"julm" meaning in Estonian

See julm in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Adjective

Etymology: Borrowed from Finnish julma. Etymology templates: {{bor|et|fi|julma}} Finnish julma Head templates: {{head|et|adjectives|genitive|julma|||partitive|julma|||comparative|julmem|superlative|kõige julmem||||||cat2=|cat3=|f1accel-form=gen|s|f1request=1|f2accel-form=gen|s|f3accel-form=par|s|f3request=1|f4accel-form=par|s|f5accel-form=comparative|f6accel-form=superlative|f6nolink=1|head=}} julm (genitive julma, partitive julma, comparative julmem, superlative kõige julmem), {{et-adj|julma|julma|c=julmem}} julm (genitive julma, partitive julma, comparative julmem, superlative kõige julmem) Inflection templates: {{et-decl-külm|jul|m|m|a}} Forms: julma [genitive], julma [partitive], julmem [comparative], kõige julmem [superlative], no-table-tags [table-tags], julm [nominative, singular], julmad [nominative, plural], julm [accusative, nominative, singular], julmad [accusative, nominative, plural], julma [accusative, genitive, singular], julmad [accusative, genitive, plural], julma [genitive, singular], julmade [genitive, plural], julma [partitive, singular], julmi [partitive, plural], julmasid [partitive, plural], julma [illative, singular], julmasse [illative, singular], julmadesse [illative, plural], julmisse [illative, plural], julmas [inessive, singular], julmades [inessive, plural], julmis [inessive, plural], julmast [elative, singular], julmadest [elative, plural], julmist [elative, plural], julmale [allative, singular], julmadele [allative, plural], julmile [allative, plural], julmal [adessive, singular], julmadel [adessive, plural], julmil [adessive, plural], julmalt [ablative, singular], julmadelt [ablative, plural], julmilt [ablative, plural], julmaks [singular, translative], julmadeks [plural, translative], julmiks [plural, translative], julmani [singular, terminative], julmadeni [plural, terminative], julmana [essive, singular], julmadena [essive, plural], julmata [abessive, singular], julmadeta [abessive, plural], julmaga [comitative, singular], julmadega [comitative, plural]
  1. cruel
    Sense id: en-julm-et-adj-tMoy17Db Categories (other): Estonian entries with incorrect language header, Estonian külm-type nominals, Pages with 1 entry, Pages with entries
     
{
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "et",
        "2": "fi",
        "3": "julma"
      },
      "expansion": "Finnish julma",
      "name": "bor"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Borrowed from Finnish julma.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "julma",
      "tags": [
        "genitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "julma",
      "tags": [
        "partitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "julmem",
      "tags": [
        "comparative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kõige julmem",
      "tags": [
        "superlative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "et-decl-külm",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "length gradation",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "class"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "22i/külm",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "class"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "julm",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "julmad",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "julm",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "julmad",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "julma",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "julmad",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "julma",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "julmade",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "julma",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "partitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "julmi",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "partitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "julmasid",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "partitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "julma",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "illative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "julmasse",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "illative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "julmadesse",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "illative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "julmisse",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "illative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "julmas",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "inessive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "julmades",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "inessive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "julmis",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "inessive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "julmast",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "elative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "julmadest",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "elative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "julmist",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "elative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "julmale",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "allative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "julmadele",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "allative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "julmile",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "allative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "julmal",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "adessive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "julmadel",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "adessive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "julmil",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "adessive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "julmalt",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "ablative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "julmadelt",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "ablative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "julmilt",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "ablative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "julmaks",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "translative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "julmadeks",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "translative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "julmiks",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "translative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "julmani",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "terminative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "julmadeni",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "terminative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "julmana",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "essive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "julmadena",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "essive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "julmata",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "abessive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "julmadeta",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "abessive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "julmaga",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "comitative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "julmadega",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "comitative",
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "et",
        "10": "",
        "11": "comparative",
        "12": "julmem",
        "13": "superlative",
        "14": "kõige julmem",
        "15": "",
        "16": "",
        "17": "",
        "18": "",
        "19": "",
        "2": "adjectives",
        "3": "genitive",
        "4": "julma",
        "5": "",
        "6": "",
        "7": "partitive",
        "8": "julma",
        "9": "",
        "cat2": "",
        "cat3": "",
        "f1accel-form": "gen|s",
        "f1request": "1",
        "f2accel-form": "gen|s",
        "f3accel-form": "par|s",
        "f3request": "1",
        "f4accel-form": "par|s",
        "f5accel-form": "comparative",
        "f6accel-form": "superlative",
        "f6nolink": "1",
        "head": ""
      },
      "expansion": "julm (genitive julma, partitive julma, comparative julmem, superlative kõige julmem)",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "julma",
        "2": "julma",
        "c": "julmem"
      },
      "expansion": "julm (genitive julma, partitive julma, comparative julmem, superlative kõige julmem)",
      "name": "et-adj"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "jul",
        "2": "m",
        "3": "m",
        "4": "a"
      },
      "name": "et-decl-külm"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Estonian",
  "lang_code": "et",
  "pos": "adj",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Estonian entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Estonian külm-type nominals",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 1 entry",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "cruel"
      ],
      "id": "en-julm-et-adj-tMoy17Db",
      "links": [
        [
          "cruel",
          "cruel"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "julm"
}

