"Middle Kingdom" meaning in English

See Middle Kingdom in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Proper name

Forms: the Middle Kingdom [canonical]
Etymology: Calque of Chinese 中國/中国 (Zhōngguó). Etymology templates: {{calque|en|zh|-}} Calque of Chinese, {{zh-l|中國}} 中國/中国 (Zhōngguó) Head templates: {{en-proper noun|def=1|head=Middle Kingdom}} the Middle Kingdom
  1. (literary) China. Tags: literary Categories (place): China Translations (nickname for China): 中國 (Chinese Mandarin), 中国 (Zhōngguó) (Chinese Mandarin), 天下 (Tiānxià) (english: under Heaven) (Chinese Mandarin), Říše středu [feminine] (Czech), Riget i Midten (note: definite form) [neuter] (Danish), Keskustan valtakunta (Finnish), Empire du Milieu [masculine] (French), Reich der Mitte [neuter] (German), Regno di Mezzo [masculine] (Italian), Жуңго (Juŋgo) (Kyrgyz), ᡩ᠋ᡠ᠋ᠯᡳᠮᠪᠠᡳ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ (dulimbai gurun) (Manchu), Дундад улс (Dundad uls) [Cyrillic] (Mongolian), ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠᠳᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ (dumdadu ulus) [Mongolian] (Mongolian), Państwo Środka [neuter] (Polish), Reino Médio [masculine] (Portuguese), Reino do Meio [masculine] (Portuguese), Среди́нное Ца́рство (Sredínnoje Cárstvo) [neuter] (Russian), Сре́днее ца́рство (Srédneje cárstvo) [neuter] (Russian), Поднебе́сная (Podnebésnaja) (english: (a country) under Heaven) [feminine] (Russian), Reino del Medio [masculine] (Spanish), Mittens rike [neuter] (Swedish), ཀྲུང་གོ (krung go) (Tibetan), جۇڭگو (junggo) (Uyghur)
    Sense id: en-Middle_Kingdom-en-name-S-GE8bJv Disambiguation of China: 97 3
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Etymology number: 1

Proper name

Forms: the Middle Kingdom [canonical]
Etymology: Calque of German Mittleres Reich, eventually displacing Middle Empire, an older calque of the same term. Coined c. 1840 as part of a periodization of Ancient Egyptian history into Old, Middle, and New Kingdoms. Etymology templates: {{calque|en|de|Mittleres Reich}} Calque of German Mittleres Reich, {{m|en|Middle Empire}} Middle Empire Head templates: {{en-proper noun|def=1|head=Middle Kingdom}} the Middle Kingdom
  1. (historical) Egypt from the time of its reunification under Mentuhotep II in the 11th Dynasty (ending the First Intermediate Period) to its disintegration during the 13th Dynasty and the beginning of the Second Intermediate Period. Tags: historical Categories (place): Egypt Translations (Egypt in the late 11th, 12th, and early 13th dynasties): اَلدَّوْلَة اَلْوَسْطِيَّة (ad-dawla l-wasṭiyya) [feminine] (Arabic), 中王國 (Chinese Mandarin), 中王国 (Zhōngwángguó) (Chinese Mandarin), Střední říše [feminine] (Czech), Det mellemste Rige (note: definite form) [neuter] (Danish), keskivaltakunta (Finnish), Moyen Empire [masculine] (French), Mittleres Reich [neuter] (German), 中王国 (Chū ōkoku) (alt: ちゅうおうこく) (Japanese), Średnie Państwo [neuter] (Polish), Reino Médio [masculine] (Portuguese), Сре́днее ца́рство (Srédneje cárstvo) [neuter] (Russian), Imperio medio [masculine] (Spanish)
    Sense id: en-Middle_Kingdom-en-name-1n1oViSr Disambiguation of Egypt: 0 100 Categories (other): English entries with incorrect language header, English entries with topic categories using raw markup, English terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys Disambiguation of English entries with incorrect language header: 15 85 Disambiguation of English entries with topic categories using raw markup: 19 81 Disambiguation of English terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys: 17 83
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Etymology number: 2

Download JSON data for Middle Kingdom meaning in English (10.8kB)

{
  "etymology_number": 1,
  "etymology_templates": [
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      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "zh",
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      "args": {
        "1": "中國"
      },
      "expansion": "中國/中国 (Zhōngguó)",
      "name": "zh-l"
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  ],
  "etymology_text": "Calque of Chinese 中國/中国 (Zhōngguó).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "the Middle Kingdom",
      "tags": [
        "canonical"
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  "head_templates": [
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      "args": {
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  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "name",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "97 3",
          "kind": "place",
          "langcode": "en",
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          "orig": "en:China",
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            "All topics",
            "Fundamental"
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        {
          "ref": "1669, John Nievhoff, translated by John Ogilby, An Embassy from the Eaſt-India Company of the United Provinces, to the Grand Tartar Cham Emperour of China, London: John Macock, →OCLC, pages 4–5",
