See GULAG in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ru",
"3": "ГУЛА́Г"
},
"expansion": "Russian ГУЛА́Г (GULÁG)",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "acronym"
},
"expansion": "acronym",
"name": "glossary"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Russian ГУЛА́Г (GULÁG), the acronym of Гла́вное управле́ние исправи́тельно-трудовы́х лагере́й (Glávnoje upravlénije ispravítelʹno-trudovýx lageréj, “Chief Administration of Corrective-Labor Camps”): see the definition.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "GULAG",
"name": "en-proper noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"GU‧LAG"
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "name",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "85 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "86 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Entries with translation boxes",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "88 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "94 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "87 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Belarusian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "88 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Russian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "88 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Ukrainian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "94 6",
"kind": "place",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Soviet Union",
"orig": "en:Soviet Union",
"parents": [
"Asia",
"Europe",
"Earth",
"Eurasia",
"Nature",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1968, Robert Conquest, “In the Labour Camps”, in The Great Terror: Stalin’s Purge of the Thirties, 1st American edition, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company, →OCLC, part II (The Yezhov Years), page 356:",
"text": "The millions of slave-labourers at the disposal of GULAG played an important economic role, and indeed became accepted as a normal component of the Soviet economy.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The government agency in charge of the Soviet Union's network of forced labour camps, which was established in 1918 and formally abolished in 1960."
],
"id": "en-GULAG-en-name-SkiSLCfg",
"links": [
[
"government",
"government"
],
[
"agency",
"agency"
],
[
"in charge",
"in charge"
],
[
"Soviet Union",
"Soviet Union"
],
[
"network",
"network#Noun"
],
[
"forced labour",
"forced labor"
],
[
"camps",
"camp#Noun"
],
[
"establish",
"establish"
],
[
"formally",
"formally"
],
[
"abolish",
"abolish"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(historical) The government agency in charge of the Soviet Union's network of forced labour camps, which was established in 1918 and formally abolished in 1960."
],
"tags": [
"historical"
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "be",
"lang": "Belarusian",
"roman": "HULÁH",
"sense": "government agency in charge of the Soviet Union’s network of forced labour camps",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "ГУЛА́Г"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "GULÁG",
"sense": "government agency in charge of the Soviet Union’s network of forced labour camps",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "ГУЛА́Г"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "GULág",
"sense": "government agency in charge of the Soviet Union’s network of forced labour camps",
"word": "ГУЛа́г"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "Gulág",
"sense": "government agency in charge of the Soviet Union’s network of forced labour camps",
"word": "Гула́г"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "HULÁH",
"sense": "government agency in charge of the Soviet Union’s network of forced labour camps",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "ГУЛА́Г"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "HUTÁB",
"sense": "government agency in charge of the Soviet Union’s network of forced labour camps",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "ГУТА́Б"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈɡuːlɑɡ/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/-læɡ/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation",
"sometimes"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ɡuːˈlɑk/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-gulag.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f1/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gulag.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gulag.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f1/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gulag.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gulag.wav.ogg"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈɡuˌlɑɡ/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/-ˌlæɡ/",
"tags": [
"General-American",
"sometimes"
]
}
],
"word": "GULAG"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ru",
"3": "ГУЛА́Г"
},
"expansion": "Russian ГУЛА́Г (GULÁG)",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "acronym"
},
"expansion": "acronym",
"name": "glossary"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Russian ГУЛА́Г (GULÁG), the acronym of Гла́вное управле́ние исправи́тельно-трудовы́х лагере́й (Glávnoje upravlénije ispravítelʹno-trudovýx lageréj, “Chief Administration of Corrective-Labor Camps”): see the definition.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "GULAGs",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "GULAG (plural GULAGs)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"GU‧LAG"
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "gulag"
}
],
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "40 60",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Prison",
"orig": "en:Prison",
"parents": [
"Buildings",
"Law enforcement",
"Buildings and structures",
"Crime prevention",
"Emergency services",
"Law",
"Architecture",
"Crime",
"Public safety",
"Justice",
"Applied sciences",
"Art",
"Criminal law",
"Society",
"Public administration",
"Security",
"Sciences",
"Culture",
"All topics",
"Government",
"Fundamental",
"Politics"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "[2006?], David Hosford, Pamela Kachurin, Thomas Lamont, “Day 1 Content Essay: The Establishment and Scope of the GULAG System”, in GULAG: Soviet Prison Camps and Their Legacy […], [U.S.A.]: National Park Service; Davis Center for Russian and Eurasian Studies, Harvard University, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2021-10-31, page 7, column 1:",
"text": "One important difference between the GULAG system and the Nazi concentration camps was that a person sentenced to five years of hard labor in a Soviet labor camp could expect, assuming he or she survived, to be released at the end of the sentence.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Alternative letter-case form of gulag"
],
"id": "en-GULAG-en-noun-jEjUS1lP",
"links": [
[
"gulag",
"gulag#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈɡuːlɑɡ/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/-læɡ/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation",
"sometimes"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ɡuːˈlɑk/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-gulag.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f1/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gulag.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gulag.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f1/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gulag.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gulag.wav.ogg"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈɡuˌlɑɡ/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/-ˌlæɡ/",
"tags": [
"General-American",
"sometimes"
]
}
],
"word": "GULAG"
}
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English proper nouns",
"English terms borrowed from Russian",
"English terms derived from Russian",
"English uncountable nouns",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Terms with Belarusian translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Ukrainian translations",
"en:Prison",
"en:Soviet Union"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ru",
"3": "ГУЛА́Г"
},
"expansion": "Russian ГУЛА́Г (GULÁG)",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "acronym"
},
"expansion": "acronym",
"name": "glossary"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Russian ГУЛА́Г (GULÁG), the acronym of Гла́вное управле́ние исправи́тельно-трудовы́х лагере́й (Glávnoje upravlénije ispravítelʹno-trudovýx lageréj, “Chief Administration of Corrective-Labor Camps”): see the definition.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "GULAG",
"name": "en-proper noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"GU‧LAG"
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "name",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with historical senses",
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1968, Robert Conquest, “In the Labour Camps”, in The Great Terror: Stalin’s Purge of the Thirties, 1st American edition, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company, →OCLC, part II (The Yezhov Years), page 356:",
"text": "The millions of slave-labourers at the disposal of GULAG played an important economic role, and indeed became accepted as a normal component of the Soviet economy.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The government agency in charge of the Soviet Union's network of forced labour camps, which was established in 1918 and formally abolished in 1960."
