"épier" meaning in French

See épier in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Verb

IPA: /e.pje/ Audio: Fr-épier.ogg
Etymology: Inherited from Middle French espier, from Old French espier, from Vulgar Latin *spiāre (compare Italian spiare; Spanish, Portuguese, and Catalan espiar), from Frankish *spehōn, from Proto-Germanic *spehōną (“to spy”), from Proto-Indo-European *speḱ- (“to look”). Cognate with Middle Dutch spien (“to spy”), German spähen (“to peek, peer, spy”). Etymology templates: {{glossary|Inherited}} Inherited, {{inh|fr|frm|espier|||g=|g2=|g3=|id=|lit=|nocat=|pos=|sc=|sort=|tr=|ts=}} Middle French espier, {{inh+|fr|frm|espier}} Inherited from Middle French espier, {{inh|fr|fro|espier}} Old French espier, {{inh|fr|VL.|*spiāre}} Vulgar Latin *spiāre, {{cog|it|spiare}} Italian spiare, {{cog|es,pt,ca|espiar}} Spanish, Portuguese, and Catalan espiar, {{der|fr|frk|*spehōn}} Frankish *spehōn, {{der|fr|gem-pro|*spehōną|t=to spy}} Proto-Germanic *spehōną (“to spy”), {{der|fr|ine-pro|*speḱ-|t=to look}} Proto-Indo-European *speḱ- (“to look”), {{cog|dum|spien|t=to spy}} Middle Dutch spien (“to spy”), {{cog|de|spähen|t=to peek, peer, spy}} German spähen (“to peek, peer, spy”) Head templates: {{fr-verb}} épier
  1. (transitive) (espionage) to spy on, keep an eye on, watch Tags: transitive Categories (topical): Espionage
    Sense id: en-épier-fr-verb-2MgmL008 Categories (other): French entries with incorrect language header, French verbs with conjugation -er Disambiguation of French entries with incorrect language header: 71 3 26 Disambiguation of French verbs with conjugation -er: 42 24 34
  2. (transitive, dated) to watch for Tags: dated, transitive
    Sense id: en-épier-fr-verb-ACg8L1Tc
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Etymology number: 1

Verb

IPA: /e.pje/ Audio: Fr-épier.ogg
Etymology: Inherited from Latin spicare. Etymology templates: {{glossary|Inherited}} Inherited, {{inh|fr|la|spicare|||g=|g2=|g3=|id=|lit=|nocat=|pos=|sc=|sort=|tr=|ts=}} Latin spicare, {{inh+|fr|la|spicare}} Inherited from Latin spicare Head templates: {{fr-verb}} épier Inflection templates: {{fr-conj-auto}} Forms: no-table-tags [table-tags], épier [infinitive], avoir + past participle [infinitive, multiword-construction], épiant [gerund, participle, present], ayant + past participle [gerund, multiword-construction, participle, present], épié [participle, past], épie [first-person, indicative, present, singular], épies [indicative, present, second-person, singular], épie [indicative, present, singular, third-person], épions [first-person, indicative, plural, present], épiez [indicative, plural, present, second-person], épient [indicative, plural, present, third-person], épiais [first-person, imperfect, indicative, singular], épiais [imperfect, indicative, second-person, singular], épiait [imperfect, indicative, singular, third-person], épiions [first-person, imperfect, indicative, plural], épiiez [imperfect, indicative, plural, second-person], épiaient [imperfect, indicative, plural, third-person], épiai [first-person, historic, indicative, past, singular], épias [historic, indicative, past, second-person, singular], épia [historic, indicative, past, singular, third-person], épiâmes [first-person, historic, indicative, past, plural], épiâtes [historic, indicative, past, plural, second-person], épièrent [historic, indicative, past, plural, third-person], épierai [first-person, future, indicative, singular], épieras [future, indicative, second-person, singular], épiera [future, indicative, singular, third-person], épierons [first-person, future, indicative, plural], épierez [future, indicative, plural, second-person], épieront [future, indicative, plural, third-person], épierais [conditional, first-person, singular], épierais [conditional, second-person, singular], épierait [conditional, singular, third-person], épierions [conditional, first-person, plural], épieriez [conditional, plural, second-person], épieraient [conditional, plural, third-person], present indicative of avoir + past participle [indicative, multiword-construction, perfect, present], imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle [indicative, multiword-construction, pluperfect], past historic of avoir + past participle [anterior, indicative, multiword-construction, past], future of avoir + past participle [future, indicative, multiword-construction, perfect], conditional of avoir + past participle [conditional, multiword-construction, perfect], épie [first-person, present, singular, subjunctive], épies [present, second-person, singular, subjunctive], épie [present, singular, subjunctive, third-person], épiions [first-person, plural, present, subjunctive], épiiez [plural, present, second-person, subjunctive], épient [plural, present, subjunctive, third-person], épiasse [first-person, imperfect, singular, subjunctive], épiasses [imperfect, second-person, singular, subjunctive], épiât [imperfect, singular, subjunctive, third-person], épiassions [first-person, imperfect, plural, subjunctive], épiassiez [imperfect, plural, second-person, subjunctive], épiassent [imperfect, plural, subjunctive, third-person], present subjunctive of avoir + past participle [multiword-construction, past, subjunctive], imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle [multiword-construction, pluperfect, subjunctive], épie [imperative, second-person, singular], épions [first-person, imperative, plural], épiez [imperative, plural, second-person], simple imperative of avoir + past participle [imperative, multiword-construction, second-person, singular], simple imperative of avoir + past participle [first-person, imperative, multiword-construction, plural], simple imperative of avoir + past participle [imperative, multiword-construction, plural, second-person]
  1. (intransitive, agriculture) to ear Tags: intransitive Categories (topical): Agriculture
    Sense id: en-épier-fr-verb-nU0U0ORS Topics: agriculture, business, lifestyle
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Etymology number: 2

Inflected forms

Download JSON data for épier meaning in French (13.0kB)

{
  "etymology_number": 1,
  "etymology_templates": [
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      "args": {
        "1": "Inherited"
      },
      "expansion": "Inherited",
      "name": "glossary"
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    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "frm",
        "3": "espier",
        "4": "",
        "5": "",
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        "id": "",
        "lit": "",
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        "ts": ""
      },
      "expansion": "Middle French espier",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
