See أسامة in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "س م و"
},
"expansion": "Root\n س م و (s m w)\n 0 terms",
"name": "ar-rootbox"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Root\n س م و (s m w)\n 0 terms\nFrom the same root as اِسْم (ism, “name”), denoting an animal with a “name”, i.e. a “famed” one.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "أُسَامَة",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "ʔusāma",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ar-decl-noun",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "أُسَامَة",
"roman": "ʔusāma",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ar-infl-a",
"indefinite",
"informal",
"singular",
"triptote"
]
},
{
"form": "أُسَامَة",
"roman": "ʔusāma",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"informal",
"irregular",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "الْأُسَامَة",
"roman": "al-ʔusāma",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ar-infl-a",
"definite",
"informal",
"singular",
"triptote"
]
},
{
"form": "الْأُسَامَة",
"roman": "al-ʔusāma",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"informal",
"irregular",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "أُسَامَة",
"roman": "ʔusāmat",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ar-infl-a",
"construct",
"informal",
"singular",
"triptote"
]
},
{
"form": "أُسَامَة",
"roman": "ʔusāmat",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"construct",
"informal",
"irregular",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "أُسَامَةُ",
"roman": "ʔusāmatu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ar-infl-a",
"indefinite",
"nominative",
"singular",
"triptote"
]
},
{
"form": "أُسَامَةُ",
"roman": "ʔusāmatu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"irregular",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "الْأُسَامَةُ",
"roman": "al-ʔusāmatu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ar-infl-a",
"definite",
"nominative",
"singular",
"triptote"
]
},
{
"form": "الْأُسَامَةُ",
"roman": "al-ʔusāmatu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"irregular",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "أُسَامَةُ",
"roman": "ʔusāmatu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ar-infl-a",
"construct",
"nominative",
"singular",
"triptote"
]
},
{
"form": "أُسَامَةُ",
"roman": "ʔusāmatu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"construct",
"irregular",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "أُسَامَةَ",
"roman": "ʔusāmata",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"ar-infl-a",
"indefinite",
"singular",
"triptote"
]
},
{
"form": "أُسَامَةَ",
"roman": "ʔusāmata",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"indefinite",
"irregular",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "الْأُسَامَةَ",
"roman": "al-ʔusāmata",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"ar-infl-a",
"definite",
"singular",
"triptote"
]
},
{
"form": "الْأُسَامَةَ",
"roman": "al-ʔusāmata",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"irregular",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "أُسَامَةَ",
"roman": "ʔusāmata",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"ar-infl-a",
"construct",
"singular",
"triptote"
]
},
{
"form": "أُسَامَةَ",
"roman": "ʔusāmata",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"construct",
"irregular",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "أُسَامَةِ",
"roman": "ʔusāmati",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ar-infl-a",
"genitive",
"indefinite",
"singular",
"triptote"
]
},
{
"form": "أُسَامَةِ",
"roman": "ʔusāmati",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"indefinite",
"irregular",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "الْأُسَامَةِ",
"roman": "al-ʔusāmati",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ar-infl-a",
"definite",
"genitive",
"singular",
"triptote"
]
},
{
"form": "الْأُسَامَةِ",
"roman": "al-ʔusāmati",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"genitive",
"irregular",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "أُسَامَةِ",
"roman": "ʔusāmati",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ar-infl-a",
"construct",
"genitive",
"singular",
"triptote"
]
},
{
"form": "أُسَامَةِ",
"roman": "ʔusāmati",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"construct",
"genitive",
"irregular",
"singular"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "أُسَامَة",
"2": "m"
},
"expansion": "أُسَامَة • (ʔusāma) m",
"name": "ar-noun"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ar",
"2": "obsolete"
},
"expansion": "(obsolete)",
"name": "tlb"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "أُسَامَة",
"2": "",
"acc_sg_ind": "أُسَامَةَ",
"gen_sg_ind": "أُسَامَةِ",
"nom_sg_ind": "أُسَامَةُ"
},
"name": "ar-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Arabic",
"lang_code": "ar",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"lion"
],