{
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "et",
        "2": "fi",
        "3": "julma"
      },
      "expansion": "Finnish julma",
      "name": "bor"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Borrowed from Finnish julma.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "julma",
      "tags": [
        "genitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "julma",
      "tags": [
        "partitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "julmem",
      "tags": [
        "comparative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kõige julmem",
      "tags": [
        "superlative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "et-decl-külm",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "length gradation",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "class"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "22i/külm",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "class"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "julm",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "julmad",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "julm",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "julmad",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "julma",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "julmad",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "julma",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "julmade",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "julma",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "partitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "julmi",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "partitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "julmasid",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "partitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "julma",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "illative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "julmasse",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "illative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "julmadesse",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "illative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "julmisse",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "illative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "julmas",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "inessive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "julmades",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "inessive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "julmis",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "inessive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "julmast",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "elative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "julmadest",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "elative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "julmist",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "elative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "julmale",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "allative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "julmadele",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "allative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "julmile",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "allative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "julmal",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "adessive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "julmadel",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "adessive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "julmil",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "adessive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "julmalt",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "ablative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "julmadelt",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "ablative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "julmilt",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "ablative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "julmaks",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "translative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "julmadeks",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "translative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "julmiks",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "translative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "julmani",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "terminative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "julmadeni",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "terminative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "julmana",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "essive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "julmadena",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "essive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "julmata",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "abessive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "julmadeta",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "abessive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "julmaga",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "comitative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "julmadega",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "comitative",
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "et",
        "10": "",
        "11": "comparative",
        "12": "julmem",
        "13": "superlative",
        "14": "kõige julmem",
        "15": "",
        "16": "",
        "17": "",
        "18": "",
        "19": "",
        "2": "adjectives",
        "3": "genitive",
        "4": "julma",
        "5": "",
        "6": "",
        "7": "partitive",
        "8": "julma",
        "9": "",
        "cat2": "",
        "cat3": "",
        "f1accel-form": "gen|s",
        "f1request": "1",
        "f2accel-form": "gen|s",
        "f3accel-form": "par|s",
        "f3request": "1",
        "f4accel-form": "par|s",
        "f5accel-form": "comparative",
        "f6accel-form": "superlative",
        "f6nolink": "1",
        "head": ""
      },
      "expansion": "julm (genitive julma, partitive julma, comparative julmem, superlative kõige julmem)",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "julma",
        "2": "julma",
        "c": "julmem"
      },
      "expansion": "julm (genitive julma, partitive julma, comparative julmem, superlative kõige julmem)",
      "name": "et-adj"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "jul",
        "2": "m",
        "3": "m",
        "4": "a"
      },
      "name": "et-decl-külm"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Estonian",
  "lang_code": "et",
  "pos": "adj",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Estonian adjectives",
        "Estonian entries with incorrect language header",
        "Estonian külm-type nominals",
        "Estonian lemmas",
        "Estonian terms borrowed from Finnish",
        "Estonian terms derived from Finnish",
        "Pages with 1 entry",
        "Pages with entries"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "cruel"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "cruel",
          "cruel"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "julm"
}

Download raw JSONL data for julm meaning in Estonian (5.1kB)

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Estonian dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-01-10 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-01-01 using wiktextract (df33d17 and 4ed51a5). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.