          "text": "But though this Kingdom of China doth often change its Lord and Name, the Chineſes however have time out of mind called it by two other particular names, as Chungchoa, and Chungque ; the firſt whereof ſignifies The Middle Kingdom ; and the other, the Middle Garden.",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1964, Sherman E. Lee, “Urban Civilization and the Indus Valley; Neolithic and Pre-Shang China”, in A History of Far Eastern Art, New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc., Publishers, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 23, columns 1, 2",
          "text": "The meeting point of the plateau and the plains is just east of the first great bend of the Yellow River. Significantly, it is at the central meeting point that we have the coalescence of the three cultures which produced the developed Shang culture. This area, known to the Chinese as Chung Yuan, or central plain, has always been the heartland of the “Middle Kingdom.”",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1999, “Beijing”, in The Book of the World, 2nd United States edition (Atlas), Macmillan, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 367",
          "text": "Genghis Khan initiated Beijing's nearly 800-year dominance over the Middle Kingdom. The city's current population numbers ten million people, far more than lived here in 1215 A.D. when the Mongol warlord conquered the strategically significant power center of Yanying and built Khanbalik, his new residence.",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "ref": "2017 October 26, Jennifer Saba, “Breakingviews - Viewsroom: China's leader cements his power”, in Reuters, archived from the original on 2022-07-26, Breakingviews",
          "text": "President Xi Jinping emerged stronger at the end of China’s Communist Party Congress. His desire to consolidate control however may not help his plans to keep the Middle Kingdom’s economic engine humming.",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "ref": "2022 March 22, Charles Pellegrin, Claire Hopes, Agnès Le Cossec, Laura Welfringer WELFRINGER, “China sticks to zero-Covid policy: Tens of millions endure new lockdown”, in France 24, archived from the original on 2022-03-22",
          "text": "After first appearing in China more than two years ago, Covid-19 has returned to the Middle Kingdom. The country had largely succeeded in keeping infection and mortality rates in check.",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "China."
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      "id": "en-Middle_Kingdom-en-name-S-GE8bJv",
      "links": [
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      "raw_glosses": [
        "(literary) China."
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      "tags": [
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      "translations": [
        {
          "code": "cmn",
          "lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
          "sense": "nickname for China",
          "word": "中國"
        },
        {
          "code": "cmn",
          "lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
          "roman": "Zhōngguó",
          "sense": "nickname for China",
          "word": "中国"
        },
        {
          "code": "cmn",
          "english": "under Heaven",
          "lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
          "roman": "Tiānxià",
          "sense": "nickname for China",
          "word": "天下"
        },
        {
          "code": "cs",
          "lang": "Czech",
          "sense": "nickname for China",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "Říše středu"
        },
        {
          "code": "da",
          "lang": "Danish",
          "note": "definite form",
          "sense": "nickname for China",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "Riget i Midten"
        },
        {
          "code": "fi",
          "lang": "Finnish",
          "sense": "nickname for China",
          "word": "Keskustan valtakunta"
        },
        {
          "code": "fr",
          "lang": "French",
          "sense": "nickname for China",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "Empire du Milieu"
        },
        {
          "code": "de",
          "lang": "German",
          "sense": "nickname for China",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "Reich der Mitte"
        },
        {
          "code": "it",
          "lang": "Italian",
          "sense": "nickname for China",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "Regno di Mezzo"
        },
        {
          "code": "ky",
          "lang": "Kyrgyz",
          "roman": "Juŋgo",
          "sense": "nickname for China",
          "word": "Жуңго"
        },
        {
          "code": "mnc",
          "lang": "Manchu",
          "roman": "dulimbai gurun",
          "sense": "nickname for China",
          "word": "ᡩ᠋ᡠ᠋ᠯᡳᠮᠪᠠᡳ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ"
        },
        {
          "code": "mn",
          "lang": "Mongolian",
          "roman": "Dundad uls",
          "sense": "nickname for China",
          "tags": [
            "Cyrillic"
          ],
          "word": "Дундад улс"
        },
        {
          "code": "mn",
          "lang": "Mongolian",
          "roman": "dumdadu ulus",
          "sense": "nickname for China",
          "tags": [
            "Mongolian"
          ],
          "word": "ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠᠳᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ"