"id": "en-أسامة-ar-noun-~FlIdxK7",
"links": [
[
"lion",
"lion"
]
],
"tags": [
"obsolete"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"ferocious beast"
],
"id": "en-أسامة-ar-noun-HXOJ0SMb",
"links": [
[
"ferocious",
"ferocious"
],
[
"beast",
"beast"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(by extension) ferocious beast"
],
"tags": [
"broadly",
"obsolete"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ʔu.saː.ma/"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"ar:أسامة (اسم)"
],
"word": "أسامة"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "س م و"
},
"expansion": "Root\n س م و (s m w)\n 0 terms",
"name": "ar-rootbox"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Root\n س م و (s m w)\n 0 terms\nFrom the same root as اِسْم (ism, “name”), denoting an animal with a “name”, i.e. a “famed” one.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "أُسَامَة",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "ʔusāma",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ar-decl-noun",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ar-infl-a",
"diptote",
"indefinite",
"informal",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "أُسَامَة",
"roman": "ʔusāma",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ar-infl-a",
"definite",
"diptote",
"informal",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ar-infl-a",
"construct",
"diptote",
"informal",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ar-infl-a",
"diptote",
"indefinite",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "أُسَامَةُ",
"roman": "ʔusāmatu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ar-infl-a",
"definite",
"diptote",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ar-infl-a",
"construct",
"diptote",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"ar-infl-a",
"diptote",
"indefinite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "أُسَامَةَ",
"roman": "ʔusāmata",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"ar-infl-a",
"definite",
"diptote",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"ar-infl-a",
"construct",
"diptote",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ar-infl-a",
"diptote",
"genitive",
"indefinite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "أُسَامَةَ",
"roman": "ʔusāmata",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ar-infl-a",
"definite",
"diptote",
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ar-infl-a",
"construct",
"diptote",
"genitive",
"singular"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "أُسَامَة",
"2": "m"
},
"expansion": "أُسَامَة • (ʔusāma) m",
"name": "ar-proper noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "أُسَامَة:di",
"state": "ind-def"
},
"name": "ar-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Arabic",
"lang_code": "ar",
"pos": "name",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"name": "Arabic given names",
"parents": [
"Given names",
"Names",
"All topics",
"Proper nouns",
"Terms by semantic function",
"Fundamental",
"Nouns",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "topical",
"name": "Arabic male given names",
"parents": [
"Male given names",
"Given names",
"Names",
"All topics",
"Proper nouns",
"Terms by semantic function",
"Fundamental",
"Nouns",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "87 1 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Arabic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "85 1 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Arabic links with redundant alt parameters",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant alt parameters",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "89 2 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Arabic masculine terms with feminine ending",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "79 5 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Arabic nouns with diptote singular in -a",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "74 5 21",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Arabic nouns with irregular singular",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "79 5 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Arabic nouns with triptote singular in -a",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "77 2 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Arabic terms belonging to the root س م و",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "85 2 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "87 2 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "70 21 9",
"kind": "lifeform",
"langcode": "ar",
"name": "Panthers",
"orig": "ar:Panthers",
"parents": [
"Felids",
"Carnivores",
"Mammals",
"Vertebrates",
"Chordates",
"Animals",
"Lifeforms",
"All topics",
"Life",
"Fundamental",
"Nature"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"a male given name, Osama or Usama"
],
"id": "en-أسامة-ar-name-gaKMHaTF",
"links": [
[
"given name",
"given name"
],
[
"Osama",
