"poetic justice" meaning in English

See poetic justice in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Noun

IPA: /pəʊˌɛtɪk ˈd͡ʒʌstɪs/ [Received-Pronunciation], /poʊˌɛtɪk ˈd͡ʒʌstɪs/ [General-American], [-ɾɪk-] [General-American] Audio: LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-poetic justice.wav , En-us-poetic justice.oga
Etymology: From poetic + justice, a variant of poetical justice, coined by the English literary critic Thomas Rymer (c. 1643 – 1713) in the work The Tragedies of the Last Age Consider’d and Examin’d (1678): see the quotation. Etymology templates: {{compound|en|poetic|justice|notext=1|type=endocentric}} poetic + justice, {{coinage|en|Thomas Rymer|nat=the English|nobycat=1|nocap=1|occ=literary critic}} coined by the English literary critic Thomas Rymer, {{circa2|1643|short=1}} c. 1643 Head templates: {{en-noun|-}} poetic justice (uncountable)
  1. (narratology) Synonym of poetical justice (“the idea that in a literary work such as a poem, virtue should be rewarded and vice punished”) Tags: uncountable Categories (topical): Narratology Synonyms: poetical justice [synonym, synonym-of] Related terms: contrapasso, have it coming, just deserts, karma, payback
    Sense id: en-poetic_justice-en-noun-E481dXO- Categories (other): English endocentric compounds, English entries with incorrect language header, Entries with translation boxes, Pages with 1 entry, Pages with entries, Terms with Arabic translations, Terms with Esperanto translations, Terms with Finnish translations, Terms with French translations, Terms with Galician translations, Terms with Georgian translations, Terms with Hebrew translations, Terms with Italian translations, Terms with Japanese translations, Terms with Macedonian translations, Terms with Malayalam translations, Terms with Persian translations, Terms with Polish translations, Terms with Portuguese translations, Terms with Swedish translations Disambiguation of English endocentric compounds: 70 30 Disambiguation of English entries with incorrect language header: 61 39 Disambiguation of Entries with translation boxes: 72 28 Disambiguation of Pages with 1 entry: 65 35 Disambiguation of Pages with entries: 67 33 Disambiguation of Terms with Arabic translations: 80 20 Disambiguation of Terms with Esperanto translations: 78 22 Disambiguation of Terms with Finnish translations: 78 22 Disambiguation of Terms with French translations: 75 25 Disambiguation of Terms with Galician translations: 77 23 Disambiguation of Terms with Georgian translations: 78 22 Disambiguation of Terms with Hebrew translations: 81 19 Disambiguation of Terms with Italian translations: 76 24 Disambiguation of Terms with Japanese translations: 77 23 Disambiguation of Terms with Macedonian translations: 78 22 Disambiguation of Terms with Malayalam translations: 76 24 Disambiguation of Terms with Persian translations: 78 22 Disambiguation of Terms with Polish translations: 76 24 Disambiguation of Terms with Portuguese translations: 78 22 Disambiguation of Terms with Swedish translations: 78 22 Topics: human-sciences, linguistics, narratology, sciences
  2. (by extension, generally) The fact of someone experiencing what they deserve for their actions, especially when this happens in an ironic manner. Tags: broadly, uncountable Synonyms: poetical justice Translations (fact of someone experiencing what they deserve for their actions, especially when this happens in an ironic manner): عدالة شعرية (Arabic), poezia justo (Esperanto), runollinen oikeudenmukaisuus (Finnish), justice immanente [feminine] (French), xustiza poética [feminine] (Galician), პოეტური სამართლიანობა (ṗoeṭuri samartlianoba) (Georgian), צדק פואטי (Hebrew), giustizia poetica [feminine] (Italian), 勧善懲悪 (kanzenchōaku) (alt: かんぜんちょうあく) (Japanese), заслу́жена ка́зна (zaslúžena kázna) [feminine] (Macedonian), കാവ്യനീതി (kāvyanīti) (Malayalam), عدالت شاعرانه (Persian), poetycka sprawiedliwość [feminine] (Polish), justiça poética [feminine] (Portuguese), poetisk rättvisa [common-gender] (Swedish)
    Sense id: en-poetic_justice-en-noun-LXNlHcRi Disambiguation of 'fact of someone experiencing what they deserve for their actions, especially when this happens in an ironic manner': 3 97
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          "text": "For though historical Juſtice might reſt there; yet poetical Juſtice could not be ſo content. It vvould require that the ſatisfaction be compleat and full, e're the Malefactor goes off the Stage, and nothing left to God Almighty, and another VVorld.",
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          "ref": "1728, [Alexander Pope], “Book the First”, in The Dunciad. An Heroic Poem. […], Dublin, London: […] A. Dodd, →OCLC, page 3, lines 40–42:",
          "text": "Poetic Juſtice, vvith her lifted ſcale; / VVhere in nice balance, truth vvith gold ſhe vveighs, / And ſolid pudding againſt empty praiſe.",
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          "ref": "1798 December, “Theatre. [Review of Laugh When You Can by Frederic Reynolds.]”, in The Universal Magazine of Knowledge and Pleasure: […], volume CIII, London: […] W. Bent, […], →OCLC, page 424:",
          "text": "[T]he great object [of a comedy] is to cauſe a hearty laugh, in the accompliſhment of vvhich, the rules of the drama and the exerciſe of reaſon are often held in defiance; at the ſame time that poetic juſtice is carefully adminiſtered, and the vices of human nature are held up to merited execration.",
