See pulk in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "sled"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "no",
"3": "pulk"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian pulk",
"name": "uder"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "sv",
"3": "pulka"
},
"expansion": "Swedish pulka",
"name": "uder"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fi",
"3": "pulkka"
},
"expansion": "Finnish pulkka",
"name": "uder"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "smi"
},
"expansion": "Sami",
"name": "uder"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "se",
"2": "bulki"
},
"expansion": "Northern Sami bulki",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "smi-pro",
"3": "*pulkkē"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Samic *pulkkē",
"name": "uder"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Nordic languages: Norwegian pulk; Swedish pulka, Finnish pulkka, from Sami pul’hkē (compare Northern Sami bulki), from Proto-Samic *pulkkē.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "pulks",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "pulka",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "pulkha",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "pulk (plural pulks)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "48 52",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "57 43",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English terms suffixed with -ock",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "English undefined derivations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
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"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "47 53",
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"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "46 54",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Danish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Estonian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Finnish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with French translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with German translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Norwegian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Russian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Swedish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Ukrainian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A low-slung boatlike sled, used for man-hauling supplies across snow and ice."
],
"hyponyms": [
{
"word": "akja"
}
],
"id": "en-pulk-en-noun-b2YbUVet",
"links": [
[
"boatlike",
"boatlike"
],
[
"sled",
"sled"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "toboggan"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"lang_code": "da",
"sense": "low-slung boatlike sled",
"word": "pulk"
},
{
"code": "et",
"lang": "Estonian",
"lang_code": "et",
"sense": "low-slung boatlike sled",
"word": "kelk"
},
{
"code": "et",
"lang": "Estonian",
"lang_code": "et",
"sense": "low-slung boatlike sled",
"word": "salvokelk"
},
{
"code": "et",
"lang": "Estonian",
"lang_code": "et",
"sense": "low-slung boatlike sled",
"word": "laste kelk"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "low-slung boatlike sled",
"word": "pulkka"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"sense": "low-slung boatlike sled",
"word": "pulka"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "low-slung boatlike sled",
"word": "Pulka"
},
{
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"lang_code": "no",
"sense": "low-slung boatlike sled",
"word": "pulk"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "pulka",
"sense": "low-slung boatlike sled",
"word": "пулка"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "volokuša",
"sense": "low-slung boatlike sled",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "волокуша"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"sense": "low-slung boatlike sled",
"word": "pulka"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"lang_code": "uk",
"roman": "púlka",
"sense": "low-slung boatlike sled",
"word": "пу́лка"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/pʌlk/"
},
{
"ipa": "/pʊlk/"
},
{
"ipa": "/pulk/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-pulk.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-pulk.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-pulk.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-pulk.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-pulk.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ʌlk"
}
],
"word": "pulk"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "pool"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "i",
"3": "I"
},
"expansion": "I",
"name": "yesno"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "polk",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Middle English polk",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "polk"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Middle English polk",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "pool",
"3": "-ock"
},
"expansion": "pool + -ock",
"name": "af"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "pol",
"3": "-ok",
"nocat": "1",
"pos2": "thus equivalent to <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"en\">pool</i> + <i class=\"Latn mention nowrap\" lang=\"en\">-ock</i>",
"t1": "pool",
"t2": "-ock"
},
"expansion": "pol (“pool”) + -ok (“-ock”, thus equivalent to pool + -ock)",
"name": "af"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Middle English polk, from pol (“pool”) + -ok (“-ock”, thus equivalent to pool + -ock), with shortening of /oː/ before /lk/.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "pulks",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "pulk (plural pulks)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "East Anglian English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "48 52",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "47 53",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 3 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "46 54",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A pond or puddle; a small pool (especially of standing water)"
],
"id": "en-pulk-en-noun-yq-m072~",
"links": [
[
"pond",
"pond"
],
[
"puddle",
"puddle"
],
[
"small",
"small"
],
[
"pool",
"pool"
],
[
"standing",
"standing#English"
],
[
"water",
"water#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(East Anglia) A pond or puddle; a small pool (especially of standing water)"
],
"tags": [
"East-Anglia"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/pʌlk/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-pulk.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-pulk.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-pulk.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-pulk.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-pulk.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ʌlk"
}
],
"word": "pulk"
}
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Finnish",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Norwegian",
"English terms derived from Proto-Samic",
"English terms derived from Sami languages",
"English terms derived from Swedish",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms suffixed with -ock",
"English undefined derivations",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:English/ʌlk",
"Rhymes:English/ʌlk/1 syllable",
"Terms with Danish translations",
"Terms with Estonian translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Norwegian translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Swedish translations",
"Terms with Ukrainian translations"
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "sled"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "no",
"3": "pulk"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian pulk",
"name": "uder"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "sv",
"3": "pulka"
},
"expansion": "Swedish pulka",
"name": "uder"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fi",
"3": "pulkka"
},
"expansion": "Finnish pulkka",
"name": "uder"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "smi"
},
"expansion": "Sami",
"name": "uder"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "se",
"2": "bulki"
},
"expansion": "Northern Sami bulki",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "smi-pro",
"3": "*pulkkē"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Samic *pulkkē",
"name": "uder"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Nordic languages: Norwegian pulk; Swedish pulka, Finnish pulkka, from Sami pul’hkē (compare Northern Sami bulki), from Proto-Samic *pulkkē.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "pulks",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "pulka",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "pulkha",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "pulk (plural pulks)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"A low-slung boatlike sled, used for man-hauling supplies across snow and ice."