"Osama#English"
],
[
"Usama",
"Usama#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"obsolete"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ʔu.saː.ma/"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"ar:أسامة (اسم)"
],
"word": "أسامة"
}
{
"categories": [
"Arabic 3-syllable words",
"Arabic definite nouns",
"Arabic entries with incorrect language header",
"Arabic irregular nouns",
"Arabic lemmas",
"Arabic links with redundant alt parameters",
"Arabic masculine nouns",
"Arabic masculine terms with feminine ending",
"Arabic nouns",
"Arabic nouns with diptote singular in -a",
"Arabic nouns with irregular singular",
"Arabic nouns with triptote singular in -a",
"Arabic obsolete terms",
"Arabic proper nouns",
"Arabic terms belonging to the root س م و",
"Arabic terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"ar:Panthers"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "س م و"
},
"expansion": "Root\n س م و (s m w)\n 0 terms",
"name": "ar-rootbox"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Root\n س م و (s m w)\n 0 terms\nFrom the same root as اِسْم (ism, “name”), denoting an animal with a “name”, i.e. a “famed” one.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "أُسَامَة",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "ʔusāma",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ar-decl-noun",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "أُسَامَة",
"roman": "ʔusāma",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ar-infl-a",
"indefinite",
"informal",
"singular",
"triptote"
]
},
{
"form": "أُسَامَة",
"roman": "ʔusāma",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"informal",
"irregular",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "الْأُسَامَة",
"roman": "al-ʔusāma",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ar-infl-a",
"definite",
"informal",
"singular",
"triptote"
]
},
{
"form": "الْأُسَامَة",
"roman": "al-ʔusāma",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"informal",
"irregular",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "أُسَامَة",
"roman": "ʔusāmat",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ar-infl-a",
"construct",
"informal",
"singular",
"triptote"
]
},
{
"form": "أُسَامَة",
"roman": "ʔusāmat",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"construct",
"informal",
"irregular",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "أُسَامَةُ",
"roman": "ʔusāmatu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ar-infl-a",
"indefinite",
"nominative",
"singular",
"triptote"
]
},
{
"form": "أُسَامَةُ",
"roman": "ʔusāmatu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"irregular",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "الْأُسَامَةُ",
"roman": "al-ʔusāmatu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ar-infl-a",
"definite",
"nominative",
"singular",
"triptote"
]
},
{
"form": "الْأُسَامَةُ",
"roman": "al-ʔusāmatu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"irregular",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "أُسَامَةُ",
"roman": "ʔusāmatu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ar-infl-a",
"construct",
"nominative",
"singular",
"triptote"
]
},
{
"form": "أُسَامَةُ",
"roman": "ʔusāmatu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"construct",
"irregular",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "أُسَامَةَ",
"roman": "ʔusāmata",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"ar-infl-a",
"indefinite",
"singular",
"triptote"
]
},
{
"form": "أُسَامَةَ",
"roman": "ʔusāmata",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"indefinite",
"irregular",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "الْأُسَامَةَ",
"roman": "al-ʔusāmata",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"ar-infl-a",
"definite",
"singular",
"triptote"
]
},
{
"form": "الْأُسَامَةَ",
"roman": "al-ʔusāmata",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"irregular",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "أُسَامَةَ",
"roman": "ʔusāmata",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"ar-infl-a",
"construct",
"singular",
"triptote"
]
},
{
"form": "أُسَامَةَ",
"roman": "ʔusāmata",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"construct",
"irregular",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "أُسَامَةِ",
"roman": "ʔusāmati",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ar-infl-a",
"genitive",
"indefinite",
"singular",
"triptote"
]
},
{
"form": "أُسَامَةِ",
"roman": "ʔusāmati",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"indefinite",
"irregular",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "الْأُسَامَةِ",
"roman": "al-ʔusāmati",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ar-infl-a",
"definite",
"genitive",
"singular",
"triptote"
]
},
{
"form": "الْأُسَامَةِ",
"roman": "al-ʔusāmati",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"genitive",
"irregular",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "أُسَامَةِ",