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          "ref": "1894, Charles W. Hodell, “Shakespeare’s Opening Scenes as Striking the Key-note of Dramatic Action and Motive”, in Charlotte Porter, Helen A[rchibald] Clarke, editors, Poet Lore: A Magazine of Letters, volume VI, numbers 6–7, [Philadelphia, Pa.: Poet-Lore Co.]; New York, N.Y.: AMS Reprint Company, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 345:",
          "text": "[W]e cannot expect, nor does poetic justice allow, that a man shall act contary to his own nature through any force of will.",
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          "ref": "1969, O[sborne] B[ennett] Hardison [Jr.], “Three Types of Renaissance Catharsis”, in Renaissance Drama, volume 2 (New Series), Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press, →ISSN, →JSTOR, →OCLC, section II, page 9; republished in Arthur F. Kinney, editor, Poetics and Praxis, Understanding and Imagination: The Collected Essays of O. B. Hardison Jr., Athens, Ga., London: University of Georgia Press, 1997, →ISBN, part 2 (Poetics), page 83:",
          "text": "Literary history, not to mention countless Grade B movies and television serials, teaches us that poetic justice is a standard formula for popular entertainment. […] Since very few people learn their morality from the theater, the enduring appeal of poetic justice must come from the fact that it satisfies needs that go much deeper than simple moral improvement. We can begin to get an insight into these needs by recognizing that poetic justice is a conscious or unconscious imitation of ideal justice.",
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        "(narratology) Synonym of poetical justice (“the idea that in a literary work such as a poem, virtue should be rewarded and vice punished”)"
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        {
          "_dis1": "93 7",
          "word": "contrapasso"
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        {
          "_dis1": "93 7",
          "word": "have it coming"
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        {
          "_dis1": "93 7",
          "word": "just deserts"
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          "_dis1": "93 7",
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          "_dis1": "93 7",
          "word": "payback"
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          "ref": "1997 September–October, “Poetic Justice”, in Aaron R. Fodiman, editor, Tampa Bay Magazine, volume 12, number 5, Clearwater, Fla.: Tampa Bay Publications, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 20, column 3:",
          "text": "Operation PAR is the largest provider of addiction and mental health services in the Tampa Bay area. […] Now PAR is going to get poetic justice through an innovative concept which takes seized assets from drug kingpins and gives back to the community in the form of prevention and treatment programs.",
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          "ref": "2001, Peter A. French, “The Western Vengeance Films”, in The Virtues of Vengeance, Lawrence, Kan.: University Press of Kansas, →ISBN, part 1 (Vengeance in Literature and Popular Culture), page 40:",
          "text": "It might, of course, be argued that the cowboy who mutilated the face of the prostitute was the one ingloriously killed while defecating, and there is something of poetic justice, at least, in that outcome. Poetic justice, however, does not make for virtuous vengeance.",
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          "ref": "2004, Margot Vesel Rising, chapter 13, in Poetic Justice, Lincoln, Neb.: iUniverse, →ISBN, page 159:",
          "text": "\"To poetic justice.\" He clinked the can with her glass. / \"Poetic justice?\" / \"If it hadn't been for your grandmother's poems, I would never have looked for her. It is truly just that Edgar and Vera are once again together. At least I believe it's justice.\"",
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          "_dis1": "3 97",
          "code": "ar",
          "lang": "Arabic",
          "sense": "fact of someone experiencing what they deserve for their actions, especially when this happens in an ironic manner",
          "word": "عدالة شعرية"
        },
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          "code": "eo",
          "lang": "Esperanto",
          "sense": "fact of someone experiencing what they deserve for their actions, especially when this happens in an ironic manner",
          "word": "poezia justo"
        },
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          "_dis1": "3 97",
          "code": "fi",
          "lang": "Finnish",
          "sense": "fact of someone experiencing what they deserve for their actions, especially when this happens in an ironic manner",
          "word": "runollinen oikeudenmukaisuus"
        },
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          "_dis1": "3 97",
          "code": "fr",
          "lang": "French",
          "sense": "fact of someone experiencing what they deserve for their actions, especially when this happens in an ironic manner",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "justice immanente"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "3 97",
          "code": "gl",
          "lang": "Galician",
          "sense": "fact of someone experiencing what they deserve for their actions, especially when this happens in an ironic manner",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "xustiza poética"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "3 97",
