"Ch'u" meaning in English

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  "etymology_text": "From Mandarin 楚 (Chǔ), Wade–Giles romanization: Chʻu³.",
  "head_templates": [
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      "args": {},
      "expansion": "Ch'u",
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  "lang_code": "en",
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      "examples": [
        {
          "ref": "1940, H.Y. (盧興源) Lowe, “The Story of Ch’ui P’ing”, in The Adventures of Wu: The Life Cycle of a Peking Man, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, published 1983, →LCCN, →OCLC, pages 146–147",
          "text": "There lived a young political genius, not more than thirty years of age, by the name of Ch’ui P’ing (he is better known to the Chinese as Ch’ui Yuan). Young Ch’ui hailed from a rich and influential family of nobles and before long he won the confidence of the then Ch’u emperor, Hwai Wang, and was appointed to a high administrative position. He made recommendations in lengthy memorials and advocated giving the citizens of Ch’u a new deal and a square one at that. The emperor had taken him in as his right hand man allowing him a free hand in the politico-military situation with a high-sounding title which would translates no less than Supreme Crown Adviser and Expert Consultant, and entrusted to him the important duties, on account of his diplomatic acumen, of an ambassador-at-large on a politically inspired tour of the various minor states, notably the Kingdom of Ch’i (the present Shantung province) in an attempt to negotiate some alliance of joint action in defending themselves against the expansionists schemes of the Kingdom of Ch’in, whose domain then was roughly the present Shensi province. He almost succeeded in his mission.",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1972, Chang Kwang-chih, Major Aspects of Ch'u Archaeology (Early Chinese Art and Its Possible Influence in the Pacific Basin), volume 1, New York: Intercultural Arts Press, page 5",
          "text": "The archaeology of the Ch'u 楚 has no traditional status or boundary unlike such rigorously defined fields as the archaeology of the Shang, the Minoans, and even the Mayas. Scholars of early China are familiar with a State of Ch'u described in the Shih-chi 史記 (ch. 40) that emerged after a legendary ancestry during the reign of Ch'eng Wang 成王 of the Chou toward the end of the second millennium B. C. somewhere in central China. It grew in size and stature during the late Western Chou period, established a capital and power centre near Chiang-ling 江陵 on the Yangtze in modern Hupei in 689, expanded its rule to a vast area from the upper Huai-ho 淮河 to south of Lake Tung-t'ing 洞庭湖, and was finally subjugated by Ch'in 秦 in 223 B. C.",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1974, William Watson, The Chinese Exhibition, Times Newspapers, →OCLC, →OL, page 93",
          "text": "This style flourished especially in the southern Ch'u kingdom, from whose noble tombs at Ch'angsha in Hunan and Chiang-ling in Hupei come some of the finest representative pieces.",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1980, KAI-YU HSU, WEN I-TO, Twayne Publishers, page 21",
          "text": "Many of these village activities, especially those related to myths and legends, have retained a strong local color in that their style and features have been continued in the tradition of the ancient state of Ch'u (3rd c. B.C.), only the names of most of the ancient characters involved have been replaced by more recent local heroes and heroines.",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1982, Thomas Lawton, Chinese Art of the Warring States Period, Smithsonian Institution, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 24",
          "text": "More recently, a Chʻu tomb at Hsi-chʻuan, Honan Province, dated to the Spring and Autumn period, has yielded several bronze vessels with decoration that suggests to the authors of the archaeological report that they might have been cast by the lost-wax method (see WW, no. 10 [1980]: 21-26, especially p. 23, pls. 1-2).",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1987, John P. O'Neill, editor, Ancient Chinese Art: The Ernest Erickson Collection in The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Metropolitan Museum of Art, page 45",
          "text": "In this example, the bird is decorated with comma-like projections, an incised pattern of scales, and S-shaped spirals. In addition to similar pieces identified by Karlbeck as coming from Shou-hsien (see especially pl. 12:1-5), a related piece has been excavated from a Ch'u tomb of mid-Warring States date located near O-ch'eng, Hupeh (se K'ao ku 1978/4, pl. 8:5).",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1998, Chris Peers, Warlords of China 700 BC to AD 1662, Arms and Armour Press, →OCLC, page 85, column 1",
