See Nazi in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
Download JSON data for Nazi meaning in German (9.3kB)
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Nationalsozialist",
"3": "",
"4": "National Socialist"
},
"expansion": "Nationalsozialist (“National Socialist”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Sozi",
"3": "",
"4": "socialist"
},
"expansion": "Sozi (“socialist”)",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "1924, representing the pronunciation of Nati- in Nationalsozialist (“National Socialist”), influenced by Sozi (“socialist”), as pejorative possibly also influenced by Nazi, a Bavarian hypocorism of Ignatius.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "Nazis",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "Nazis",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "Nazi",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "strong",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "de-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "Nazi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Nazis",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "Nazi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "Nazis",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Nazis",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "Nazi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "Nazi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Nazis",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"definite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "Nazi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"definite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "Nazi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Nazis",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "Nazi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m,,(s)"
},
"expansion": "Nazi m (strong, genitive Nazis, plural Nazis or Nazi)",
"name": "de-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m,,(s)"
},
"name": "de-ndecl"
}
],
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "20 57 9 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "German entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 82 5 7",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "de",
"name": "Nazism",
"orig": "de:Nazism",
"parents": [
"Fascism",
"Ideologies",
"White supremacist ideology",
"Politics",
"Society",
"Racism",
"All topics",
"Forms of discrimination",
"Fundamental",
"Discrimination"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "92 4 4",
"word": "Alt-Nazi"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 4 4",
"word": "Altnazi"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 4 4",
"word": "Anti-Nazi"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 4 4",
"word": "Antinazi"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 4 4",
"word": "entnazifizieren"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 4 4",
"word": "Kontranazi"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 4 4",
"word": "nazi-ähnlich"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 4 4",
"word": "Nazi-Deutschland"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 4 4",
"word": "Nazi-Diktatur"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 4 4",
"word": "Nazi-Feind"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 4 4",
"word": "Nazi-Freund"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 4 4",
"word": "Nazi-Gold"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 4 4",
"word": "Nazi-Gräuel"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 4 4",
"word": "Nazi-Greuel"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 4 4",
"word": "Nazi-Grösse"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 4 4",
"word": "Nazi-Größe"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 4 4",
"word": "Nazi-Ideologe"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 4 4",
"word": "Nazi-Ideologie"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 4 4",
"word": "Nazi-Jagd"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 4 4",
"word": "Nazi-Jäger"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 4 4",
"word": "Nazi-Jargon"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 4 4",
"word": "Nazi-Justiz"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 4 4",
"word": "Nazi-Milieu"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 4 4",
"word": "Nazi-Opfer"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 4 4",
"word": "Nazi-Organisation"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 4 4",
"word": "Nazi-Partei"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 4 4",
"word": "Nazi-Posting"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 4 4",
"word": "Nazi-Propagandist"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 4 4",
"word": "Nazi-Raubkunst"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 4 4",
"word": "Nazi-Regime"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 4 4",
"word": "Nazi-Richter"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 4 4",
"word": "Nazi-Skin"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 4 4",
