See 細菌 in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "细菌",
"tags": [
"Simplified-Chinese"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "細菌",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Chinese",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Chinese nouns classified by 種/种",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Elementary Mandarin",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Mandarin terms with multiple pronunciations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 3 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "zh",
"name": "Biology",
"orig": "zh:Biology",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "zh",
"name": "Microbiology",
"orig": "zh:Microbiology",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "光合細菌"
},
{
"word": "光合细菌"
},
{
"roman": "gǔxìjūn",
"word": "古細菌"
},
{
"roman": "gǔxìjūn",
"word": "古细菌"
},
{
"roman": "línxìjūn",
"word": "磷細菌"
},
{
"roman": "línxìjūn",
"word": "磷细菌"
},
{
"roman": "xìjūnxué",
"word": "細菌學"
},
{
"roman": "xìjūnxué",
"word": "细菌学"
},
{
"roman": "xìjūnxìng",
"word": "細菌性"
},
{
"roman": "xìjūnxìng",
"word": "细菌性"
},
{
"word": "細菌性心內膜炎"
},
{
"word": "细菌性心内膜炎"
},
{
"word": "細菌性痢疾"
},
{
"word": "细菌性痢疾"
},
{
"word": "細菌武器"
},
{
"word": "细菌武器"
},
{
"word": "細菌群"
},
{
"word": "细菌群"
},
{
"roman": "chāojí xìjūn",
"word": "超級細菌"
},
{
"roman": "chāojí xìjūn",
"word": "超级细菌"
}
],
"glosses": [
"bacterium; germ (Classifier: 種／种)"
],
"id": "en-細菌-zh-noun-sBSwxkv9",
"links": [
[
"bacterium",
"bacterium"
],
[
"germ",
"germ"
],
[
"種",
"種#Chinese"
],
[
"种",
"种#Chinese"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"roman": "jūn",
"word": "菌"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "xìjūn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "xìjùn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Bopomofo"
],
"zh_pron": "ㄒㄧˋ ㄐㄩㄣ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Bopomofo"
],
"zh_pron": "ㄒㄧˋ ㄐㄩㄣˋ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh_pron": "sai³ kwan²"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh_pron": "sè-khún"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh_pron": "sòe-khún"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Teochew",
"Peng'im"
],
"zh_pron": "soi³ kung²"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Wugniu"
],
"tags": [
"Wu",
"Shanghai"
],
"zh_pron": "⁵shi-ciun₅"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Mainland-China",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "xìjūn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Mainland-China",
"Bopomofo"
],
"zh_pron": "ㄒㄧˋ ㄐㄩㄣ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Mainland-China",
"Tongyong-Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "sìjyun"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Mainland-China",
"Wade-Giles"
],
"zh_pron": "hsi⁴-chün¹"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Mainland-China",
"Yale"
],
"zh_pron": "syì-jyūn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Mainland-China",
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh"
],
"zh_pron": "shihjiun"
},
{
"roman": "siczjunʹ",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Mainland-China",
"Palladius"
],
"zh_pron": "сицзюнь"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɕi⁵¹ t͡ɕyn⁵⁵/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Mainland-China",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"homophone": "細君",
"raw_tags": [
"Homophones"
],
"tags": [
"Traditional-Chinese",
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Mainland-China"
]
},
{
"homophone": "细君",
"raw_tags": [
"Homophones"
],
"tags": [
"Simplified-Chinese",
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Mainland-China"
]
},
{
"homophone": "細菌",
"raw_tags": [
"Homophones"
],
"tags": [
"Traditional-Chinese",
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Mainland-China"
]
},
{
"homophone": "细菌",
"raw_tags": [
"Homophones"
],
"tags": [
"Simplified-Chinese",
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Mainland-China"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Taiwan",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "xìjùn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Taiwan",
"Bopomofo"
],
"zh_pron": "ㄒㄧˋ ㄐㄩㄣˋ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Taiwan",
"Tongyong-Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "sìjyùn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Taiwan",
"Wade-Giles"
],
"zh_pron": "hsi⁴-chün⁴"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Taiwan",
"Yale"
],
"zh_pron": "syì-jyùn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Taiwan",
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh"
],
"zh_pron": "shihjiunn"
},
{
"roman": "siczjunʹ",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Taiwan",
"Palladius"
],
"zh_pron": "сицзюнь"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɕi⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕyn⁵¹/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Taiwan",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Hong Kong"
],
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh_pron": "sai³ kwan²"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Hong Kong"
],
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Yale"
],
"zh_pron": "sai kwán"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Hong Kong"
],
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Cantonese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "sai³ kwan²"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Hong Kong"
],
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Guangdong-Romanization"
