"דוכא" meaning in Hebrew

See דוכא in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Verb

Head templates: {{he-verb|pu|act=דיכא|actdwv=דִּכֵּא|dwv=דֻּכָּא|tr=duka'|ל=א}} דוכא / דֻּכָּא • (duka') third-singular masculine past (pu'al construction, active counterpart דיכא / דִּכֵּא) Inflection templates: {{he-conj|pu|דכא}} Forms: דֻּכָּא [canonical], duka' [romanization], דיכא [active], דִּכֵּא [active], no-table-tags [table-tags], דוכאתי [feminine, first-person, masculine, past, singular], דֻּכֵּאתִי [feminine, first-person, masculine, past, singular], דוכאנו [feminine, first-person, masculine, past, plural], דֻּכֵּאנוּ [feminine, first-person, masculine, past, plural], דוכאת [masculine, past, second-person, singular], דֻּכֵּאתָ [masculine, past, second-person, singular], דוכאת [feminine, past, second-person, singular], דֻּכֵּאת [feminine, past, second-person, singular], דוכאתם [masculine, past, plural, second-person], דֻּכֵּאתֶם [masculine, past, plural, second-person], דוכאתן [feminine, past, plural, second-person], דֻּכֵּאתֶן [feminine, past, plural, second-person], דוכא [masculine, past, singular, third-person], דֻּכָּא [masculine, past, singular, third-person], דוכאה [feminine, past, singular, third-person], דֻּכְּאָה [feminine, past, singular, third-person], דוכאו [feminine, masculine, past, plural, third-person], דֻּכְּאוּ [feminine, masculine, past, plural, third-person], מדוכא [masculine, present, singular], מְדֻכָּא [masculine, present, singular], מדוכאת [feminine, present, singular], מְדֻכֵּאת [feminine, present, singular], מדוכאים [masculine, plural, present], מְדֻכָּאִים [masculine, plural, present], מדוכאות [feminine, plural, present], מְדֻכָּאוֹת [feminine, plural, present], אדוכא [feminine, first-person, future, masculine, singular], אֲדֻכָּא [feminine, first-person, future, masculine, singular], נדוכא [feminine, first-person, future, masculine, plural], נְדֻכָּא [feminine, first-person, future, masculine, plural], תדוכא [future, masculine, second-person, singular], תְּדֻכָּא [future, masculine, second-person, singular], תדוכאי [feminine, future, second-person, singular], תְּדֻכְּאִי [feminine, future, second-person, singular], תדוכאו [future, masculine, plural, second-person], תְּדֻכְּאוּ [future, masculine, plural, second-person], תדוכאנה [feminine, future, plural, second-person], תְּדֻכֶּאנָה [feminine, future, plural, second-person], ידוכא [future, masculine, singular, third-person], יְדֻכָּא [future, masculine, singular, third-person], תדוכא [feminine, future, singular, third-person], תְּדֻכָּא [feminine, future, singular, third-person], ידוכאו [future, masculine, plural, third-person], יְדֻכְּאוּ [future, masculine, plural, third-person], תדוכאנה [feminine, future, plural, third-person], תְּדֻכֶּאנָה [feminine, future, plural, third-person], - [imperative, masculine, singular], - [feminine, imperative, singular], - [imperative, masculine, plural], - [feminine, imperative, plural]
  1. to be oppressed, to be subjugated Tags: construction-pu'al
    Sense id: en-דוכא-he-verb-prUGA7r6 Categories (other): Hebrew entries with incorrect language header, Hebrew links with redundant wikilinks, Hebrew terms belonging to the root ד־כ־א

Download JSON data for דוכא meaning in Hebrew (6.9kB)