"roman": "ʔusāmati",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ar-infl-a",
"construct",
"genitive",
"singular",
"triptote"
]
},
{
"form": "أُسَامَةِ",
"roman": "ʔusāmati",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"construct",
"genitive",
"irregular",
"singular"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "أُسَامَة",
"2": "m"
},
"expansion": "أُسَامَة • (ʔusāma) m",
"name": "ar-noun"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ar",
"2": "obsolete"
},
"expansion": "(obsolete)",
"name": "tlb"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "أُسَامَة",
"2": "",
"acc_sg_ind": "أُسَامَةَ",
"gen_sg_ind": "أُسَامَةِ",
"nom_sg_ind": "أُسَامَةُ"
},
"name": "ar-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Arabic",
"lang_code": "ar",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"lion"
],
"links": [
[
"lion",
"lion"
]
],
"tags": [
"obsolete"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"ferocious beast"
],
"links": [
[
"ferocious",
"ferocious"
],
[
"beast",
"beast"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(by extension) ferocious beast"
],
"tags": [
"broadly",
"obsolete"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ʔu.saː.ma/"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"ar:أسامة (اسم)"
],
"word": "أسامة"
}
{
"categories": [
"Arabic 3-syllable words",
"Arabic definite nouns",
"Arabic entries with incorrect language header",
"Arabic irregular nouns",
"Arabic lemmas",
"Arabic links with redundant alt parameters",
"Arabic masculine nouns",
"Arabic masculine terms with feminine ending",
"Arabic nouns",
"Arabic nouns with diptote singular in -a",
"Arabic nouns with irregular singular",
"Arabic nouns with triptote singular in -a",
"Arabic obsolete terms",
"Arabic proper nouns",
"Arabic terms belonging to the root س م و",
"Arabic terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"ar:Panthers"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "س م و"
},
"expansion": "Root\n س م و (s m w)\n 0 terms",
"name": "ar-rootbox"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Root\n س م و (s m w)\n 0 terms\nFrom the same root as اِسْم (ism, “name”), denoting an animal with a “name”, i.e. a “famed” one.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "أُسَامَة",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "ʔusāma",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ar-decl-noun",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ar-infl-a",
"diptote",
"indefinite",
"informal",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "أُسَامَة",
"roman": "ʔusāma",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ar-infl-a",
"definite",
"diptote",
"informal",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ar-infl-a",
"construct",
"diptote",
"informal",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ar-infl-a",
"diptote",
"indefinite",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "أُسَامَةُ",
"roman": "ʔusāmatu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ar-infl-a",
"definite",
"diptote",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ar-infl-a",
"construct",
"diptote",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"ar-infl-a",
"diptote",
"indefinite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "أُسَامَةَ",
"roman": "ʔusāmata",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"ar-infl-a",
"definite",
"diptote",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"ar-infl-a",
"construct",
"diptote",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ar-infl-a",
"diptote",
"genitive",
"indefinite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "أُسَامَةَ",
"roman": "ʔusāmata",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ar-infl-a",
"definite",
"diptote",
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ar-infl-a",
"construct",
"diptote",
"genitive",
"singular"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "أُسَامَة",
"2": "m"
},
"expansion": "أُسَامَة • (ʔusāma) m",
"name": "ar-proper noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "أُسَامَة:di",
"state": "ind-def"
},
"name": "ar-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Arabic",
"lang_code": "ar",
"pos": "name",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Arabic given names",
"Arabic male given names"
],
"glosses": [
"a male given name, Osama or Usama"
],
"links": [
[
"given name",
"given name"
],
[
"Osama",
"Osama#English"
],
[
"Usama",
"Usama#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"obsolete"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ʔu.saː.ma/"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"ar:أسامة (اسم)"
],
"word": "أسامة"
}
Download raw JSONL data for أسامة meaning in Arabic (8.7kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Arabic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-21 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-12-04 using wiktextract (d8cb2f3 and 4e554ae). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.