"rhumb" meaning in English

See rhumb in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Noun

IPA: /ɹʌm/, /ɹʌmb/ Audio: LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-rhumb.wav Forms: rhumbs [plural]
Rhymes: -ʌm, -ʌmb Etymology: Borrowed from Spanish rumbo or Portuguese rumo, from Latin rhombus, from Ancient Greek ῥόμβος (rhómbos). Doublet of rhomb and rhombus. Etymology templates: {{bor|en|es|rumbo}} Spanish rumbo, {{bor|en|pt|rumo}} Portuguese rumo, {{der|en|la|rhombus}} Latin rhombus, {{der|en|grc|ῥόμβος}} Ancient Greek ῥόμβος (rhómbos), {{doublet|en|rhomb|rhombus}} Doublet of rhomb and rhombus Head templates: {{en-noun}} rhumb (plural rhumbs)
  1. (navigation) A line which crosses successive meridians at a constant angle. Categories (topical): Navigation Synonyms: rhumb line, loxodrome
    Sense id: en-rhumb-en-noun-7~EIzVwd Categories (other): English entries with incorrect language header, Entries with translation boxes, Pages with 2 entries, Pages with entries, Terms with Arabic translations, Terms with Bulgarian translations, Terms with Finnish translations, Terms with French translations, Terms with German translations, Terms with Hungarian translations, Terms with Italian translations, Terms with Portuguese translations, Terms with Romanian translations, Terms with Swedish translations Disambiguation of English entries with incorrect language header: 51 32 16 Disambiguation of Entries with translation boxes: 73 19 9 Disambiguation of Pages with 2 entries: 61 29 11 Disambiguation of Pages with entries: 59 35 7 Disambiguation of Terms with Arabic translations: 58 30 13 Disambiguation of Terms with Bulgarian translations: 62 23 15 Disambiguation of Terms with Finnish translations: 67 21 12 Disambiguation of Terms with French translations: 64 23 13 Disambiguation of Terms with German translations: 67 21 13 Disambiguation of Terms with Hungarian translations: 59 17 24 Disambiguation of Terms with Italian translations: 68 21 11 Disambiguation of Terms with Portuguese translations: 59 19 22 Disambiguation of Terms with Romanian translations: 64 23 13 Disambiguation of Terms with Swedish translations: 68 20 12
  2. (navigation) Any of the 32 points of the compass. Categories (topical): Navigation Translations (one of the 32 points of the compass (compass points)): دِيرَة (dīra) [feminine] (Arabic), румб (rumb) [masculine] (Bulgarian), kompassipiiru (Finnish), rumb [masculine] (French), rhumb [masculine] (French), Kompasspunkt [masculine] (German), Rhumb (english: old Anglicism) [masculine, neuter] (German), szélvonal (Hungarian), rombo di bussola [masculine] (Italian), rumo [masculine] (Portuguese), kompassträck [neuter] (Swedish)
    Sense id: en-rhumb-en-noun-yqQFFY~Y Disambiguation of 'one of the 32 points of the compass (compass points)': 13 80 7
  3. (navigation) A unit of angular measure equal to 1/32 of a circle or 11.25°. Categories (topical): Navigation Translations (a unit of angular measure equal to 1/32 of a circle or 11.25°): خَنّ (ḵann) [masculine] (Arabic), kompassipiiru (Finnish), rumb [masculine] (French), rhumb [masculine] (French), Rhumb (english: old Anglicism) [masculine, neuter] (German), rombo di bussola [masculine] (Italian), cart [neuter] (Romanian), kompassträck [neuter] (Swedish)
    Sense id: en-rhumb-en-noun-p4haagZF Disambiguation of 'a unit of angular measure equal to 1/32 of a circle or 11.25°': 1 2 97
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Derived forms: rhumb-line, rhumb sailing

Inflected forms

{
  "derived": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "rhumb-line"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "rhumb sailing"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "es",
        "3": "rumbo"
      },
      "expansion": "Spanish rumbo",
      "name": "bor"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "pt",
        "3": "rumo"
      },
      "expansion": "Portuguese rumo",
      "name": "bor"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "la",
        "3": "rhombus"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin rhombus",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "grc",
        "3": "ῥόμβος"
      },
      "expansion": "Ancient Greek ῥόμβος (rhómbos)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "rhomb",
        "3": "rhombus"
      },
      "expansion": "Doublet of rhomb and rhombus",
      "name": "doublet"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Borrowed from Spanish rumbo or Portuguese rumo, from Latin rhombus, from Ancient Greek ῥόμβος (rhómbos). Doublet of rhomb and rhombus.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "rhumbs",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "rhumb (plural rhumbs)",
      "name": "en-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "en",
          "name": "Navigation",
          "orig": "en:Navigation",
          "parents": [
            "Transport",
            "All topics",
            "Fundamental"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "51 32 16",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "73 19 9",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Entries with translation boxes",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "61 29 11",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 2 entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "59 35 7",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "58 30 13",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Arabic translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "62 23 15",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Bulgarian translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "67 21 12",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Finnish translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "64 23 13",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with French translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "67 21 13",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with German translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "59 17 24",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Hungarian translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "68 21 11",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Italian translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "59 19 22",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Portuguese translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "64 23 13",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Romanian translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "68 20 12",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Swedish translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "A line which crosses successive meridians at a constant angle."