          "code": "ka",
          "lang": "Georgian",
          "roman": "ṗoeṭuri samartlianoba",
          "sense": "fact of someone experiencing what they deserve for their actions, especially when this happens in an ironic manner",
          "word": "პოეტური სამართლიანობა"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "3 97",
          "code": "he",
          "lang": "Hebrew",
          "sense": "fact of someone experiencing what they deserve for their actions, especially when this happens in an ironic manner",
          "word": "צדק פואטי"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "3 97",
          "code": "it",
          "lang": "Italian",
          "sense": "fact of someone experiencing what they deserve for their actions, especially when this happens in an ironic manner",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "giustizia poetica"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "3 97",
          "alt": "かんぜんちょうあく",
          "code": "ja",
          "lang": "Japanese",
          "roman": "kanzenchōaku",
          "sense": "fact of someone experiencing what they deserve for their actions, especially when this happens in an ironic manner",
          "word": "勧善懲悪"
        },
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          "_dis1": "3 97",
          "code": "mk",
          "lang": "Macedonian",
          "roman": "zaslúžena kázna",
          "sense": "fact of someone experiencing what they deserve for their actions, especially when this happens in an ironic manner",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
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        },
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          "lang": "Malayalam",
          "roman": "kāvyanīti",
          "sense": "fact of someone experiencing what they deserve for their actions, especially when this happens in an ironic manner",
          "word": "കാവ്യനീതി"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "3 97",
          "code": "fa",
          "lang": "Persian",
          "sense": "fact of someone experiencing what they deserve for their actions, especially when this happens in an ironic manner",
          "word": "عدالت شاعرانه"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "3 97",
          "code": "pl",
          "lang": "Polish",
          "sense": "fact of someone experiencing what they deserve for their actions, especially when this happens in an ironic manner",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "poetycka sprawiedliwość"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "3 97",
          "code": "pt",
          "lang": "Portuguese",
          "sense": "fact of someone experiencing what they deserve for their actions, especially when this happens in an ironic manner",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "justiça poética"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "3 97",
          "code": "sv",
          "lang": "Swedish",
          "sense": "fact of someone experiencing what they deserve for their actions, especially when this happens in an ironic manner",
          "tags": [
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          ],
          "word": "poetisk rättvisa"
        }
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    }
  ],
  "hyphenation": [
    "po‧et‧ic"
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "noun",
  "related": [
    {
      "word": "contrapasso"
    },
    {
      "word": "have it coming"
    },
    {
      "word": "just deserts"
    },
    {
      "word": "karma"
    },
    {
      "word": "payback"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "English terms with quotations",
        "en:Narratology"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "ref": "[1678, Thomas Rymer, “The Tragedy of Rollo Duke of Normandy”, in The Tragedies of the Last Age Consider’d and Examin‘d […], London: […] Richard Tonson […], →OCLC, page 26:",
          "text": "For though historical Juſtice might reſt there; yet poetical Juſtice could not be ſo content. It vvould require that the ſatisfaction be compleat and full, e're the Malefactor goes off the Stage, and nothing left to God Almighty, and another VVorld.",
          "type": "quote"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1728, [Alexander Pope], “Book the First”, in The Dunciad. An Heroic Poem. […], Dublin, London: […] A. Dodd, →OCLC, page 3, lines 40–42:",
          "text": "Poetic Juſtice, vvith her lifted ſcale; / VVhere in nice balance, truth vvith gold ſhe vveighs, / And ſolid pudding againſt empty praiſe.",
          "type": "quote"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1798 December, “Theatre. [Review of Laugh When You Can by Frederic Reynolds.]”, in The Universal Magazine of Knowledge and Pleasure: […], volume CIII, London: […] W. Bent, […], →OCLC, page 424:",
          "text": "[T]he great object [of a comedy] is to cauſe a hearty laugh, in the accompliſhment of vvhich, the rules of the drama and the exerciſe of reaſon are often held in defiance; at the ſame time that poetic juſtice is carefully adminiſtered, and the vices of human nature are held up to merited execration.",
          "type": "quote"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1894, Charles W. Hodell, “Shakespeare’s Opening Scenes as Striking the Key-note of Dramatic Action and Motive”, in Charlotte Porter, Helen A[rchibald] Clarke, editors, Poet Lore: A Magazine of Letters, volume VI, numbers 6–7, [Philadelphia, Pa.: Poet-Lore Co.]; New York, N.Y.: AMS Reprint Company, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 345:",