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      },
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        "1": "fr",
        "2": "VL.",
        "3": "*spiāre"
      },
      "expansion": "Vulgar Latin *spiāre",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "it",
        "2": "spiare"
      },
      "expansion": "Italian spiare",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "es,pt,ca",
        "2": "espiar"
      },
      "expansion": "Spanish, Portuguese, and Catalan espiar",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "frk",
        "3": "*spehōn"
      },
      "expansion": "Frankish *spehōn",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*spehōną",
        "t": "to spy"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *spehōną (“to spy”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*speḱ-",
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      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *speḱ- (“to look”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "dum",
        "2": "spien",
        "t": "to spy"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle Dutch spien (“to spy”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "de",
        "2": "spähen",
        "t": "to peek, peer, spy"
      },
      "expansion": "German spähen (“to peek, peer, spy”)",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Inherited from Middle French espier, from Old French espier, from Vulgar Latin *spiāre (compare Italian spiare; Spanish, Portuguese, and Catalan espiar), from Frankish *spehōn, from Proto-Germanic *spehōną (“to spy”), from Proto-Indo-European *speḱ- (“to look”). Cognate with Middle Dutch spien (“to spy”), German spähen (“to peek, peer, spy”).",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "épier",
      "name": "fr-verb"
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  ],
  "lang": "French",
  "lang_code": "fr",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "fr",
          "name": "Espionage",
          "orig": "fr:Espionage",
          "parents": [
            "Deception",
            "Secrecy",
            "Security",
            "Ethics",
            "Human behaviour",
            "Society",
            "Philosophy",
            "Human",
            "All topics",
            "Fundamental"
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          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "71 3 26",
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          "name": "French entries with incorrect language header",
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            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "42 24 34",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "French verbs with conjugation -er",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
          "ref": "1924, Emmanuel Bove, Mes Amis, archived from the original on 2019-05-27",
          "text": "Par les fenêtres entre-bâillées, j’épie les rez-de-chaussée. Je vois des plantes vertes qui viennent d’être arrosées, des douilles d’obus rutilantes et des lames de parquet étroites, cirées, qui font des zigzags.",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "(espionage) to spy on, keep an eye on, watch"
      ],
      "id": "en-épier-fr-verb-2MgmL008",
      "links": [
        [
          "espionage",
          "espionage"
        ],
        [
          "spy on",
          "spy on"
        ],
        [
          "keep an eye on",
          "keep an eye on"
        ],
        [
          "watch",
          "watch"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(transitive) (espionage) to spy on, keep an eye on, watch"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "transitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [],
      "glosses": [
        "to watch for"
      ],
      "id": "en-épier-fr-verb-ACg8L1Tc",
      "links": [
        [
          "watch",
          "watch"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(transitive, dated) to watch for"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "dated",
        "transitive"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/e.pje/"
    },
    {
      "audio": "Fr-épier.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c3/Fr-%C3%A9pier.ogg/Fr-%C3%A9pier.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Fr-%C3%A9pier.ogg",
      "text": "audio"
    }
  ],
  "word": "épier"
}

{
  "etymology_number": 2,
  "etymology_templates": [
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      "expansion": "Inherited",
      "name": "glossary"
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        "id": "",
        "lit": "",
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  ],
  "etymology_text": "Inherited from Latin spicare.",
  "forms": [
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      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "conjugation",
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        "table-tags"
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    {
      "form": "fr-conj-auto",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "épier",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive",
        "multiword-construction"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "épiant",
      "ipa": "/e.pjɑ̃/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "gerund",
        "participle",
        "present"
      ]
    },
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      "form": "ayant + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
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        "gerund",
        "multiword-construction",
        "participle",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "épié",
      "ipa": "/e.pje/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "épie",
      "ipa": "/e.pi/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "épies",
      "ipa": "/e.pi/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "épie",
      "ipa": "/e.pi/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "épions",
      "ipa": "/e.pjɔ̃/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "épiez",
      "ipa": "/e.pje/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "épient",
      "ipa": "/e.pi/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "épiais",
      "ipa": "/e.pjɛ/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "épiais",
      "ipa": "/e.pjɛ/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "épiait",
      "ipa": "/e.pjɛ/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "épiions",
      "ipa": "/e.pi.jɔ̃/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "épiiez",
      "ipa": "/e.pi.je/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "épiaient",
      "ipa": "/e.pjɛ/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "épiai",