        },
        {
          "code": "pl",
          "lang": "Polish",
          "sense": "nickname for China",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "Państwo Środka"
        },
        {
          "code": "pt",
          "lang": "Portuguese",
          "sense": "nickname for China",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "Reino Médio"
        },
        {
          "code": "pt",
          "lang": "Portuguese",
          "sense": "nickname for China",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "Reino do Meio"
        },
        {
          "code": "ru",
          "lang": "Russian",
          "roman": "Sredínnoje Cárstvo",
          "sense": "nickname for China",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "Среди́нное Ца́рство"
        },
        {
          "code": "ru",
          "lang": "Russian",
          "roman": "Srédneje cárstvo",
          "sense": "nickname for China",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "Сре́днее ца́рство"
        },
        {
          "code": "ru",
          "english": "(a country) under Heaven",
          "lang": "Russian",
          "roman": "Podnebésnaja",
          "sense": "nickname for China",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "Поднебе́сная"
        },
        {
          "code": "es",
          "lang": "Spanish",
          "sense": "nickname for China",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "Reino del Medio"
        },
        {
          "code": "sv",
          "lang": "Swedish",
          "sense": "nickname for China",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "Mittens rike"
        },
        {
          "code": "bo",
          "lang": "Tibetan",
          "roman": "krung go",
          "sense": "nickname for China",
          "word": "ཀྲུང་གོ"
        },
        {
          "code": "ug",
          "lang": "Uyghur",
          "roman": "junggo",
          "sense": "nickname for China",
          "word": "جۇڭگو"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "Middle Kingdom of Egypt",
    "Names of China"
  ],
  "word": "Middle Kingdom"
}

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  "forms": [
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  "lang_code": "en",
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  "senses": [
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      "categories": [
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          "_dis": "15 85",
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        {
          "_dis": "0 100",
          "kind": "place",
          "langcode": "en",
          "name": "Egypt",
          "orig": "en:Egypt",
          "parents": [
            "Africa",
            "Earth",
            "Nature",
            "All topics",
            "Fundamental"
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          "source": "w+disamb"
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      "glosses": [
        "Egypt from the time of its reunification under Mentuhotep II in the 11th Dynasty (ending the First Intermediate Period) to its disintegration during the 13th Dynasty and the beginning of the Second Intermediate Period."
      ],
      "id": "en-Middle_Kingdom-en-name-1n1oViSr",
      "links": [
        [
          "Egypt",
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        [
          "reunification",
          "reunification"
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        [
          "First Intermediate Period",
          "First Intermediate Period"
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        [
          "disintegration",
          "disintegration"
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        [
          "Second Intermediate Period",
          "Second Intermediate Period"
        ]
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      "raw_glosses": [
        "(historical) Egypt from the time of its reunification under Mentuhotep II in the 11th Dynasty (ending the First Intermediate Period) to its disintegration during the 13th Dynasty and the beginning of the Second Intermediate Period."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "historical"
      ],
      "translations": [
        {
          "code": "ar",
          "lang": "Arabic",
          "roman": "ad-dawla l-wasṭiyya",
          "sense": "Egypt in the late 11th, 12th, and early 13th dynasties",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "اَلدَّوْلَة اَلْوَسْطِيَّة"
        },
        {
          "code": "cmn",
          "lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
          "sense": "Egypt in the late 11th, 12th, and early 13th dynasties",
          "word": "中王國"
        },
        {
          "code": "cmn",
          "lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
          "roman": "Zhōngwángguó",
          "sense": "Egypt in the late 11th, 12th, and early 13th dynasties",
          "word": "中王国"
        },
        {
          "code": "cs",
          "lang": "Czech",
          "sense": "Egypt in the late 11th, 12th, and early 13th dynasties",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "Střední říše"
        },
        {
          "code": "da",
          "lang": "Danish",
          "note": "definite form",