          "text": "The intention was for three Han armies - under Liu Pang, Han Hsin and P’eng Yueh - to link up at Ku-ling on the border with Ch’u.",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "ref": "2000, Sheau-yueh J. (趙賀筱岳) Chao, “Genealogy of Chinese Surnames”, in 尋根溯源中國人的姓氏 [In Search of Your Asian Roots: Genealogical Research on Chinese Surnames], Clearfield Company, Inc., →OCLC, page 83",
          "text": "The State of Huang was located in Huang-ch'uan hsien 潢川縣, Ho-nan 河南 province, which was later defeated by the State of Ch'u (Ch'u kuo 楚國), setting the stage for the adoption of Huang as a surname by Lu Chung's descendants in commemoration.",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "ref": "2003 April, Masako Nakagawa, “The Shan-hai ching and Wo: A Japanese Connection”, in Sino-Japanese Studies, volume 15, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2009-08-15, page 49",
          "text": "During the age of the Warring States (475 B.C.E. to the imperial unification of 221 B.C.E.), Yen was one of the seven main regional powers together with Han 韓, Wei 魏, Chao 趙, Ch’in 秦, Ch’u 楚, and Chai 齋.[…]\nIn addition to Yen, Ch’u, another warring state is cited in Chapter 13 in the Hai-nei tung ching.²⁵ Largely because of the mythological contents of the text, the Shan-hai ching does not provide the same type of information as historical documents do. Nevertheless, its value lies in providing Chinese descriptions of the archaic societies of Wo, Yen, and Ch’u, making it possible to shed light on the peoples of the East in ancient times.",
          "type": "quotation"
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      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Alternative form of Chu"
      ],
      "id": "en-Ch'u-en-name-BifHogo4",
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      "wikipedia": [
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        "Encyclopædia Britannica"
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  "word": "Ch'u"
}

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      "expansion": "Mandarin 楚 (Chǔ)",
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  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Mandarin 楚 (Chǔ), Wade–Giles romanization: Chʻu³.",
  "head_templates": [
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      "args": {},
      "expansion": "Ch'u",
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        "English terms borrowed from Wade–Giles",
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        "English terms derived from Wade–Giles",
        "English terms with quotations",
        "English uncountable nouns"
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        {
          "ref": "1940, H.Y. (盧興源) Lowe, “The Story of Ch’ui P’ing”, in The Adventures of Wu: The Life Cycle of a Peking Man, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, published 1983, →LCCN, →OCLC, pages 146–147",
          "text": "There lived a young political genius, not more than thirty years of age, by the name of Ch’ui P’ing (he is better known to the Chinese as Ch’ui Yuan). Young Ch’ui hailed from a rich and influential family of nobles and before long he won the confidence of the then Ch’u emperor, Hwai Wang, and was appointed to a high administrative position. He made recommendations in lengthy memorials and advocated giving the citizens of Ch’u a new deal and a square one at that. The emperor had taken him in as his right hand man allowing him a free hand in the politico-military situation with a high-sounding title which would translates no less than Supreme Crown Adviser and Expert Consultant, and entrusted to him the important duties, on account of his diplomatic acumen, of an ambassador-at-large on a politically inspired tour of the various minor states, notably the Kingdom of Ch’i (the present Shantung province) in an attempt to negotiate some alliance of joint action in defending themselves against the expansionists schemes of the Kingdom of Ch’in, whose domain then was roughly the present Shensi province. He almost succeeded in his mission.",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1972, Chang Kwang-chih, Major Aspects of Ch'u Archaeology (Early Chinese Art and Its Possible Influence in the Pacific Basin), volume 1, New York: Intercultural Arts Press, page 5",