      "ipa": "/e.pje/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "historic",
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "épias",
      "ipa": "/e.pja/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "historic",
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "épia",
      "ipa": "/e.pja/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "historic",
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "épiâmes",
      "ipa": "/e.pjam/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "historic",
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "épiâtes",
      "ipa": "/e.pjat/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "historic",
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "épièrent",
      "ipa": "/e.pjɛʁ/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "historic",
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "épierai",
      "ipa": "/e.pi.ʁe/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "épieras",
      "ipa": "/e.pi.ʁa/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "épiera",
      "ipa": "/e.pi.ʁa/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "épierons",
      "ipa": "/e.pi.ʁɔ̃/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "épierez",
      "ipa": "/e.pi.ʁe/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "épieront",
      "ipa": "/e.pi.ʁɔ̃/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "épierais",
      "ipa": "/e.pi.ʁɛ/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "first-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "épierais",
      "ipa": "/e.pi.ʁɛ/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "épierait",
      "ipa": "/e.pi.ʁɛ/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "épierions",
      "ipa": "/e.pi.ʁjɔ̃/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "first-person",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "épieriez",
      "ipa": "/e.pi.ʁje/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "épieraient",
      "ipa": "/e.pi.ʁɛ/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "present indicative of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "perfect",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "pluperfect"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "past historic of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "anterior",
        "indicative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "future of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "perfect"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "conditional of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "multiword-construction",
        "perfect"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "épie",
      "ipa": "/e.pi/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "present",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "épies",
      "ipa": "/e.pi/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "épie",
      "ipa": "/e.pi/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "épiions",
      "ipa": "/e.pi.jɔ̃/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "épiiez",
      "ipa": "/e.pi.je/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "épient",
      "ipa": "/e.pi/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "épiasse",
      "ipa": "/e.pjas/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperfect",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "épiasses",
      "ipa": "/e.pjas/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "épiât",
      "ipa": "/e.pja/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "épiassions",
      "ipa": "/e.pja.sjɔ̃/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperfect",
        "plural",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "épiassiez",
      "ipa": "/e.pja.sje/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "plural",
        "second-person",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "épiassent",
      "ipa": "/e.pjas/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "plural",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "present subjunctive of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "multiword-construction",
        "past",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "multiword-construction",
        "pluperfect",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "épie",
      "ipa": "/e.pi/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "épions",
      "ipa": "/e.pjɔ̃/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "épiez",
      "ipa": "/e.pje/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "simple imperative of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "simple imperative of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "simple imperative of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "épier",
      "name": "fr-verb"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "name": "fr-conj-auto"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "French",
  "lang_code": "fr",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "fr",
          "name": "Agriculture",
          "orig": "fr:Agriculture",
          "parents": [
            "Applied sciences",
            "Sciences",
            "All topics",
            "Fundamental"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to ear"
      ],
      "id": "en-épier-fr-verb-nU0U0ORS",
      "links": [
        [
          "agriculture",
          "agriculture"
        ],
        [
          "ear",
          "ear"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(intransitive, agriculture) to ear"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "intransitive"
      ],
      "topics": [
        "agriculture",
        "business",
        "lifestyle"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/e.pje/"
    },
    {
      "audio": "Fr-épier.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c3/Fr-%C3%A9pier.ogg/Fr-%C3%A9pier.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Fr-%C3%A9pier.ogg",
      "text": "audio"
    }
  ],
  "word": "épier"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "French 2-syllable words",
    "French entries with incorrect language header",
    "French first group verbs",
    "French lemmas",
    "French terms derived from Frankish",
    "French terms derived from Latin",
    "French terms derived from Middle French",
    "French terms derived from Old French",
    "French terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
    "French terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
    "French terms derived from Vulgar Latin",
    "French terms inherited from Latin",
    "French terms inherited from Middle French",
    "French terms inherited from Old French",
    "French terms inherited from Vulgar Latin",