          "sense": "Egypt in the late 11th, 12th, and early 13th dynasties",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "Det mellemste Rige"
        },
        {
          "code": "fi",
          "lang": "Finnish",
          "sense": "Egypt in the late 11th, 12th, and early 13th dynasties",
          "word": "keskivaltakunta"
        },
        {
          "code": "fr",
          "lang": "French",
          "sense": "Egypt in the late 11th, 12th, and early 13th dynasties",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "Moyen Empire"
        },
        {
          "code": "de",
          "lang": "German",
          "sense": "Egypt in the late 11th, 12th, and early 13th dynasties",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "Mittleres Reich"
        },
        {
          "alt": "ちゅうおうこく",
          "code": "ja",
          "lang": "Japanese",
          "roman": "Chū ōkoku",
          "sense": "Egypt in the late 11th, 12th, and early 13th dynasties",
          "word": "中王国"
        },
        {
          "code": "pl",
          "lang": "Polish",
          "sense": "Egypt in the late 11th, 12th, and early 13th dynasties",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "Średnie Państwo"
        },
        {
          "code": "pt",
          "lang": "Portuguese",
          "sense": "Egypt in the late 11th, 12th, and early 13th dynasties",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "Reino Médio"
        },
        {
          "code": "ru",
          "lang": "Russian",
          "roman": "Srédneje cárstvo",
          "sense": "Egypt in the late 11th, 12th, and early 13th dynasties",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "Сре́днее ца́рство"
        },
        {
          "code": "es",
          "lang": "Spanish",
          "sense": "Egypt in the late 11th, 12th, and early 13th dynasties",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "Imperio medio"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "Middle Kingdom of Egypt",
    "Names of China"
  ],
  "word": "Middle Kingdom"
}
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    "English lemmas",
    "English multiword terms",
    "English proper nouns",
    "English terms calqued from Chinese",
    "English terms calqued from German",
    "English terms derived from Chinese",
    "English terms derived from German",
    "English terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
    "English uncountable nouns",
    "en:China",
    "en:Egypt"
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  "etymology_number": 1,
  "etymology_templates": [
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      },
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  "etymology_text": "Calque of Chinese 中國/中国 (Zhōngguó).",
  "forms": [
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      "form": "the Middle Kingdom",
      "tags": [
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  "head_templates": [
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  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "name",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "English literary terms",
        "English terms with quotations"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "ref": "1669, John Nievhoff, translated by John Ogilby, An Embassy from the Eaſt-India Company of the United Provinces, to the Grand Tartar Cham Emperour of China, London: John Macock, →OCLC, pages 4–5",
          "text": "But though this Kingdom of China doth often change its Lord and Name, the Chineſes however have time out of mind called it by two other particular names, as Chungchoa, and Chungque ; the firſt whereof ſignifies The Middle Kingdom ; and the other, the Middle Garden.",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1964, Sherman E. Lee, “Urban Civilization and the Indus Valley; Neolithic and Pre-Shang China”, in A History of Far Eastern Art, New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc., Publishers, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 23, columns 1, 2",
          "text": "The meeting point of the plateau and the plains is just east of the first great bend of the Yellow River. Significantly, it is at the central meeting point that we have the coalescence of the three cultures which produced the developed Shang culture. This area, known to the Chinese as Chung Yuan, or central plain, has always been the heartland of the “Middle Kingdom.”",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1999, “Beijing”, in The Book of the World, 2nd United States edition (Atlas), Macmillan, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 367",
          "text": "Genghis Khan initiated Beijing's nearly 800-year dominance over the Middle Kingdom. The city's current population numbers ten million people, far more than lived here in 1215 A.D. when the Mongol warlord conquered the strategically significant power center of Yanying and built Khanbalik, his new residence.",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "ref": "2017 October 26, Jennifer Saba, “Breakingviews - Viewsroom: China's leader cements his power”, in Reuters, archived from the original on 2022-07-26, Breakingviews",
