See ἄν in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
Download JSON data for ἄν meaning in Ancient Greek (17.0kB)
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "eán",
"word": "ἐάν"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "ḗn",
"word": "ἤν"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "ā́n",
"word": "ᾱ̓́ν"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "epā́n",
"word": "ἐπᾱ́ν"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "epeidā́n",
"word": "ἐπειδᾱ́ν"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "héōs án",
"word": "ἕως ἄν"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "hópōs án",
"word": "ὅπως ἄν"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "hòs án",
"word": "ὃς ἄν"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "hótan",
"word": "ὅταν"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "prìn án",
"word": "πρὶν ἄν"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "hōs án",
"word": "ὡς ἄν"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc"
},
"expansion": "Uncertain",
"name": "unc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "an"
},
"expansion": "Latin an",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "got",
"2": "𐌰𐌽"
},
"expansion": "Gothic 𐌰𐌽 (an)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*h₂en"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₂en",
"name": "nc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "οὐκ ἀν",
"t": ""
},
"expansion": "οὐκ ἀν (ouk an)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "rebracketed",
"2": "reanalyzed"
},
"expansion": "reanalyzed",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "",
"3": "*οὐ καν"
},
"expansion": "*οὐ καν (*ou kan)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*h₂óyu-kn̥"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₂óyu-kn̥",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "οὐκί"
},
"expansion": "οὐκί (oukí)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "οὐ"
},
"expansion": "οὐ (ou)",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Uncertain. Has been connected to similar particles in other Indo-European languages, especially Latin an and Gothic 𐌰𐌽 (an), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂en.\nA more recent hypothesis derives it instead from the phrase οὐκ ἀν (ouk an), supposing that it had been reanalyzed from an original *οὐ καν (*ou kan), in turn from a Proto-Indo-European *h₂óyu-kn̥; compare οὐκί (oukí), οὐ (ou).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "ᾰ̓́ν",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "án",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ᾰ̓́ν",
"mod": "1"
},
"expansion": "ᾰ̓́ν • (án) (modal particle)",
"name": "grc-particle"
}
],
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"lang_code": "grc",
"pos": "particle",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Epic Greek",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "1 20 2 2 2 11 1 1 12 17 8 8 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 3 3 3 10 2 2 11 17 8 8 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek modal particles",
"parents": [
"Modal particles",
"Particles",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 3 3 4 9 2 2 10 19 7 7 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek particles",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 3 3 3 9 2 2 10 18 7 7 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek terms with redundant script codes",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant script codes",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 2 2 2 10 1 2 10 10 11 11 17",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages linking to anchors not found in Appendix:Glossary",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "[Agamemnon speaking to Achilles]: But in that case I myself will lead away your prize, fair-cheeked Briseis, and go to my tent, so that you may learn well how much greater I am than you.",
"ref": "800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 1.184–184",
"text": "ἐγὼ δέ κ’ ἄγω Βρισηΐδα καλλιπάρῃον\nαὐτὸς ἰὼν κλισίηνδε τὸ σὸν γέρας ὄφρ’ ἐῢ εἰδῇς\nὅσσον φέρτερός εἰμι σέθεν […]\negṑ dé k’ ágō Brisēḯda kallipárēion\nautòs iṑn klisíēnde tò sòn géras óphr’ eǜ eidêis\nhósson phérterós eimi séthen […]"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Expresses potentiality or conditionality",
"in that case and future tense"
],
"id": "en-ἄν-grc-particle-L6FQ8hRj",
"links": [
[
"potentiality",
"potential mood#English"
],
[
"conditionality",
"conditional mood#English"
],
[
"case",
"case"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"Expresses potentiality or conditionality",
"(only Epic, with subjunctive in main clauses) in that case and future tense"
],
"raw_tags": [
"in main clauses"
],
"tags": [
