See 環繞 in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "环绕",
"raw_tags": [
"Simplified Chinese"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "環繞",
"name": "zh-verb"
}
],
"lang": "Chinese",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Mandarin terms with multiple pronunciations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to surround; to encircle; to revolve around; to border; to circle; to skirt; to loop"
],
"id": "en-環繞-zh-verb-JCAhiTev",
"links": [
[
"surround",
"surround"
],
[
"encircle",
"encircle"
],
[
"revolve",
"revolve"
],
[
"circle",
"circle"
],
[
"skirt",
"skirt"
],
[
"loop",
"loop"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"tags": [
"in-compounds",
"literary"
],
"word": "包"
},
{
"roman": "zhōuxuán",
"word": "周旋"
},
{
"roman": "wéi",
"word": "圍"
},
{
"roman": "wéi",
"word": "围"
},
{
"word": "圍繞"
},
{
"word": "围绕"
},
{
"roman": "gǒng",
"word": "拱"
},
{
"roman": "huánbào",
"word": "環抱"
},
{
"roman": "huánbào",
"word": "环抱"
},
{
"roman": "pánxuán",
"word": "盤旋"
},
{
"roman": "pánxuán",
"word": "盘旋"
},
{
"roman": "huíxuán",
"word": "迴旋"
},
{
"roman": "huíxuán",
"word": "回旋"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "huánrào"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "huánrǎo"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄏㄨㄢˊ ㄖㄠˋ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄏㄨㄢˊ ㄖㄠˇ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh-pron": "waan⁴ jiu²"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh-pron": "waan⁴ jiu⁵"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Min-Nan",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "hoân-liáu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Min-Nan",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "hoân-jiáu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Min-Nan",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "khoân-liáu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Min-Nan",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "khoân-jiáu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Peng'im",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "huang⁵ riao³"
},
{
"zh-pron": "⁶gue-gniau"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "huánrào"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄏㄨㄢˊ ㄖㄠˋ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Tongyong-Pinyin",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "huánrào"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Wade-Giles",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "huan²-jao⁴"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Yale",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "hwán-ràu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
"Mandarin",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "hwanraw"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "хуаньжао"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "xuanʹžao"
},
{
"ipa": "/xu̯än³⁵ ʐɑʊ̯⁵¹/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA",
"standard"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "huánrǎo"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Tongyong-Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "huánrǎo"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Wade-Giles"
],
"zh-pron": "huan²-jao³"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "hwán-rǎu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "hwanrao"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "хуаньжао"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "xuanʹžao"
},
{
"ipa": "/xu̯än³⁵ ʐɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "wàahn yíu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "wàahn yíuh"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "waan⁴ jiu²"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "waan⁴ jiu⁵"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangdong-Romanization"
],
"zh-pron": "wan⁴ yiu²"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangdong-Romanization"
],
"zh-pron": "wan⁴ yiu⁵"
},
{
"ipa": "/waːn²¹ jiːu̯³⁵/",
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/waːn²¹ jiːu̯¹³/",
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Min-Nan",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "huân-liáu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Min-Nan",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh-pron": "hoanliao"
},
{
"ipa": "/huan²⁴⁻²² liau⁵⁵⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Min-Nan",
"Quanzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/huan²⁴⁻²² liau⁵³/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Min-Nan",
"Xiamen"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Min-Nan",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "huân-jiáu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Min-Nan",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh-pron": "hoanjiao"
},
{
"ipa": "/huan¹³⁻²² d͡ziau⁵³/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Min-Nan",
"Zhangzhou"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Min-Nan",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "khuân-liáu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Min-Nan",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh-pron": "qoanliao"
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰuan²⁴⁻²² liau⁵³/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Min-Nan",
"Xiamen"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰuan²⁴⁻²² liau⁵⁵⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Min-Nan",
"Quanzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰuan²⁴⁻¹¹ liau⁵³/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Min-Nan",
"Taipei"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Min-Nan",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "khuân-jiáu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Min-Nan",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh-pron": "qoanjiao"