"word": "Nazi-Verbrecher"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 4 4",
"word": "Nazi-Vergangenheit"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 4 4",
"word": "naziähnlich"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 4 4",
"word": "Naziaufmarsch"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 4 4",
"word": "Nazideutschland"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 4 4",
"word": "Nazifahne"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 4 4",
"word": "Nazifeind"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 4 4",
"word": "nazifeindlich"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 4 4",
"word": "Nazifilm"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 4 4",
"word": "nazifizieren"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 4 4",
"word": "Nazifreund"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 4 4",
"word": "nazifreundlich"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 4 4",
"word": "Nazigegner"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 4 4",
"word": "Nazigold"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 4 4",
"word": "Nazigräuel"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 4 4",
"word": "Nazigreuel"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 4 4",
"word": "Nazigröße"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 4 4",
"word": "Nazigrösse"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 4 4",
"word": "Naziherrschaft"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 4 4",
"word": "Naziideologe"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 4 4",
"word": "Naziideologie"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 4 4",
"word": "Nazijagd"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 4 4",
"word": "Nazijäger"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 4 4",
"word": "Nazijargon"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 4 4",
"word": "Nazijustiz"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 4 4",
"word": "Nazimilieu"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 4 4",
"word": "Naziopfer"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 4 4",
"word": "Naziorganisation"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 4 4",
"word": "Nazipartei"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 4 4",
"word": "Naziposting"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 4 4",
"word": "Nazipropaganda"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 4 4",
"word": "Naziprozeß"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 4 4",
"word": "Naziprozess"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 4 4",
"word": "Naziraubkunst"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 4 4",
"word": "Naziregierung"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 4 4",
"word": "Naziregime"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 4 4",
"word": "Nazischwein"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 4 4",
"word": "Naziskin"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 4 4",
"word": "Nazitum"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 4 4",
"word": "Naziverbrechen"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 4 4",
"word": "Naziverbrecher"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 4 4",
"word": "Nazizeit"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 4 4",
"word": "Neo-Nazi"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 4 4",
"word": "Neonazi"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 4 4",
"word": "Pronazi"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 4 4",
"word": "Pro—Nazi"
}
],
"glosses": [
"a member or (ideological) supporter of the Nazi Party, Nazism, or neo-Nazism; a National Socialist"
],
"id": "en-Nazi-de-noun-xccUrOge",
"links": [
[
"member",
"member"
],
[
"ideological",
"ideological"
],
[
"supporter",
"supporter"
],
[
"Nazism",
"Nazism"
],
[
"neo-Nazism",
"neo-Nazism"
],
[
"National Socialist",
"National Socialist"
]
],
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "92 4 4",
"word": "Nazist"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 4 4",
"word": "Faschist"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "92 4 4",
"word": "Braunhemd"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 4 4",
"word": "Hitlerfaschist"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 4 4",
"word": "Nationalsozialist"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 4 4",
"word": "Nazist"
}
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"strong"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"a general, extremely strong insult, chiefly of someone right-wing, authoritarian or xenophobic"
],
"id": "en-Nazi-de-noun-ekikt14T",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"strong"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"an expression of strong contempt for someone or something right-wing, authoritarian or xenophobic, as in Nazischwein, Nazipropaganda, etc."
],
"id": "en-Nazi-de-noun-TdId1Uzz",
"links": [
[
"compound",
"compound"
],
[
"Nazischwein",
"Nazischwein#English"
],
[
"Nazipropaganda",