"Epic",
"modal",
"particle",
"with-subjunctive"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Expresses potentiality or conditionality",
"Expresses future potentiality: would or could do or be doing"
],
"id": "en-ἄν-grc-particle-uXJhDAWL",
"links": [
[
"potentiality",
"potential mood#English"
],
[
"conditionality",
"conditional mood#English"
],
[
"would",
"would"
],
[
"could",
"could"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"Expresses potentiality or conditionality",
"(with optative) Expresses future potentiality: would or could do or be doing"
],
"raw_tags": [
"with optative"
],
"tags": [
"modal",
"particle"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Expresses potentiality or conditionality",
"Expresses present or rarely past potentiality: were doing, would be doing"
],
"id": "en-ἄν-grc-particle-coFK6D6g",
"links": [
[
"potentiality",
"potential mood#English"
],
[
"conditionality",
"conditional mood#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"Expresses potentiality or conditionality",
"(with imperfect indicative) Expresses present or rarely past potentiality: were doing, would be doing"
],
"raw_tags": [
"with imperfect indicative"
],
"tags": [
"modal",
"particle"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "And definitely it is a shame to have to say after the fact “Who on earth could have imagined this would happen? By Zeus, of course [we] should have done this and that, and not done this and that.”",
"ref": "341 BCE, Demosthenes, Third Philippic 68",
"roman": "kaì mḕn ekeînó g’ aiskhrón, hústerón pot’ eipeîn “tís gàr àn ōiḗthē taûta genésthai? nḕ tòn Dí’, édei gàr tò kaì tò poiêsai kaì tò mḕ poiêsai.”",
"text": "καὶ μὴν ἐκεῖνό γ’ αἰσχρόν, ὕστερόν ποτ’ εἰπεῖν “τίς γὰρ ἂν ᾠήθη ταῦτα γενέσθαι; νὴ τὸν Δί’, ἔδει γὰρ τὸ καὶ τὸ ποιῆσαι καὶ τὸ μὴ ποιῆσαι.”"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Expresses potentiality or conditionality",
"Expresses past potentiality"
],
"id": "en-ἄν-grc-particle-wf3HUNVc",
"links": [
[
"potentiality",
"potential mood#English"
],
[
"conditionality",
"conditional mood#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"Expresses potentiality or conditionality",
"(with aorist indicative) Expresses past potentiality"
],
"raw_tags": [
"with aorist indicative"
],
"tags": [
"modal",
"particle"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "1 20 2 2 2 11 1 1 12 17 8 8 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Expresses unreality",
"Past or rarely present unreality: would have done, would do"
],
"id": "en-ἄν-grc-particle-8z5qPE7r",
"links": [
[
"unreality",
"irrealis mood#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(with past indicative) Expresses unreality",
"(with aorist) Past or rarely present unreality: would have done, would do"
],
"raw_tags": [
"with aorist",
"with past indicative"
],
"tags": [
"modal",
"particle"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Expresses unreality",
"Present or past unreality: would do, would be doing; would have been doing"
],
"id": "en-ἄν-grc-particle-5UpnD6Gp",
"links": [
[
"unreality",
"irrealis mood#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(with past indicative) Expresses unreality",
"(with imperfect) Present or past unreality: would do, would be doing; would have been doing"
],
"raw_tags": [
"with imperfect",
"with past indicative"
],
"tags": [
"modal",
"particle"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Expresses unreality",
"Present or less commonly past unreality:",
"Present or less commonly past unreality"
],
"id": "en-ἄν-grc-particle-w8kawVLr",
"links": [
[
"unreality",
"irrealis mood#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(with past indicative) Expresses unreality",
"(with pluperfect) Present or less commonly past unreality:"
],
"raw_tags": [
"with pluperfect",
"with past indicative"
],
"tags": [
"modal",
"particle"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "1 20 2 2 2 11 1 1 12 17 8 8 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 3 3 3 10 2 2 11 17 8 8 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek modal particles",
"parents": [
"Modal particles",
"Particles",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 3 3 4 9 2 2 10 19 7 7 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek particles",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 3 3 3 9 2 2 10 18 7 7 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek terms with redundant script codes",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant script codes",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Taking up [the poets’] works that seemed to me to have taken them the most trouble [to write], I would question them on what they meant, so that I could at the same time learn something from them.",
"ref": "400 BCE – 387 BCE, