "Italian 2-syllable words",
    "Italian countable nouns",
    "Italian entries with incorrect language header",
    "Italian feminine nouns",
    "Italian indeclinable nouns",
    "Italian lemmas",
    "Italian masculine nouns",
    "Italian nouns",
    "Italian nouns with irregular gender",
    "Italian terms derived from Latin",
    "Italian terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
    "Italian terms derived from Proto-Italic",
    "Italian terms inherited from Latin",
    "Italian terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
    "Italian terms inherited from Proto-Italic",
    "Italian terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Pages with 2 entries",
    "Pages with entries",
    "Rhymes:Italian/amma",
    "Rhymes:Italian/amma/2 syllables",
    "it:Fire",
    "it:Occupations"
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "word": "fiammeggiare"
    },
    {
      "word": "fiammella"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "it",
        "2": "la",
        "3": "flamma"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin flamma",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "it",
        "2": "itc-pro",
        "3": "*flāgmā"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Italic *flāgmā",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "it",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "",
        "4": "*bʰl̥h₂gmeh₂"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *bʰl̥h₂gmeh₂",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "flamme"
      },
      "expansion": "French flamme",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pt",
        "2": "chama"
      },
      "expansion": "Portuguese chama",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "es",
        "2": "llama"
      },
      "expansion": "Spanish llama",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Latin flamma, from Proto-Italic *flāgmā, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰl̥h₂gmeh₂, derived from an extension of the root *bʰel- (“shiny, white”). Compare French flamme, Portuguese chama, Spanish llama.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "fiamme",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "f"
      },
      "expansion": "fiamma f (plural fiamme)",
      "name": "it-noun"
    }
  ],
  "hyphenation": [
    "fiàm‧ma"
  ],
  "lang": "Italian",
  "lang_code": "it",
  "pos": "noun",
  "related": [
    {
      "word": "fiammante"
    },
    {
      "word": "fiammare"
    },
    {
      "word": "fiammeggiante"
    },
    {
      "word": "fiammeo"
    },
    {
      "word": "fiammifero"
    },
    {
      "word": "flammeo"
    },
    {
      "word": "infiammare"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "flame (part of fire)"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "flame",
          "flame"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "flame (romantic partner)"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "flame",
          "flame"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(figurative) flame (romantic partner)"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "figuratively"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "flame (burning sentiment)"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "flame",
          "flame"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(figurative) flame (burning sentiment)"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "figuratively"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "it:Nautical"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "pennant, pennon"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "nautical",
          "nautical"
        ],
        [
          "pennant",
          "pennant"
        ],
        [
          "pennon",
          "pennon"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(nautical) pennant, pennon"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "topics": [
        "nautical",
        "transport"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "it:Military"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "flash"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "military",
          "military"
        ],
        [
          "flash",
          "flash"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(military) flash"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "topics": [
        "government",
        "military",
        "politics",
        "war"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈfjam.ma/"
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-amma"
    },
    {
      "audio": "LL-Q652 (ita)-LangPao-fiamma.wav",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a3/LL-Q652_%28ita%29-LangPao-fiamma.wav/LL-Q652_%28ita%29-LangPao-fiamma.wav.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a3/LL-Q652_%28ita%29-LangPao-fiamma.wav/LL-Q652_%28ita%29-LangPao-fiamma.wav.ogg"
    }
  ],
  "word": "fiamma"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Italian 2-syllable words",
    "Italian countable nouns",
    "Italian entries with incorrect language header",
    "Italian feminine nouns",
    "Italian indeclinable nouns",
    "Italian lemmas",
    "Italian masculine nouns",
    "Italian nouns",
    "Italian nouns with irregular gender",
    "Italian terms derived from Latin",
    "Italian terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
    "Italian terms derived from Proto-Italic",
    "Italian terms inherited from Latin",
    "Italian terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
    "Italian terms inherited from Proto-Italic",
    "Italian terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Pages with 2 entries",
    "Pages with entries",
    "Rhymes:Italian/amma",
    "Rhymes:Italian/amma/2 syllables",
    "it:Fire",
    "it:Occupations"
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "it",
        "2": "la",
        "3": "flamma"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin flamma",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "it",
        "2": "itc-pro",
        "3": "*flāgmā"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Italic *flāgmā",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "it",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "",
        "4": "*bʰl̥h₂gmeh₂"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *bʰl̥h₂gmeh₂",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "flamme"
      },
      "expansion": "French flamme",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pt",
        "2": "chama"
      },
      "expansion": "Portuguese chama",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "es",
        "2": "llama"
      },
      "expansion": "Spanish llama",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Latin flamma, from Proto-Italic *flāgmā, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰl̥h₂gmeh₂, derived from an extension of the root *bʰel- (“shiny, white”). Compare French flamme, Portuguese chama, Spanish llama.",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "m",
        "2": "#"
      },
      "expansion": "fiamma m (invariable)",
      "name": "it-noun"
    }
  ],
  "hyphenation": [
    "fiàm‧ma"
  ],
  "lang": "Italian",
  "lang_code": "it",
  "pos": "noun",
  "related": [
    {
      "english": "torch",
      "word": "fiaccola"
    },
    {
      "english": "fire",
      "word": "fuoco"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "a worker who cuts metal using a cutting torch"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "worker",
          "worker"
        ],
        [
          "cut",
          "cut"
        ],
        [
          "metal",
          "metal"
        ],
        [
          "cutting torch",
          "cutting torch"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(siderurgy) a worker who cuts metal using a cutting torch"
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "bruciaferro"
        },
        {
          "word": "fiammista"
        },
        {
          "word": "ossigenista"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "invariable",
        "masculine"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈfjam.ma/"
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-amma"
    },
    {
      "audio": "LL-Q652 (ita)-LangPao-fiamma.wav",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a3/LL-Q652_%28ita%29-LangPao-fiamma.wav/LL-Q652_%28ita%29-LangPao-fiamma.wav.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a3/LL-Q652_%28ita%29-LangPao-fiamma.wav/LL-Q652_%28ita%29-LangPao-fiamma.wav.ogg"
    }
  ],
  "word": "fiamma"
}

Download raw JSONL data for fiamma meaning in Italian (5.9kB)

{
  "called_from": "form_descriptions/1831",
  "msg": "unrecognized sense qualifier: siderurgy",
  "path": [
    "fiamma"
  ],
  "section": "Italian",
  "subsection": "noun",
  "title": "fiamma",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "form_descriptions/1831",
  "msg": "unrecognized sense qualifier: siderurgy",
  "path": [
    "fiamma"
  ],
  "section": "Italian",
  "subsection": "noun",
  "title": "fiamma",
  "trace": ""
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Italian dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-06-07 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-06-01 using wiktextract (92124b4 and f1c2b61). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.