    "French terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "French terms with audio links",
    "French verbs",
    "French verbs with conjugation -er"
  ],
  "etymology_number": 1,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "Inherited"
      },
      "expansion": "Inherited",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "frm",
        "3": "espier",
        "4": "",
        "5": "",
        "g": "",
        "g2": "",
        "g3": "",
        "id": "",
        "lit": "",
        "nocat": "",
        "pos": "",
        "sc": "",
        "sort": "",
        "tr": "",
        "ts": ""
      },
      "expansion": "Middle French espier",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "frm",
        "3": "espier"
      },
      "expansion": "Inherited from Middle French espier",
      "name": "inh+"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "fro",
        "3": "espier"
      },
      "expansion": "Old French espier",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "VL.",
        "3": "*spiāre"
      },
      "expansion": "Vulgar Latin *spiāre",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "it",
        "2": "spiare"
      },
      "expansion": "Italian spiare",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "es,pt,ca",
        "2": "espiar"
      },
      "expansion": "Spanish, Portuguese, and Catalan espiar",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "frk",
        "3": "*spehōn"
      },
      "expansion": "Frankish *spehōn",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*spehōną",
        "t": "to spy"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *spehōną (“to spy”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*speḱ-",
        "t": "to look"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *speḱ- (“to look”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "dum",
        "2": "spien",
        "t": "to spy"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle Dutch spien (“to spy”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "de",
        "2": "spähen",
        "t": "to peek, peer, spy"
      },
      "expansion": "German spähen (“to peek, peer, spy”)",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Inherited from Middle French espier, from Old French espier, from Vulgar Latin *spiāre (compare Italian spiare; Spanish, Portuguese, and Catalan espiar), from Frankish *spehōn, from Proto-Germanic *spehōną (“to spy”), from Proto-Indo-European *speḱ- (“to look”). Cognate with Middle Dutch spien (“to spy”), German spähen (“to peek, peer, spy”).",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "épier",
      "name": "fr-verb"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "French",
  "lang_code": "fr",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "French terms with quotations",
        "French transitive verbs",
        "Requests for translations of French quotations",
        "fr:Espionage"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
          "ref": "1924, Emmanuel Bove, Mes Amis, archived from the original on 2019-05-27",
          "text": "Par les fenêtres entre-bâillées, j’épie les rez-de-chaussée. Je vois des plantes vertes qui viennent d’être arrosées, des douilles d’obus rutilantes et des lames de parquet étroites, cirées, qui font des zigzags.",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "(espionage) to spy on, keep an eye on, watch"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "espionage",
          "espionage"
        ],
        [
          "spy on",
          "spy on"
        ],
        [
          "keep an eye on",
          "keep an eye on"
        ],
        [
          "watch",
          "watch"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(transitive) (espionage) to spy on, keep an eye on, watch"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "transitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "French dated terms",
        "French transitive verbs"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to watch for"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "watch",
          "watch"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(transitive, dated) to watch for"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "dated",
        "transitive"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/e.pje/"
    },
    {
      "audio": "Fr-épier.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c3/Fr-%C3%A9pier.ogg/Fr-%C3%A9pier.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Fr-%C3%A9pier.ogg",
      "text": "audio"
    }
  ],
  "word": "épier"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "French 2-syllable words",
    "French entries with incorrect language header",
    "French first group verbs",
    "French lemmas",
    "French terms derived from Latin",
    "French terms inherited from Latin",
    "French terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "French terms with audio links",
    "French verbs",
    "French verbs with conjugation -er"
  ],
  "etymology_number": 2,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "Inherited"
      },
      "expansion": "Inherited",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "la",
        "3": "spicare",
        "4": "",
        "5": "",
        "g": "",
        "g2": "",
        "g3": "",
        "id": "",
        "lit": "",
        "nocat": "",
        "pos": "",
        "sc": "",
        "sort": "",
        "tr": "",
        "ts": ""
      },
      "expansion": "Latin spicare",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "la",
        "3": "spicare"
      },
      "expansion": "Inherited from Latin spicare",
      "name": "inh+"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Inherited from Latin spicare.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "fr-conj-auto",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "épier",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive",
        "multiword-construction"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "épiant",
      "ipa": "/e.pjɑ̃/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "gerund",
        "participle",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ayant + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "gerund",
        "multiword-construction",
        "participle",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "épié",
      "ipa": "/e.pje/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "épie",
      "ipa": "/e.pi/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "épies",
      "ipa": "/e.pi/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "épie",
      "ipa": "/e.pi/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "épions",
      "ipa": "/e.pjɔ̃/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "épiez",