          "text": "President Xi Jinping emerged stronger at the end of China’s Communist Party Congress. His desire to consolidate control however may not help his plans to keep the Middle Kingdom’s economic engine humming.",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "ref": "2022 March 22, Charles Pellegrin, Claire Hopes, Agnès Le Cossec, Laura Welfringer WELFRINGER, “China sticks to zero-Covid policy: Tens of millions endure new lockdown”, in France 24, archived from the original on 2022-03-22",
          "text": "After first appearing in China more than two years ago, Covid-19 has returned to the Middle Kingdom. The country had largely succeeded in keeping infection and mortality rates in check.",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "China."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "China",
          "China"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(literary) China."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "literary"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "translations": [
    {
      "code": "cmn",
      "lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
      "sense": "nickname for China",
      "word": "中國"
    },
    {
      "code": "cmn",
      "lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
      "roman": "Zhōngguó",
      "sense": "nickname for China",
      "word": "中国"
    },
    {
      "code": "cmn",
      "english": "under Heaven",
      "lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
      "roman": "Tiānxià",
      "sense": "nickname for China",
      "word": "天下"
    },
    {
      "code": "cs",
      "lang": "Czech",
      "sense": "nickname for China",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "Říše středu"
    },
    {
      "code": "da",
      "lang": "Danish",
      "note": "definite form",
      "sense": "nickname for China",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "Riget i Midten"
    },
    {
      "code": "fi",
      "lang": "Finnish",
      "sense": "nickname for China",
      "word": "Keskustan valtakunta"
    },
    {
      "code": "fr",
      "lang": "French",
      "sense": "nickname for China",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "Empire du Milieu"
    },
    {
      "code": "de",
      "lang": "German",
      "sense": "nickname for China",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "Reich der Mitte"
    },
    {
      "code": "it",
      "lang": "Italian",
      "sense": "nickname for China",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "Regno di Mezzo"
    },
    {
      "code": "ky",
      "lang": "Kyrgyz",
      "roman": "Juŋgo",
      "sense": "nickname for China",
      "word": "Жуңго"
    },
    {
      "code": "mnc",
      "lang": "Manchu",
      "roman": "dulimbai gurun",
      "sense": "nickname for China",
      "word": "ᡩ᠋ᡠ᠋ᠯᡳᠮᠪᠠᡳ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ"
    },
    {
      "code": "mn",
      "lang": "Mongolian",
      "roman": "Dundad uls",
      "sense": "nickname for China",
      "tags": [
        "Cyrillic"
      ],
      "word": "Дундад улс"
    },
    {
      "code": "mn",
      "lang": "Mongolian",
      "roman": "dumdadu ulus",
      "sense": "nickname for China",
      "tags": [
        "Mongolian"
      ],
      "word": "ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠᠳᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ"
    },
    {
      "code": "pl",
      "lang": "Polish",
      "sense": "nickname for China",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "Państwo Środka"
    },
    {
      "code": "pt",
      "lang": "Portuguese",
      "sense": "nickname for China",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "Reino Médio"
    },
    {
      "code": "pt",
      "lang": "Portuguese",
      "sense": "nickname for China",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "Reino do Meio"
    },
    {
      "code": "ru",
      "lang": "Russian",
      "roman": "Sredínnoje Cárstvo",
      "sense": "nickname for China",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "Среди́нное Ца́рство"
    },
    {
      "code": "ru",
      "lang": "Russian",
      "roman": "Srédneje cárstvo",
      "sense": "nickname for China",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "Сре́днее ца́рство"
    },
    {
      "code": "ru",
      "english": "(a country) under Heaven",
      "lang": "Russian",
      "roman": "Podnebésnaja",
      "sense": "nickname for China",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "Поднебе́сная"
    },
    {
      "code": "es",
      "lang": "Spanish",
      "sense": "nickname for China",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "Reino del Medio"
    },
    {
      "code": "sv",
      "lang": "Swedish",
      "sense": "nickname for China",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "Mittens rike"
    },
    {
      "code": "bo",
      "lang": "Tibetan",
      "roman": "krung go",
      "sense": "nickname for China",
      "word": "ཀྲུང་གོ"
    },
    {
      "code": "ug",
      "lang": "Uyghur",
      "roman": "junggo",
      "sense": "nickname for China",
      "word": "جۇڭگو"
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "Middle Kingdom of Egypt",
    "Names of China"
  ],
  "word": "Middle Kingdom"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "English entries with incorrect language header",
    "English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
    "English lemmas",
    "English multiword terms",
    "English proper nouns",
    "English terms calqued from German",