],
"zh_pron": "sei³ kuen²"
},
{
"ipa": "/sɐi̯³³ kʷʰɐn³⁵/",
"raw_tags": [
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Hong Kong"
],
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen",
"Quanzhou",
"Zhangzhou",
"Kaohsiung",
"POJ"
],
"zh_pron": "sè-khún"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen",
"Quanzhou",
"Zhangzhou",
"Kaohsiung",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh_pron": "sè-khún"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen",
"Quanzhou",
"Zhangzhou",
"Kaohsiung",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh_pron": "sea'quon"
},
{
"ipa": "/se²¹⁻⁵³ kʰun⁵³/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen",
"Quanzhou",
"Zhangzhou",
"Kaohsiung",
"IPA"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/se⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kʰun⁵⁵⁴/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen",
"Quanzhou",
"Zhangzhou",
"Kaohsiung",
"IPA"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/se²¹⁻⁴¹ kʰun⁴¹/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen",
"Quanzhou",
"Zhangzhou",
"Kaohsiung",
"IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Taipei",
"POJ"
],
"zh_pron": "sòe-khún"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Taipei",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh_pron": "suè-khún"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Taipei",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh_pron": "soea'quon"
},
{
"ipa": "/sue¹¹⁻⁵³ kʰun⁵³/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Taipei",
"IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Teochew",
"Peng'im"
],
"zh_pron": "soi³ kung²"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Teochew",
"POJ"
],
"zh_pron": "sòi khúng"
},
{
"ipa": "/soi²¹³⁻⁵⁵ kʰuŋ⁵²⁻²¹/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Teochew",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Wugniu"
],
"tags": [
"Wu",
"Northern",
"Shanghai"
],
"zh_pron": "⁵shi-ciun₅"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"MiniDict"
],
"tags": [
"Wu",
"Northern",
"Shanghai"
],
"zh_pron": "shi^去 ciuin^去"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu",
"Northern",
"Shanghai",
"Wiktionary-specific",
"romanization"
],
"zh_pron": "²xi-jyn₂"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɕi³³ t͡ɕyn⁴⁴/",
"tags": [
"Wu",
"Northern",
"Shanghai",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
}
],
"word": "細菌"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"word": "光合細菌"
},
{
"word": "光合细菌"
},
{
"roman": "gǔxìjūn",
"word": "古細菌"
},
{
"roman": "gǔxìjūn",
"word": "古细菌"
},
{
"roman": "línxìjūn",
"word": "磷細菌"
},
{
"roman": "línxìjūn",
"word": "磷细菌"
},
{
"roman": "xìjūnxué",
"word": "細菌學"
},
{
"roman": "xìjūnxué",
"word": "细菌学"
},
{
"roman": "xìjūnxìng",
"word": "細菌性"
},
{
"roman": "xìjūnxìng",
"word": "细菌性"
},
{
"word": "細菌性心內膜炎"
},
{
"word": "细菌性心内膜炎"
},
{
"word": "細菌性痢疾"
},
{
"word": "细菌性痢疾"
},
{
"word": "細菌武器"
},
{
"word": "细菌武器"
},
{
"word": "細菌群"
},
{
"word": "细菌群"
},
{
"roman": "chāojí xìjūn",
"word": "超級細菌"
},
{
"roman": "chāojí xìjūn",
"word": "超级细菌"
}
],
"forms": [
{
"form": "细菌",
"tags": [
"Simplified-Chinese"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "細菌",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Chinese",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Cantonese lemmas",
"Cantonese nouns",
"Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
"Chinese lemmas",
"Chinese nouns",
"Chinese nouns classified by 種/种",
"Chinese terms spelled with 細",
"Chinese terms spelled with 菌",
"Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Elementary Mandarin",
"Hokkien lemmas",
"Hokkien nouns",
"Mandarin lemmas",
"Mandarin nouns",
"Mandarin terms with homophones",
"Mandarin terms with multiple pronunciations",
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Teochew lemmas",
"Teochew nouns",
"Wu lemmas",
"Wu nouns",
"zh:Biology",
"zh:Microbiology"
],
"glosses": [
"bacterium; germ (Classifier: 種／种)"
],
"links": [
[
"bacterium",
"bacterium"
],
[
"germ",
"germ"
],
[
"種",
"種#Chinese"
],
[
"种",
"种#Chinese"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "xìjūn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "xìjùn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Bopomofo"
],
"zh_pron": "ㄒㄧˋ ㄐㄩㄣ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Bopomofo"
],
"zh_pron": "ㄒㄧˋ ㄐㄩㄣˋ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh_pron": "sai³ kwan²"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh_pron": "sè-khún"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh_pron": "sòe-khún"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Teochew",
"Peng'im"
],
"zh_pron": "soi³ kung²"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Wugniu"
],
"tags": [
"Wu",
"Shanghai"
],
"zh_pron": "⁵shi-ciun₅"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Mainland-China",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "xìjūn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Mainland-China",
"Bopomofo"
],
"zh_pron": "ㄒㄧˋ ㄐㄩㄣ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Mainland-China",
"Tongyong-Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "sìjyun"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Mainland-China",
"Wade-Giles"
],
"zh_pron": "hsi⁴-chün¹"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Mainland-China",
"Yale"
],
"zh_pron": "syì-jyūn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Mainland-China",
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh"
],
"zh_pron": "shihjiun"
},
{
"roman": "siczjunʹ",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Mainland-China",