{
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "דֻּכָּא",
      "tags": [
        "canonical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "duka'",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "דיכא",
      "tags": [
        "active"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "דִּכֵּא",
      "tags": [
        "active"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "he-conj",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "דוכאתי",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "first-person",
        "masculine",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "דֻּכֵּאתִי",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "first-person",
        "masculine",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "דוכאנו",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "first-person",
        "masculine",
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "דֻּכֵּאנוּ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "first-person",
        "masculine",
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "דוכאת",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "past",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "דֻּכֵּאתָ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "past",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "דוכאת",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "past",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "דֻּכֵּאת",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "past",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "דוכאתם",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "past",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "דֻּכֵּאתֶם",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "past",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "דוכאתן",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "past",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "דֻּכֵּאתֶן",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "past",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "דוכא",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "past",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "דֻּכָּא",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "past",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "דוכאה",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "past",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "דֻּכְּאָה",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "past",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "דוכאו",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "masculine",
        "past",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "דֻּכְּאוּ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "masculine",
        "past",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "מדוכא",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "מְדֻכָּא",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "מדוכאת",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "מְדֻכֵּאת",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "מדוכאים",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "מְדֻכָּאִים",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "מדוכאות",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "מְדֻכָּאוֹת",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "אדוכא",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "first-person",
        "future",
        "masculine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "אֲדֻכָּא",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "first-person",
        "future",
        "masculine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "נדוכא",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "first-person",
        "future",
        "masculine",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "נְדֻכָּא",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "first-person",
        "future",
        "masculine",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "תדוכא",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "masculine",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "תְּדֻכָּא",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "masculine",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "תדוכאי",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "future",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "תְּדֻכְּאִי",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "future",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "תדוכאו",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "masculine",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "תְּדֻכְּאוּ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "masculine",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "תדוכאנה",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "future",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "תְּדֻכֶּאנָה",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "future",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ידוכא",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "masculine",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "יְדֻכָּא",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "masculine",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "תדוכא",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "future",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "תְּדֻכָּא",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "future",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ידוכאו",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "masculine",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "יְדֻכְּאוּ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "masculine",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "תדוכאנה",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "future",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "תְּדֻכֶּאנָה",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "future",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "masculine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "imperative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "masculine",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "imperative",
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pu",
        "act": "דיכא",
        "actdwv": "דִּכֵּא",
        "dwv": "דֻּכָּא",
        "tr": "duka'",
        "ל": "א"
      },
      "expansion": "דוכא / דֻּכָּא • (duka') third-singular masculine past (pu'al construction, active counterpart דיכא / דִּכֵּא)",
      "name": "he-verb"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pu",
        "2": "דכא"
      },
      "name": "he-conj"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Hebrew",
  "lang_code": "he",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Hebrew entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Hebrew links with redundant wikilinks",
          "parents": [
            "Links with redundant wikilinks",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Hebrew terms belonging to the root ד־כ־א",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to be oppressed, to be subjugated"
      ],
      "id": "en-דוכא-he-verb-prUGA7r6",
      "links": [
        [
          "oppressed",
          "oppressed"
        ],
        [
          "subjugated",
          "subjugated"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "construction-pu'al"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "דוכא"
}

{
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "דֻּכָּא",
      "tags": [
        "canonical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "duka'",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "דיכא",
      "tags": [
        "active"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "דִּכֵּא",
      "tags": [
        "active"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "he-conj",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "דוכאתי",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "first-person",
        "masculine",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "דֻּכֵּאתִי",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "first-person",
        "masculine",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "דוכאנו",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "first-person",
        "masculine",
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "דֻּכֵּאנוּ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "first-person",
        "masculine",
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "דוכאת",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "past",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "דֻּכֵּאתָ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "past",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "דוכאת",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "past",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "דֻּכֵּאת",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "past",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "דוכאתם",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "past",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "דֻּכֵּאתֶם",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "past",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "דוכאתן",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "past",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "דֻּכֵּאתֶן",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "past",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "דוכא",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "past",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "דֻּכָּא",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "past",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "דוכאה",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "past",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "דֻּכְּאָה",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "past",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "דוכאו",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "masculine",
        "past",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "דֻּכְּאוּ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "masculine",
        "past",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "מדוכא",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "מְדֻכָּא",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "מדוכאת",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "מְדֻכֵּאת",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "מדוכאים",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "מְדֻכָּאִים",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "מדוכאות",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "מְדֻכָּאוֹת",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "אדוכא",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "first-person",
        "future",
        "masculine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "אֲדֻכָּא",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "first-person",
        "future",
        "masculine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "נדוכא",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "first-person",
        "future",
        "masculine",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "נְדֻכָּא",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "first-person",
        "future",
        "masculine",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "תדוכא",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "masculine",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "תְּדֻכָּא",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "masculine",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "תדוכאי",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "future",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "תְּדֻכְּאִי",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "future",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "תדוכאו",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "masculine",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "תְּדֻכְּאוּ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "masculine",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "תדוכאנה",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "future",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "תְּדֻכֶּאנָה",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "future",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ידוכא",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "masculine",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "יְדֻכָּא",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "masculine",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "תדוכא",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "future",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "תְּדֻכָּא",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "future",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ידוכאו",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "masculine",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "יְדֻכְּאוּ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "masculine",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "תדוכאנה",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "future",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "תְּדֻכֶּאנָה",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "future",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "masculine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "imperative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "masculine",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "imperative",
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pu",
        "act": "דיכא",
        "actdwv": "דִּכֵּא",
        "dwv": "דֻּכָּא",
        "tr": "duka'",
        "ל": "א"
      },
      "expansion": "דוכא / דֻּכָּא • (duka') third-singular masculine past (pu'al construction, active counterpart דיכא / דִּכֵּא)",
      "name": "he-verb"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pu",
        "2": "דכא"
      },
      "name": "he-conj"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Hebrew",
  "lang_code": "he",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Hebrew entries with incorrect language header",
        "Hebrew lemmas",
        "Hebrew links with redundant wikilinks",
        "Hebrew pu'al verbs",
        "Hebrew terms belonging to the root ד־כ־א",
        "Hebrew verbs",
        "Hebrew ל״א pu'al verbs"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to be oppressed, to be subjugated"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "oppressed",
          "oppressed"
        ],
        [
          "subjugated",
          "subjugated"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "construction-pu'al"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "דוכא"
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Hebrew dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-06-23 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-06-20 using wiktextract (1b9bfc5 and 0136956). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.