"Nazipropaganda#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(used in compounds) an expression of strong contempt for someone or something right-wing, authoritarian or xenophobic, as in Nazischwein, Nazipropaganda, etc."
],
"raw_tags": [
"used in compounds"
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"strong"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈnaːtsi/"
},
{
"audio": "De-Nazi.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c9/De-Nazi.ogg/De-Nazi.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/De-Nazi.ogg",
"text": "Audio"
}
],
"word": "Nazi"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"forms": [
{
"form": "Nazis",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "Nazis",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m,,s"
},
"expansion": "Nazi m (proper noun, strong, genitive Nazis, plural Nazis)",
"name": "de-proper noun"
}
],
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"pos": "name",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"name": "German diminutives of male given names",
"parents": [
"Diminutives of male given names",
"Male given names",
"Given names",
"Diminutive nouns",
"Names",
"Nouns",
"All topics",
"Proper nouns",
"Terms by semantic function",
"Lemmas",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "topical",
"name": "German given names",
"parents": [
"Given names",
"Names",
"All topics",
"Proper nouns",
"Terms by semantic function",
"Fundamental",
"Nouns",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "topical",
"name": "German male given names",
"parents": [
"Male given names",
"Given names",
"Names",
"All topics",
"Proper nouns",
"Terms by semantic function",
"Fundamental",
"Nouns",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"a diminutive of the male given names Ignaz or Ignatius"
],
"id": "en-Nazi-de-name-SYHpDB5r",
"links": [
[
"diminutive",
"diminutive"
],
[
"given names",
"given name"
],
[
"Ignaz",
"Ignaz#German"
],
[
"Ignatius",
"Ignatius#German"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare after the mid-1900s) a diminutive of the male given names Ignaz or Ignatius"
],
"raw_tags": [
"after the mid-1900s"
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"proper-noun",
"rare",
"strong"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈnaːtsi/"
},
{
"audio": "De-Nazi.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c9/De-Nazi.ogg/De-Nazi.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/De-Nazi.ogg",
"text": "Audio"
}
],
"word": "Nazi"
}
{
"categories": [
"German 2-syllable words",
"German entries with incorrect language header",
"German lemmas",
"German masculine nouns",
"German nouns",
"German proper nouns",
"German terms with IPA pronunciation",
"German terms with audio links",
"de:Nazism"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "Alt-Nazi"
},
{
"word": "Altnazi"
},
{
"word": "Anti-Nazi"
},
{
"word": "Antinazi"
},
{
"word": "entnazifizieren"
},
{
"word": "Kontranazi"
},
{
"word": "nazi-ähnlich"
},
{
"word": "Nazi-Deutschland"
},
{
"word": "Nazi-Diktatur"
},
{
"word": "Nazi-Feind"
},
{
"word": "Nazi-Freund"
},
{
"word": "Nazi-Gold"
},
{
"word": "Nazi-Gräuel"
},
{
"word": "Nazi-Greuel"
},
{
"word": "Nazi-Grösse"
},
{
"word": "Nazi-Größe"
},
{
"word": "Nazi-Ideologe"
},
{
"word": "Nazi-Ideologie"
},
{
"word": "Nazi-Jagd"
},
{
"word": "Nazi-Jäger"
},
{
"word": "Nazi-Jargon"
},
{
"word": "Nazi-Justiz"
},
{
"word": "Nazi-Milieu"
},
{
"word": "Nazi-Opfer"
},
{
"word": "Nazi-Organisation"
},
{
"word": "Nazi-Partei"
},
{
"word": "Nazi-Posting"
},
{
"word": "Nazi-Propagandist"
},
{
"word": "Nazi-Raubkunst"
},
{
"word": "Nazi-Regime"
},
{
"word": "Nazi-Richter"
},
{
"word": "Nazi-Skin"
},
{
"word": "Nazi-Verbrecher"
},
{
"word": "Nazi-Vergangenheit"
},
{
"word": "naziähnlich"
},
{
"word": "Naziaufmarsch"
},
{
"word": "Nazideutschland"
},
{
"word": "Nazifahne"
},
{
"word": "Nazifeind"
},
{
"word": "nazifeindlich"
},
{
"word": "Nazifilm"
},
{
"word": "nazifizieren"
},
{
"word": "Nazifreund"
},
{
"word": "nazifreundlich"
},
{
"word": "Nazigegner"
},
{
"word": "Nazigold"
},
{
"word": "Nazigräuel"
},
{
"word": "Nazigreuel"
},
{
"word": "Nazigröße"
},
{
"word": "Nazigrösse"
},
{
"word": "Naziherrschaft"
},
{
"word": "Naziideologe"
},
{
"word": "Naziideologie"
},
{
"word": "Nazijagd"
},
{
"word": "Nazijäger"
},
{
"word": "Nazijargon"
},
{
"word": "Nazijustiz"
},
{
"word": "Nazimilieu"
},
{
"word": "Naziopfer"
},
{
"word": "Naziorganisation"
},
{
"word": "Nazipartei"
},
{
"word": "Naziposting"
},
{
"word": "Nazipropaganda"
},
{
"word": "Naziprozeß"
},
{
"word": "Naziprozess"
},
{
"word": "Naziraubkunst"
},
{
"word": "Naziregierung"
},
{
"word": "Naziregime"
},
{
"word": "Nazischwein"
},
{
"word": "Naziskin"
},
{
"word": "Nazitum"
},
{
"word": "Naziverbrechen"
},
{
"word": "Naziverbrecher"
},
{
"word": "Nazizeit"
},
{
"word": "Neo-Nazi"
},
{
"word": "Neonazi"
},
{
"word": "Pronazi"
},
{
"word": "Pro—Nazi"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Nationalsozialist",
"3": "",
"4": "National Socialist"
},
"expansion": "Nationalsozialist (“National Socialist”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Sozi",
"3": "",
"4": "socialist"
},