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰuan¹³⁻²² d͡ziau⁵³/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Min-Nan",
"Zhangzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰuan²³⁻³³ ziau⁴¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Kaohsiung",
"Min-Nan"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"POJ",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "huâng jiàu"
},
{
"ipa": "/huaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ d͡ziau²¹³/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Sinological-IPA",
"Teochew"
]
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Wugniu"
],
"tags": [
"Northern",
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "⁶gue-gniau"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"MiniDict"
],
"tags": [
"Northern",
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "gue^去 nyau"
},
{
"tags": [
"Northern",
"Shanghai",
"Wiktionary-specific",
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "³gue-nyiau"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɡue²² n̠ʲiɔ⁴⁴/",
"tags": [
"Northern",
"Shanghai",
"Sinological-IPA",
"Wu"
]
},
{
"other": "/ hoân-jiáu /"
},
{
"ipa": "/xu̯än³⁵ ʐɑʊ̯⁵¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/xu̯än³⁵ ʐɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/"
},
{
"ipa": "/waːn²¹ jiːu̯³⁵/"
},
{
"ipa": "/waːn²¹ jiːu̯¹³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/huan²⁴⁻²² liau⁵⁵⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/huan²⁴⁻²² liau⁵³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/huan¹³⁻²² d͡ziau⁵³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰuan²⁴⁻²² liau⁵³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰuan²⁴⁻²² liau⁵⁵⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰuan²⁴⁻¹¹ liau⁵³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰuan¹³⁻²² d͡ziau⁵³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰuan²³⁻³³ ziau⁴¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/huaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ d͡ziau²¹³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɡue²² n̠ʲiɔ⁴⁴/"
}
],
"word": "環繞"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "环绕",
"raw_tags": [
"Simplified Chinese"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "環繞",
"name": "zh-verb"
}
],
"lang": "Chinese",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Cantonese lemmas",
"Cantonese verbs",
"Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
"Chinese lemmas",
"Chinese terms spelled with 環",
"Chinese terms spelled with 繞",
"Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Chinese verbs",
"Hokkien lemmas",
"Hokkien verbs",
"Mandarin lemmas",
"Mandarin terms with multiple pronunciations",
"Mandarin verbs",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Requests for pronunciation in Hakka entries",
"Teochew lemmas",
"Teochew verbs",
"Wu lemmas",
"Wu verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"to surround; to encircle; to revolve around; to border; to circle; to skirt; to loop"
],
"links": [
[
"surround",
"surround"
],
[
"encircle",
"encircle"
],
[
"revolve",
"revolve"
],
[
"circle",
"circle"
],
[
"skirt",
"skirt"
],
[
"loop",
"loop"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "huánrào"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "huánrǎo"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄏㄨㄢˊ ㄖㄠˋ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄏㄨㄢˊ ㄖㄠˇ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh-pron": "waan⁴ jiu²"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh-pron": "waan⁴ jiu⁵"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Min-Nan",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "hoân-liáu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Min-Nan",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "hoân-jiáu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Min-Nan",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "khoân-liáu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Min-Nan",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "khoân-jiáu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Peng'im",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "huang⁵ riao³"
},
{
"zh-pron": "⁶gue-gniau"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "huánrào"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄏㄨㄢˊ ㄖㄠˋ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Tongyong-Pinyin",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "huánrào"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Wade-Giles",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "huan²-jao⁴"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Yale",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "hwán-ràu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
"Mandarin",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "hwanraw"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "хуаньжао"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "xuanʹžao"
},
{
"ipa": "/xu̯än³⁵ ʐɑʊ̯⁵¹/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA",
"standard"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "huánrǎo"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Tongyong-Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "huánrǎo"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Wade-Giles"
],
"zh-pron": "huan²-jao³"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "hwán-rǎu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "hwanrao"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "хуаньжао"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "xuanʹžao"
},
{
"ipa": "/xu̯än³⁵ ʐɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "wàahn yíu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "wàahn yíuh"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "waan⁴ jiu²"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "waan⁴ jiu⁵"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangdong-Romanization"
],
"zh-pron": "wan⁴ yiu²"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangdong-Romanization"