    "English terms derived from German",
    "English terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
    "English uncountable nouns",
    "en:China",
    "en:Egypt"
  ],
  "etymology_number": 2,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "de",
        "3": "Mittleres Reich"
      },
      "expansion": "Calque of German Mittleres Reich",
      "name": "calque"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "Middle Empire"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle Empire",
      "name": "m"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Calque of German Mittleres Reich, eventually displacing Middle Empire, an older calque of the same term. Coined c. 1840 as part of a periodization of Ancient Egyptian history into Old, Middle, and New Kingdoms.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "the Middle Kingdom",
      "tags": [
        "canonical"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "def": "1",
        "head": "Middle Kingdom"
      },
      "expansion": "the Middle Kingdom",
      "name": "en-proper noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "name",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "English terms with historical senses"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Egypt from the time of its reunification under Mentuhotep II in the 11th Dynasty (ending the First Intermediate Period) to its disintegration during the 13th Dynasty and the beginning of the Second Intermediate Period."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "Egypt",
          "Egypt"
        ],
        [
          "reunification",
          "reunification"
        ],
        [
          "First Intermediate Period",
          "First Intermediate Period"
        ],
        [
          "disintegration",
          "disintegration"
        ],
        [
          "Second Intermediate Period",
          "Second Intermediate Period"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(historical) Egypt from the time of its reunification under Mentuhotep II in the 11th Dynasty (ending the First Intermediate Period) to its disintegration during the 13th Dynasty and the beginning of the Second Intermediate Period."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "historical"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "translations": [
    {
      "code": "ar",
      "lang": "Arabic",
      "roman": "ad-dawla l-wasṭiyya",
      "sense": "Egypt in the late 11th, 12th, and early 13th dynasties",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "اَلدَّوْلَة اَلْوَسْطِيَّة"
    },
    {
      "code": "cmn",
      "lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
      "sense": "Egypt in the late 11th, 12th, and early 13th dynasties",
      "word": "中王國"
    },
    {
      "code": "cmn",
      "lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
      "roman": "Zhōngwángguó",
      "sense": "Egypt in the late 11th, 12th, and early 13th dynasties",
      "word": "中王国"
    },
    {
      "code": "cs",
      "lang": "Czech",
      "sense": "Egypt in the late 11th, 12th, and early 13th dynasties",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "Střední říše"
    },
    {
      "code": "da",
      "lang": "Danish",
      "note": "definite form",
      "sense": "Egypt in the late 11th, 12th, and early 13th dynasties",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "Det mellemste Rige"
    },
    {
      "code": "fi",
      "lang": "Finnish",
      "sense": "Egypt in the late 11th, 12th, and early 13th dynasties",
      "word": "keskivaltakunta"
    },
    {
      "code": "fr",
      "lang": "French",
      "sense": "Egypt in the late 11th, 12th, and early 13th dynasties",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "Moyen Empire"
    },
    {
      "code": "de",
      "lang": "German",
      "sense": "Egypt in the late 11th, 12th, and early 13th dynasties",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "Mittleres Reich"
    },
    {
      "alt": "ちゅうおうこく",
      "code": "ja",
      "lang": "Japanese",
      "roman": "Chū ōkoku",
      "sense": "Egypt in the late 11th, 12th, and early 13th dynasties",
      "word": "中王国"
    },
    {
      "code": "pl",
      "lang": "Polish",
      "sense": "Egypt in the late 11th, 12th, and early 13th dynasties",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "Średnie Państwo"
    },
    {
      "code": "pt",
      "lang": "Portuguese",
      "sense": "Egypt in the late 11th, 12th, and early 13th dynasties",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "Reino Médio"
    },
    {
      "code": "ru",
      "lang": "Russian",
      "roman": "Srédneje cárstvo",
      "sense": "Egypt in the late 11th, 12th, and early 13th dynasties",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "Сре́днее ца́рство"
    },
    {
      "code": "es",
      "lang": "Spanish",
      "sense": "Egypt in the late 11th, 12th, and early 13th dynasties",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "Imperio medio"
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "Middle Kingdom of Egypt",
    "Names of China"
  ],
  "word": "Middle Kingdom"
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-04-26 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-04-21 using wiktextract (93a6c53 and 21a9316). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.