"expansion": "Sozi (“socialist”)",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "1924, representing the pronunciation of Nati- in Nationalsozialist (“National Socialist”), influenced by Sozi (“socialist”), as pejorative possibly also influenced by Nazi, a Bavarian hypocorism of Ignatius.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "Nazis",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "Nazis",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "Nazi",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "strong",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "de-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "Nazi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Nazis",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "Nazi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "Nazis",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Nazis",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "Nazi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "Nazi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Nazis",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"definite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "Nazi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"definite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "Nazi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Nazis",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "Nazi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m,,(s)"
},
"expansion": "Nazi m (strong, genitive Nazis, plural Nazis or Nazi)",
"name": "de-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m,,(s)"
},
"name": "de-ndecl"
}
],
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "Nazist"
},
{
"word": "Faschist"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"a member or (ideological) supporter of the Nazi Party, Nazism, or neo-Nazism; a National Socialist"
],
"links": [
[
"member",
"member"
],
[
"ideological",
"ideological"
],
[
"supporter",
"supporter"
],
[
"Nazism",
"Nazism"
],
[
"neo-Nazism",
"neo-Nazism"
],
[
"National Socialist",
"National Socialist"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"strong"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"a general, extremely strong insult, chiefly of someone right-wing, authoritarian or xenophobic"
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"strong"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"an expression of strong contempt for someone or something right-wing, authoritarian or xenophobic, as in Nazischwein, Nazipropaganda, etc."
],
"links": [
[
"compound",
"compound"
],
[
"Nazischwein",
"Nazischwein#English"
],
[
"Nazipropaganda",
"Nazipropaganda#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(used in compounds) an expression of strong contempt for someone or something right-wing, authoritarian or xenophobic, as in Nazischwein, Nazipropaganda, etc."
],
"raw_tags": [
"used in compounds"
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"strong"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈnaːtsi/"
},
{
"audio": "De-Nazi.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c9/De-Nazi.ogg/De-Nazi.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/De-Nazi.ogg",
"text": "Audio"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "Braunhemd"
},
{
"word": "Hitlerfaschist"
},
{
"word": "Nationalsozialist"
},
{
"word": "Nazist"
}
],
"word": "Nazi"
}
{
"categories": [
"German 2-syllable words",
"German entries with incorrect language header",
"German lemmas",
"German masculine nouns",
"German proper nouns",
"German terms with IPA pronunciation",
"German terms with audio links",
"de:Nazism"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"forms": [
{
"form": "Nazis",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "Nazis",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m,,s"
},
"expansion": "Nazi m (proper noun, strong, genitive Nazis, plural Nazis)",
"name": "de-proper noun"
}
],
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"pos": "name",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"German diminutives of male given names",
"German given names",
"German male given names",
"German terms with rare senses"
],
"glosses": [
"a diminutive of the male given names Ignaz or Ignatius"
],
"links": [
[
"diminutive",
"diminutive"
],
[
"given names",
"given name"
],
[
"Ignaz",
"Ignaz#German"
],
[
"Ignatius",
"Ignatius#German"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare after the mid-1900s) a diminutive of the male given names Ignaz or Ignatius"
],
"raw_tags": [
"after the mid-1900s"
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"proper-noun",
"rare",
"strong"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈnaːtsi/"
},
{
"audio": "De-Nazi.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c9/De-Nazi.ogg/De-Nazi.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/De-Nazi.ogg",
"text": "Audio"
}
],
"word": "Nazi"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable German dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-09 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (4d5d0bb and edd475d). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.