],
"zh-pron": "wan⁴ yiu⁵"
},
{
"ipa": "/waːn²¹ jiːu̯³⁵/",
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/waːn²¹ jiːu̯¹³/",
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Min-Nan",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "huân-liáu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Min-Nan",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh-pron": "hoanliao"
},
{
"ipa": "/huan²⁴⁻²² liau⁵⁵⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Min-Nan",
"Quanzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/huan²⁴⁻²² liau⁵³/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Min-Nan",
"Xiamen"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Min-Nan",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "huân-jiáu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Min-Nan",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh-pron": "hoanjiao"
},
{
"ipa": "/huan¹³⁻²² d͡ziau⁵³/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Min-Nan",
"Zhangzhou"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Min-Nan",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "khuân-liáu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Min-Nan",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh-pron": "qoanliao"
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰuan²⁴⁻²² liau⁵³/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Min-Nan",
"Xiamen"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰuan²⁴⁻²² liau⁵⁵⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Min-Nan",
"Quanzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰuan²⁴⁻¹¹ liau⁵³/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Min-Nan",
"Taipei"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Min-Nan",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "khuân-jiáu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Min-Nan",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh-pron": "qoanjiao"
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰuan¹³⁻²² d͡ziau⁵³/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Min-Nan",
"Zhangzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰuan²³⁻³³ ziau⁴¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Kaohsiung",
"Min-Nan"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"POJ",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "huâng jiàu"
},
{
"ipa": "/huaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ d͡ziau²¹³/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Sinological-IPA",
"Teochew"
]
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Wugniu"
],
"tags": [
"Northern",
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "⁶gue-gniau"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"MiniDict"
],
"tags": [
"Northern",
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "gue^去 nyau"
},
{
"tags": [
"Northern",
"Shanghai",
"Wiktionary-specific",
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "³gue-nyiau"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɡue²² n̠ʲiɔ⁴⁴/",
"tags": [
"Northern",
"Shanghai",
"Sinological-IPA",
"Wu"
]
},
{
"other": "/ hoân-jiáu /"
},
{
"ipa": "/xu̯än³⁵ ʐɑʊ̯⁵¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/xu̯än³⁵ ʐɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/"
},
{
"ipa": "/waːn²¹ jiːu̯³⁵/"
},
{
"ipa": "/waːn²¹ jiːu̯¹³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/huan²⁴⁻²² liau⁵⁵⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/huan²⁴⁻²² liau⁵³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/huan¹³⁻²² d͡ziau⁵³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰuan²⁴⁻²² liau⁵³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰuan²⁴⁻²² liau⁵⁵⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰuan²⁴⁻¹¹ liau⁵³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰuan¹³⁻²² d͡ziau⁵³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰuan²³⁻³³ ziau⁴¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/huaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ d͡ziau²¹³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɡue²² n̠ʲiɔ⁴⁴/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"tags": [
"in-compounds",
"literary"
],
"word": "包"
},
{
"roman": "zhōuxuán",
"word": "周旋"
},
{
"roman": "wéi",
"word": "圍"
},
{
"roman": "wéi",
"word": "围"
},
{
"word": "圍繞"
},
{
"word": "围绕"
},
{
"roman": "gǒng",
"word": "拱"
},
{
"roman": "huánbào",
"word": "環抱"
},
{
"roman": "huánbào",
"word": "环抱"
},
{
"roman": "pánxuán",
"word": "盤旋"
},
{
"roman": "pánxuán",
"word": "盘旋"
},
{
"roman": "huíxuán",
"word": "迴旋"
},
{
"roman": "huíxuán",
"word": "回旋"
}
],
"word": "環繞"
}
Download raw JSONL data for 環繞 meaning in Chinese (6.4kB)
{
"called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
"msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: '(Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺'",
"path": [
"環繞"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "",
"title": "環繞",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
"msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: 'Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu)'",
"path": [
"環繞"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "",
"title": "環繞",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
"msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: '(Standard Chinese, nonstandard or dialectal)⁺'",
"path": [
"環繞"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "",
"title": "環繞",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "page/2196",
"msg": "parse_linkage_recurse unhandled NodeKind.URL: <URL(['https://wiki.local/w/index.php?action=edit&title=Thesaurus%3A%E7%92%B0%E7%B9%9E'], ['edit']){} >",
"path": [
"環繞"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "環繞",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Chinese dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-06-05 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-06-01 using wiktextract (5ee713e and f1c2b61). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.