          "text": "[W]e cannot expect, nor does poetic justice allow, that a man shall act contary to his own nature through any force of will.",
          "type": "quote"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1969, O[sborne] B[ennett] Hardison [Jr.], “Three Types of Renaissance Catharsis”, in Renaissance Drama, volume 2 (New Series), Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press, →ISSN, →JSTOR, →OCLC, section II, page 9; republished in Arthur F. Kinney, editor, Poetics and Praxis, Understanding and Imagination: The Collected Essays of O. B. Hardison Jr., Athens, Ga., London: University of Georgia Press, 1997, →ISBN, part 2 (Poetics), page 83:",
          "text": "Literary history, not to mention countless Grade B movies and television serials, teaches us that poetic justice is a standard formula for popular entertainment. […] Since very few people learn their morality from the theater, the enduring appeal of poetic justice must come from the fact that it satisfies needs that go much deeper than simple moral improvement. We can begin to get an insight into these needs by recognizing that poetic justice is a conscious or unconscious imitation of ideal justice.",
          "type": "quote"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Synonym of poetical justice (“the idea that in a literary work such as a poem, virtue should be rewarded and vice punished”)"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "narratology",
          "narratology"
        ],
        [
          "poetical justice",
          "poetical justice#English"
        ],
        [
          "idea",
          "idea"
        ],
        [
          "literary",
          "literary"
        ],
        [
          "work",
          "work#Noun"
        ],
        [
          "poem",
          "poem"
        ],
        [
          "virtue",
          "virtue"
        ],
        [
          "rewarded",
          "reward#Verb"
        ],
        [
          "vice",
          "vice#Noun"
        ],
        [
          "punish",
          "punish"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(narratology) Synonym of poetical justice (“the idea that in a literary work such as a poem, virtue should be rewarded and vice punished”)"
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "extra": "the idea that in a literary work such as a poem, virtue should be rewarded and vice punished",
          "tags": [
            "synonym",
            "synonym-of"
          ],
          "word": "poetical justice"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "uncountable"
      ],
      "topics": [
        "human-sciences",
        "linguistics",
        "narratology",
        "sciences"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "English terms with quotations"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "ref": "1997 September–October, “Poetic Justice”, in Aaron R. Fodiman, editor, Tampa Bay Magazine, volume 12, number 5, Clearwater, Fla.: Tampa Bay Publications, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 20, column 3:",
          "text": "Operation PAR is the largest provider of addiction and mental health services in the Tampa Bay area. […] Now PAR is going to get poetic justice through an innovative concept which takes seized assets from drug kingpins and gives back to the community in the form of prevention and treatment programs.",
          "type": "quote"
        },
        {
          "ref": "2001, Peter A. French, “The Western Vengeance Films”, in The Virtues of Vengeance, Lawrence, Kan.: University Press of Kansas, →ISBN, part 1 (Vengeance in Literature and Popular Culture), page 40:",
          "text": "It might, of course, be argued that the cowboy who mutilated the face of the prostitute was the one ingloriously killed while defecating, and there is something of poetic justice, at least, in that outcome. Poetic justice, however, does not make for virtuous vengeance.",
          "type": "quote"
        },
        {
          "ref": "2004, Margot Vesel Rising, chapter 13, in Poetic Justice, Lincoln, Neb.: iUniverse, →ISBN, page 159:",
          "text": "\"To poetic justice.\" He clinked the can with her glass. / \"Poetic justice?\" / \"If it hadn't been for your grandmother's poems, I would never have looked for her. It is truly just that Edgar and Vera are once again together. At least I believe it's justice.\"",
          "type": "quote"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "The fact of someone experiencing what they deserve for their actions, especially when this happens in an ironic manner."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "fact",
          "fact#Noun"
        ],
        [
          "experiencing",
          "experience#Verb"
        ],
        [
          "deserve",
          "deserve"
        ],
        [
          "actions",
          "action#Noun"
        ],
        [
          "happen",
          "happen"
        ],
        [
          "ironic",
          "ironic"
        ],
        [
          "manner",
          "manner#Noun"
        ]
      ],
      "qualifier": "generally",
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(by extension, generally) The fact of someone experiencing what they deserve for their actions, especially when this happens in an ironic manner."