],
"links": [
[
"government",
"government"
],
[
"agency",
"agency"
],
[
"in charge",
"in charge"
],
[
"Soviet Union",
"Soviet Union"
],
[
"network",
"network#Noun"
],
[
"forced labour",
"forced labor"
],
[
"camps",
"camp#Noun"
],
[
"establish",
"establish"
],
[
"formally",
"formally"
],
[
"abolish",
"abolish"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(historical) The government agency in charge of the Soviet Union's network of forced labour camps, which was established in 1918 and formally abolished in 1960."
],
"tags": [
"historical"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈɡuːlɑɡ/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/-læɡ/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation",
"sometimes"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ɡuːˈlɑk/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-gulag.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f1/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gulag.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gulag.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f1/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gulag.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gulag.wav.ogg"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈɡuˌlɑɡ/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/-ˌlæɡ/",
"tags": [
"General-American",
"sometimes"
]
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "be",
"lang": "Belarusian",
"roman": "HULÁH",
"sense": "government agency in charge of the Soviet Union’s network of forced labour camps",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "ГУЛА́Г"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "GULÁG",
"sense": "government agency in charge of the Soviet Union’s network of forced labour camps",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "ГУЛА́Г"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "GULág",
"sense": "government agency in charge of the Soviet Union’s network of forced labour camps",
"word": "ГУЛа́г"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "Gulág",
"sense": "government agency in charge of the Soviet Union’s network of forced labour camps",
"word": "Гула́г"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "HULÁH",
"sense": "government agency in charge of the Soviet Union’s network of forced labour camps",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "ГУЛА́Г"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "HUTÁB",
"sense": "government agency in charge of the Soviet Union’s network of forced labour camps",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "ГУТА́Б"
}
],
"word": "GULAG"
}
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English proper nouns",
"English terms borrowed from Russian",
"English terms derived from Russian",
"English uncountable nouns",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Terms with Belarusian translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Ukrainian translations",
"en:Prison",
"en:Soviet Union"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ru",
"3": "ГУЛА́Г"
},
"expansion": "Russian ГУЛА́Г (GULÁG)",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "acronym"
},
"expansion": "acronym",
"name": "glossary"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Russian ГУЛА́Г (GULÁG), the acronym of Гла́вное управле́ние исправи́тельно-трудовы́х лагере́й (Glávnoje upravlénije ispravítelʹno-trudovýx lageréj, “Chief Administration of Corrective-Labor Camps”): see the definition.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "GULAGs",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "GULAG (plural GULAGs)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"GU‧LAG"
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "gulag"
}
],
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "[2006?], David Hosford, Pamela Kachurin, Thomas Lamont, “Day 1 Content Essay: The Establishment and Scope of the GULAG System”, in GULAG: Soviet Prison Camps and Their Legacy […], [U.S.A.]: National Park Service; Davis Center for Russian and Eurasian Studies, Harvard University, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2021-10-31, page 7, column 1:",
"text": "One important difference between the GULAG system and the Nazi concentration camps was that a person sentenced to five years of hard labor in a Soviet labor camp could expect, assuming he or she survived, to be released at the end of the sentence.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Alternative letter-case form of gulag"
],
"links": [
[
"gulag",
"gulag#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈɡuːlɑɡ/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/-læɡ/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation",
"sometimes"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ɡuːˈlɑk/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-gulag.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f1/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gulag.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gulag.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f1/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gulag.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gulag.wav.ogg"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈɡuˌlɑɡ/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/-ˌlæɡ/",
"tags": [
"General-American",
"sometimes"
]
}
],
"word": "GULAG"
}
Download raw JSONL data for GULAG meaning in English (6.9kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-15 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-12-04 using wiktextract (8a39820 and 4401a4c). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.