],
"hyponyms": [
{
"word": "akja"
}
],
"links": [
[
"boatlike",
"boatlike"
],
[
"sled",
"sled"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "toboggan"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/pʌlk/"
},
{
"ipa": "/pʊlk/"
},
{
"ipa": "/pulk/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-pulk.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-pulk.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-pulk.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-pulk.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-pulk.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ʌlk"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"lang_code": "da",
"sense": "low-slung boatlike sled",
"word": "pulk"
},
{
"code": "et",
"lang": "Estonian",
"lang_code": "et",
"sense": "low-slung boatlike sled",
"word": "kelk"
},
{
"code": "et",
"lang": "Estonian",
"lang_code": "et",
"sense": "low-slung boatlike sled",
"word": "salvokelk"
},
{
"code": "et",
"lang": "Estonian",
"lang_code": "et",
"sense": "low-slung boatlike sled",
"word": "laste kelk"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "low-slung boatlike sled",
"word": "pulkka"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"sense": "low-slung boatlike sled",
"word": "pulka"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "low-slung boatlike sled",
"word": "Pulka"
},
{
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"lang_code": "no",
"sense": "low-slung boatlike sled",
"word": "pulk"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "pulka",
"sense": "low-slung boatlike sled",
"word": "пулка"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "volokuša",
"sense": "low-slung boatlike sled",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "волокуша"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"sense": "low-slung boatlike sled",
"word": "pulka"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"lang_code": "uk",
"roman": "púlka",
"sense": "low-slung boatlike sled",
"word": "пу́лка"
}
],
"word": "pulk"
}
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms suffixed with -ock",
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:English/ʌlk",
"Rhymes:English/ʌlk/1 syllable"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "pool"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "i",
"3": "I"
},
"expansion": "I",
"name": "yesno"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "polk",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Middle English polk",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "polk"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Middle English polk",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "pool",
"3": "-ock"
},
"expansion": "pool + -ock",
"name": "af"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "pol",
"3": "-ok",
"nocat": "1",
"pos2": "thus equivalent to <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"en\">pool</i> + <i class=\"Latn mention nowrap\" lang=\"en\">-ock</i>",
"t1": "pool",
"t2": "-ock"
},
"expansion": "pol (“pool”) + -ok (“-ock”, thus equivalent to pool + -ock)",
"name": "af"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Middle English polk, from pol (“pool”) + -ok (“-ock”, thus equivalent to pool + -ock), with shortening of /oː/ before /lk/.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "pulks",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "pulk (plural pulks)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"East Anglian English"
],
"glosses": [
"A pond or puddle; a small pool (especially of standing water)"
],
"links": [
[
"pond",
"pond"
],
[
"puddle",
"puddle"
],
[
"small",
"small"
],
[
"pool",
"pool"
],
[
"standing",
"standing#English"
],
[
"water",
"water#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(East Anglia) A pond or puddle; a small pool (especially of standing water)"
],
"tags": [
"East-Anglia"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/pʌlk/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-pulk.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-pulk.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-pulk.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-pulk.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-pulk.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ʌlk"
}
],
"word": "pulk"
}
Download raw JSONL data for pulk meaning in English (6.7kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-05-03 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-04-01 using wiktextract (4d423fd and 9452535). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.