      ],
      "id": "en-rhumb-en-noun-7~EIzVwd",
      "links": [
        [
          "navigation",
          "navigation"
        ],
        [
          "meridian",
          "meridian"
        ]
      ],
      "qualifier": "navigation",
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(navigation) A line which crosses successive meridians at a constant angle."
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "rhumb line"
        },
        {
          "word": "loxodrome"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "en",
          "name": "Navigation",
          "orig": "en:Navigation",
          "parents": [
            "Transport",
            "All topics",
            "Fundamental"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Any of the 32 points of the compass."
      ],
      "id": "en-rhumb-en-noun-yqQFFY~Y",
      "links": [
        [
          "navigation",
          "navigation"
        ]
      ],
      "qualifier": "navigation",
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(navigation) Any of the 32 points of the compass."
      ],
      "translations": [
        {
          "_dis1": "13 80 7",
          "code": "ar",
          "lang": "Arabic",
          "roman": "dīra",
          "sense": "one of the 32 points of the compass (compass points)",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "دِيرَة"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "13 80 7",
          "code": "bg",
          "lang": "Bulgarian",
          "roman": "rumb",
          "sense": "one of the 32 points of the compass (compass points)",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "румб"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "13 80 7",
          "code": "fi",
          "lang": "Finnish",
          "sense": "one of the 32 points of the compass (compass points)",
          "word": "kompassipiiru"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "13 80 7",
          "code": "fr",
          "lang": "French",
          "sense": "one of the 32 points of the compass (compass points)",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "rumb"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "13 80 7",
          "code": "fr",
          "lang": "French",
          "sense": "one of the 32 points of the compass (compass points)",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "rhumb"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "13 80 7",
          "code": "de",
          "lang": "German",
          "sense": "one of the 32 points of the compass (compass points)",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "Kompasspunkt"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "13 80 7",
          "code": "de",
          "english": "old Anglicism",
          "lang": "German",
          "sense": "one of the 32 points of the compass (compass points)",
          "tags": [
            "masculine",
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "Rhumb"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "13 80 7",
          "code": "hu",
          "lang": "Hungarian",
          "sense": "one of the 32 points of the compass (compass points)",
          "word": "szélvonal"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "13 80 7",
          "code": "it",
          "lang": "Italian",
          "sense": "one of the 32 points of the compass (compass points)",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "rombo di bussola"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "13 80 7",
          "code": "pt",
          "lang": "Portuguese",
          "sense": "one of the 32 points of the compass (compass points)",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "rumo"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "13 80 7",
          "code": "sv",
          "lang": "Swedish",
          "sense": "one of the 32 points of the compass (compass points)",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "kompassträck"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "en",
          "name": "Navigation",
          "orig": "en:Navigation",
          "parents": [
            "Transport",
            "All topics",
            "Fundamental"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "A unit of angular measure equal to 1/32 of a circle or 11.25°."