      "ipa": "/e.pje/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "épient",
      "ipa": "/e.pi/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "épiais",
      "ipa": "/e.pjɛ/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "épiais",
      "ipa": "/e.pjɛ/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "épiait",
      "ipa": "/e.pjɛ/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "épiions",
      "ipa": "/e.pi.jɔ̃/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "épiiez",
      "ipa": "/e.pi.je/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "épiaient",
      "ipa": "/e.pjɛ/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "épiai",
      "ipa": "/e.pje/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "historic",
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "épias",
      "ipa": "/e.pja/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "historic",
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "épia",
      "ipa": "/e.pja/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "historic",
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "épiâmes",
      "ipa": "/e.pjam/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "historic",
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "épiâtes",
      "ipa": "/e.pjat/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "historic",
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "épièrent",
      "ipa": "/e.pjɛʁ/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "historic",
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "épierai",
      "ipa": "/e.pi.ʁe/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "épieras",
      "ipa": "/e.pi.ʁa/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "épiera",
      "ipa": "/e.pi.ʁa/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "épierons",
      "ipa": "/e.pi.ʁɔ̃/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "épierez",
      "ipa": "/e.pi.ʁe/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "épieront",
      "ipa": "/e.pi.ʁɔ̃/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "épierais",
      "ipa": "/e.pi.ʁɛ/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "first-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "épierais",
      "ipa": "/e.pi.ʁɛ/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "épierait",
      "ipa": "/e.pi.ʁɛ/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "épierions",
      "ipa": "/e.pi.ʁjɔ̃/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "first-person",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "épieriez",
      "ipa": "/e.pi.ʁje/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "épieraient",
      "ipa": "/e.pi.ʁɛ/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "present indicative of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "perfect",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "pluperfect"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "past historic of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "anterior",
        "indicative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "future of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "perfect"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "conditional of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "multiword-construction",
        "perfect"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "épie",
      "ipa": "/e.pi/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "present",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "épies",
      "ipa": "/e.pi/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "épie",
      "ipa": "/e.pi/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "épiions",
      "ipa": "/e.pi.jɔ̃/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "épiiez",
      "ipa": "/e.pi.je/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "épient",
      "ipa": "/e.pi/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "épiasse",
      "ipa": "/e.pjas/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperfect",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "épiasses",
      "ipa": "/e.pjas/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "épiât",
      "ipa": "/e.pja/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "épiassions",
      "ipa": "/e.pja.sjɔ̃/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperfect",
        "plural",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "épiassiez",
      "ipa": "/e.pja.sje/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "plural",
        "second-person",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "épiassent",
      "ipa": "/e.pjas/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "plural",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "present subjunctive of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "multiword-construction",
        "past",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "multiword-construction",
        "pluperfect",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "épie",
      "ipa": "/e.pi/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "épions",
      "ipa": "/e.pjɔ̃/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "épiez",
      "ipa": "/e.pje/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "simple imperative of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "simple imperative of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "simple imperative of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "épier",
      "name": "fr-verb"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "name": "fr-conj-auto"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "French",
  "lang_code": "fr",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "French intransitive verbs",
        "fr:Agriculture"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to ear"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "agriculture",
          "agriculture"
        ],
        [
          "ear",
          "ear"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(intransitive, agriculture) to ear"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "intransitive"
      ],
      "topics": [
        "agriculture",
        "business",
        "lifestyle"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/e.pje/"
    },
    {
      "audio": "Fr-épier.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c3/Fr-%C3%A9pier.ogg/Fr-%C3%A9pier.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Fr-%C3%A9pier.ogg",
      "text": "audio"
    }
  ],
  "word": "épier"
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable French dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-03 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (f4fd8c9 and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.