"Palladius"
],
"zh_pron": "сицзюнь"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɕi⁵¹ t͡ɕyn⁵⁵/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Mainland-China",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"homophone": "細君",
"raw_tags": [
"Homophones"
],
"tags": [
"Traditional-Chinese",
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Mainland-China"
]
},
{
"homophone": "细君",
"raw_tags": [
"Homophones"
],
"tags": [
"Simplified-Chinese",
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Mainland-China"
]
},
{
"homophone": "細菌",
"raw_tags": [
"Homophones"
],
"tags": [
"Traditional-Chinese",
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Mainland-China"
]
},
{
"homophone": "细菌",
"raw_tags": [
"Homophones"
],
"tags": [
"Simplified-Chinese",
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Mainland-China"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Taiwan",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "xìjùn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Taiwan",
"Bopomofo"
],
"zh_pron": "ㄒㄧˋ ㄐㄩㄣˋ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Taiwan",
"Tongyong-Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "sìjyùn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Taiwan",
"Wade-Giles"
],
"zh_pron": "hsi⁴-chün⁴"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Taiwan",
"Yale"
],
"zh_pron": "syì-jyùn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Taiwan",
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh"
],
"zh_pron": "shihjiunn"
},
{
"roman": "siczjunʹ",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Taiwan",
"Palladius"
],
"zh_pron": "сицзюнь"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɕi⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕyn⁵¹/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Taiwan",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Hong Kong"
],
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh_pron": "sai³ kwan²"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Hong Kong"
],
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Yale"
],
"zh_pron": "sai kwán"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Hong Kong"
],
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Cantonese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "sai³ kwan²"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Hong Kong"
],
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Guangdong-Romanization"
],
"zh_pron": "sei³ kuen²"
},
{
"ipa": "/sɐi̯³³ kʷʰɐn³⁵/",
"raw_tags": [
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Hong Kong"
],
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen",
"Quanzhou",
"Zhangzhou",
"Kaohsiung",
"POJ"
],
"zh_pron": "sè-khún"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen",
"Quanzhou",
"Zhangzhou",
"Kaohsiung",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh_pron": "sè-khún"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen",
"Quanzhou",
"Zhangzhou",
"Kaohsiung",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh_pron": "sea'quon"
},
{
"ipa": "/se²¹⁻⁵³ kʰun⁵³/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen",
"Quanzhou",
"Zhangzhou",
"Kaohsiung",
"IPA"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/se⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kʰun⁵⁵⁴/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen",
"Quanzhou",
"Zhangzhou",
"Kaohsiung",
"IPA"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/se²¹⁻⁴¹ kʰun⁴¹/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen",
"Quanzhou",
"Zhangzhou",
"Kaohsiung",
"IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Taipei",
"POJ"
],
"zh_pron": "sòe-khún"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Taipei",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh_pron": "suè-khún"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Taipei",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh_pron": "soea'quon"
},
{
"ipa": "/sue¹¹⁻⁵³ kʰun⁵³/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Taipei",
"IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Teochew",
"Peng'im"
],
"zh_pron": "soi³ kung²"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Teochew",
"POJ"
],
"zh_pron": "sòi khúng"
},
{
"ipa": "/soi²¹³⁻⁵⁵ kʰuŋ⁵²⁻²¹/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Teochew",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Wugniu"
],
"tags": [
"Wu",
"Northern",
"Shanghai"
],
"zh_pron": "⁵shi-ciun₅"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"MiniDict"
],
"tags": [
"Wu",
"Northern",
"Shanghai"
],
"zh_pron": "shi^去 ciuin^去"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu",
"Northern",
"Shanghai",
"Wiktionary-specific",
"romanization"
],
"zh_pron": "²xi-jyn₂"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɕi³³ t͡ɕyn⁴⁴/",
"tags": [
"Wu",
"Northern",
"Shanghai",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"roman": "jūn",
"word": "菌"
}
],
"word": "細菌"
}
Download raw JSONL data for 細菌 meaning in Chinese (6.9kB)
{
"called_from": "parser/304",
"msg": "HTML tag <sup> not properly closed",
"path": [
"細菌"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "",
"title": "細菌",
"trace": "started on line 22, detected on line 22"
}
{
"called_from": "parser/1336",
"msg": "no corresponding start tag found for </sup>",
"path": [
"細菌"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "",
"title": "細菌",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Chinese dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-08-18 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-08-02 using wiktextract (0c45963 and 3c020d2). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.