      ],
      "id": "en-rhumb-en-noun-p4haagZF",
      "links": [
        [
          "navigation",
          "navigation"
        ],
        [
          "°",
          "°"
        ]
      ],
      "qualifier": "navigation",
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(navigation) A unit of angular measure equal to 1/32 of a circle or 11.25°."
      ],
      "translations": [
        {
          "_dis1": "1 2 97",
          "code": "ar",
          "lang": "Arabic",
          "roman": "ḵann",
          "sense": "a unit of angular measure equal to 1/32 of a circle or 11.25°",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "خَنّ"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "1 2 97",
          "code": "fi",
          "lang": "Finnish",
          "sense": "a unit of angular measure equal to 1/32 of a circle or 11.25°",
          "word": "kompassipiiru"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "1 2 97",
          "code": "fr",
          "lang": "French",
          "sense": "a unit of angular measure equal to 1/32 of a circle or 11.25°",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "rumb"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "1 2 97",
          "code": "fr",
          "lang": "French",
          "sense": "a unit of angular measure equal to 1/32 of a circle or 11.25°",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "rhumb"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "1 2 97",
          "code": "de",
          "english": "old Anglicism",
          "lang": "German",
          "sense": "a unit of angular measure equal to 1/32 of a circle or 11.25°",
          "tags": [
            "masculine",
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "Rhumb"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "1 2 97",
          "code": "it",
          "lang": "Italian",
          "sense": "a unit of angular measure equal to 1/32 of a circle or 11.25°",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "rombo di bussola"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "1 2 97",
          "code": "ro",
          "lang": "Romanian",
          "sense": "a unit of angular measure equal to 1/32 of a circle or 11.25°",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "cart"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "1 2 97",
          "code": "sv",
          "lang": "Swedish",
          "sense": "a unit of angular measure equal to 1/32 of a circle or 11.25°",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "kompassträck"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ɹʌm/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ɹʌmb/"
    },
    {
      "audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-rhumb.wav",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a3/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-rhumb.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-rhumb.wav.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a3/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-rhumb.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-rhumb.wav.ogg"
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-ʌm"
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-ʌmb"
    }
  ],
  "word": "rhumb"
}
{
  "categories": [
    "English countable nouns",
    "English doublets",
    "English entries with incorrect language header",
    "English lemmas",
    "English nouns",
    "English terms borrowed from Portuguese",
    "English terms borrowed from Spanish",
    "English terms derived from Ancient Greek",
    "English terms derived from Latin",
    "English terms derived from Portuguese",
    "English terms derived from Spanish",
    "Entries with translation boxes",
    "Pages with 2 entries",
    "Pages with entries",
    "Rhymes:English/ʌm",
    "Rhymes:English/ʌm/1 syllable",
    "Rhymes:English/ʌmb",
    "Rhymes:English/ʌmb/1 syllable",
    "Terms with Arabic translations",
    "Terms with Bulgarian translations",
    "Terms with Finnish translations",
    "Terms with French translations",
    "Terms with German translations",
    "Terms with Hungarian translations",
    "Terms with Italian translations",
    "Terms with Portuguese translations",
    "Terms with Romanian translations",
    "Terms with Swedish translations"
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "word": "rhumb-line"
    },
    {
      "word": "rhumb sailing"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "es",
        "3": "rumbo"
      },
      "expansion": "Spanish rumbo",
      "name": "bor"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "pt",
        "3": "rumo"
      },
      "expansion": "Portuguese rumo",
      "name": "bor"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "la",
        "3": "rhombus"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin rhombus",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "grc",
        "3": "ῥόμβος"
      },
      "expansion": "Ancient Greek ῥόμβος (rhómbos)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "rhomb",
        "3": "rhombus"
      },
      "expansion": "Doublet of rhomb and rhombus",
      "name": "doublet"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Borrowed from Spanish rumbo or Portuguese rumo, from Latin rhombus, from Ancient Greek ῥόμβος (rhómbos). Doublet of rhomb and rhombus.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "rhumbs",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "rhumb (plural rhumbs)",
      "name": "en-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "en:Navigation"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "A line which crosses successive meridians at a constant angle."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "navigation",
          "navigation"
        ],
        [
          "meridian",
          "meridian"
        ]
      ],
      "qualifier": "navigation",
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(navigation) A line which crosses successive meridians at a constant angle."