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "poetical justice"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "broadly",
        "uncountable"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/pəʊˌɛtɪk ˈd͡ʒʌstɪs/",
      "tags": [
        "Received-Pronunciation"
      ]
    },
    {
      "audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-poetic justice.wav",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4f/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-poetic_justice.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-poetic_justice.wav.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4f/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-poetic_justice.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-poetic_justice.wav.ogg"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/poʊˌɛtɪk ˈd͡ʒʌstɪs/",
      "tags": [
        "General-American"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[-ɾɪk-]",
      "tags": [
        "General-American"
      ]
    },
    {
      "audio": "En-us-poetic justice.oga",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/06/En-us-poetic_justice.oga/En-us-poetic_justice.oga.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/En-us-poetic_justice.oga"
    }
  ],
  "translations": [
    {
      "code": "ar",
      "lang": "Arabic",
      "sense": "fact of someone experiencing what they deserve for their actions, especially when this happens in an ironic manner",
      "word": "عدالة شعرية"
    },
    {
      "code": "eo",
      "lang": "Esperanto",
      "sense": "fact of someone experiencing what they deserve for their actions, especially when this happens in an ironic manner",
      "word": "poezia justo"
    },
    {
      "code": "fi",
      "lang": "Finnish",
      "sense": "fact of someone experiencing what they deserve for their actions, especially when this happens in an ironic manner",
      "word": "runollinen oikeudenmukaisuus"
    },
    {
      "code": "fr",
      "lang": "French",
      "sense": "fact of someone experiencing what they deserve for their actions, especially when this happens in an ironic manner",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "justice immanente"
    },
    {
      "code": "gl",
      "lang": "Galician",
      "sense": "fact of someone experiencing what they deserve for their actions, especially when this happens in an ironic manner",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "xustiza poética"
    },
    {
      "code": "ka",
      "lang": "Georgian",
      "roman": "ṗoeṭuri samartlianoba",
      "sense": "fact of someone experiencing what they deserve for their actions, especially when this happens in an ironic manner",
      "word": "პოეტური სამართლიანობა"
    },
    {
      "code": "he",
      "lang": "Hebrew",
      "sense": "fact of someone experiencing what they deserve for their actions, especially when this happens in an ironic manner",
      "word": "צדק פואטי"
    },
    {
      "code": "it",
      "lang": "Italian",
      "sense": "fact of someone experiencing what they deserve for their actions, especially when this happens in an ironic manner",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "giustizia poetica"
    },
    {
      "alt": "かんぜんちょうあく",
      "code": "ja",
      "lang": "Japanese",
      "roman": "kanzenchōaku",
      "sense": "fact of someone experiencing what they deserve for their actions, especially when this happens in an ironic manner",
      "word": "勧善懲悪"
    },
    {
      "code": "mk",
      "lang": "Macedonian",
      "roman": "zaslúžena kázna",
      "sense": "fact of someone experiencing what they deserve for their actions, especially when this happens in an ironic manner",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "заслу́жена ка́зна"
    },
    {
      "code": "ml",
      "lang": "Malayalam",
      "roman": "kāvyanīti",
      "sense": "fact of someone experiencing what they deserve for their actions, especially when this happens in an ironic manner",
      "word": "കാവ്യനീതി"
    },
    {
      "code": "fa",
      "lang": "Persian",
      "sense": "fact of someone experiencing what they deserve for their actions, especially when this happens in an ironic manner",
      "word": "عدالت شاعرانه"
    },
    {
      "code": "pl",
      "lang": "Polish",
      "sense": "fact of someone experiencing what they deserve for their actions, especially when this happens in an ironic manner",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "poetycka sprawiedliwość"
    },
    {
      "code": "pt",
      "lang": "Portuguese",
      "sense": "fact of someone experiencing what they deserve for their actions, especially when this happens in an ironic manner",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "justiça poética"
    },
    {
      "code": "sv",
      "lang": "Swedish",
      "sense": "fact of someone experiencing what they deserve for their actions, especially when this happens in an ironic manner",
      "tags": [
        "common-gender"
      ],
      "word": "poetisk rättvisa"
    }
  ],
  "word": "poetic justice"
}

Download raw JSONL data for poetic justice meaning in English (11.9kB)


This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-11-06 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-10-02 using wiktextract (fbeafe8 and 7f03c9b). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

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