          "text": "The archaeology of the Ch'u 楚 has no traditional status or boundary unlike such rigorously defined fields as the archaeology of the Shang, the Minoans, and even the Mayas. Scholars of early China are familiar with a State of Ch'u described in the Shih-chi 史記 (ch. 40) that emerged after a legendary ancestry during the reign of Ch'eng Wang 成王 of the Chou toward the end of the second millennium B. C. somewhere in central China. It grew in size and stature during the late Western Chou period, established a capital and power centre near Chiang-ling 江陵 on the Yangtze in modern Hupei in 689, expanded its rule to a vast area from the upper Huai-ho 淮河 to south of Lake Tung-t'ing 洞庭湖, and was finally subjugated by Ch'in 秦 in 223 B. C.",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1974, William Watson, The Chinese Exhibition, Times Newspapers, →OCLC, →OL, page 93",
          "text": "This style flourished especially in the southern Ch'u kingdom, from whose noble tombs at Ch'angsha in Hunan and Chiang-ling in Hupei come some of the finest representative pieces.",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1980, KAI-YU HSU, WEN I-TO, Twayne Publishers, page 21",
          "text": "Many of these village activities, especially those related to myths and legends, have retained a strong local color in that their style and features have been continued in the tradition of the ancient state of Ch'u (3rd c. B.C.), only the names of most of the ancient characters involved have been replaced by more recent local heroes and heroines.",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1982, Thomas Lawton, Chinese Art of the Warring States Period, Smithsonian Institution, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 24",
          "text": "More recently, a Chʻu tomb at Hsi-chʻuan, Honan Province, dated to the Spring and Autumn period, has yielded several bronze vessels with decoration that suggests to the authors of the archaeological report that they might have been cast by the lost-wax method (see WW, no. 10 [1980]: 21-26, especially p. 23, pls. 1-2).",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1987, John P. O'Neill, editor, Ancient Chinese Art: The Ernest Erickson Collection in The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Metropolitan Museum of Art, page 45",
          "text": "In this example, the bird is decorated with comma-like projections, an incised pattern of scales, and S-shaped spirals. In addition to similar pieces identified by Karlbeck as coming from Shou-hsien (see especially pl. 12:1-5), a related piece has been excavated from a Ch'u tomb of mid-Warring States date located near O-ch'eng, Hupeh (se K'ao ku 1978/4, pl. 8:5).",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1998, Chris Peers, Warlords of China 700 BC to AD 1662, Arms and Armour Press, →OCLC, page 85, column 1",
          "text": "The intention was for three Han armies - under Liu Pang, Han Hsin and P’eng Yueh - to link up at Ku-ling on the border with Ch’u.",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "ref": "2000, Sheau-yueh J. (趙賀筱岳) Chao, “Genealogy of Chinese Surnames”, in 尋根溯源中國人的姓氏 [In Search of Your Asian Roots: Genealogical Research on Chinese Surnames], Clearfield Company, Inc., →OCLC, page 83",
          "text": "The State of Huang was located in Huang-ch'uan hsien 潢川縣, Ho-nan 河南 province, which was later defeated by the State of Ch'u (Ch'u kuo 楚國), setting the stage for the adoption of Huang as a surname by Lu Chung's descendants in commemoration.",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "ref": "2003 April, Masako Nakagawa, “The Shan-hai ching and Wo: A Japanese Connection”, in Sino-Japanese Studies, volume 15, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2009-08-15, page 49",
          "text": "During the age of the Warring States (475 B.C.E. to the imperial unification of 221 B.C.E.), Yen was one of the seven main regional powers together with Han 韓, Wei 魏, Chao 趙, Ch’in 秦, Ch’u 楚, and Chai 齋.[…]\nIn addition to Yen, Ch’u, another warring state is cited in Chapter 13 in the Hai-nei tung ching.²⁵ Largely because of the mythological contents of the text, the Shan-hai ching does not provide the same type of information as historical documents do. Nevertheless, its value lies in providing Chinese descriptions of the archaic societies of Wo, Yen, and Ch’u, making it possible to shed light on the peoples of the East in ancient times.",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
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      "glosses": [
        "Alternative form of Chu"
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  "word": "Ch'u"
}