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "rhumb line"
        },
        {
          "word": "loxodrome"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "en:Navigation"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Any of the 32 points of the compass."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "navigation",
          "navigation"
        ]
      ],
      "qualifier": "navigation",
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(navigation) Any of the 32 points of the compass."
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "en:Navigation"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "A unit of angular measure equal to 1/32 of a circle or 11.25°."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "navigation",
          "navigation"
        ],
        [
          "°",
          "°"
        ]
      ],
      "qualifier": "navigation",
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(navigation) A unit of angular measure equal to 1/32 of a circle or 11.25°."
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ɹʌm/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ɹʌmb/"
    },
    {
      "audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-rhumb.wav",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a3/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-rhumb.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-rhumb.wav.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a3/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-rhumb.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-rhumb.wav.ogg"
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-ʌm"
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-ʌmb"
    }
  ],
  "translations": [
    {
      "code": "ar",
      "lang": "Arabic",
      "roman": "dīra",
      "sense": "one of the 32 points of the compass (compass points)",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "دِيرَة"
    },
    {
      "code": "bg",
      "lang": "Bulgarian",
      "roman": "rumb",
      "sense": "one of the 32 points of the compass (compass points)",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "румб"
    },
    {
      "code": "fi",
      "lang": "Finnish",
      "sense": "one of the 32 points of the compass (compass points)",
      "word": "kompassipiiru"
    },
    {
      "code": "fr",
      "lang": "French",
      "sense": "one of the 32 points of the compass (compass points)",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "rumb"
    },
    {
      "code": "fr",
      "lang": "French",
      "sense": "one of the 32 points of the compass (compass points)",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "rhumb"
    },
    {
      "code": "de",
      "lang": "German",
      "sense": "one of the 32 points of the compass (compass points)",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "Kompasspunkt"
    },
    {
      "code": "de",
      "english": "old Anglicism",
      "lang": "German",
      "sense": "one of the 32 points of the compass (compass points)",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "Rhumb"
    },
    {
      "code": "hu",
      "lang": "Hungarian",
      "sense": "one of the 32 points of the compass (compass points)",
      "word": "szélvonal"
    },
    {
      "code": "it",
      "lang": "Italian",
      "sense": "one of the 32 points of the compass (compass points)",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "rombo di bussola"
    },
    {
      "code": "pt",
      "lang": "Portuguese",
      "sense": "one of the 32 points of the compass (compass points)",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "rumo"
    },
    {
      "code": "sv",
      "lang": "Swedish",
      "sense": "one of the 32 points of the compass (compass points)",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "kompassträck"
    },
    {
      "code": "ar",
      "lang": "Arabic",
      "roman": "ḵann",
      "sense": "a unit of angular measure equal to 1/32 of a circle or 11.25°",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "خَنّ"
    },
    {
      "code": "fi",
      "lang": "Finnish",
      "sense": "a unit of angular measure equal to 1/32 of a circle or 11.25°",
      "word": "kompassipiiru"
    },
    {
      "code": "fr",
      "lang": "French",
      "sense": "a unit of angular measure equal to 1/32 of a circle or 11.25°",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "rumb"
    },
    {
      "code": "fr",
      "lang": "French",
      "sense": "a unit of angular measure equal to 1/32 of a circle or 11.25°",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "rhumb"
    },
    {
      "code": "de",
      "english": "old Anglicism",
      "lang": "German",
      "sense": "a unit of angular measure equal to 1/32 of a circle or 11.25°",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "Rhumb"
    },
    {
      "code": "it",
      "lang": "Italian",
      "sense": "a unit of angular measure equal to 1/32 of a circle or 11.25°",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "rombo di bussola"
    },
    {
      "code": "ro",
      "lang": "Romanian",
      "sense": "a unit of angular measure equal to 1/32 of a circle or 11.25°",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "cart"
    },
    {
      "code": "sv",
      "lang": "Swedish",
      "sense": "a unit of angular measure equal to 1/32 of a circle or 11.25°",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "kompassträck"
    }
  ],
  "word": "rhumb"
}

Download raw JSONL data for rhumb meaning in English (6.0kB)


This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-15 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-12-04 using wiktextract (8a39820 and 4401a4c). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.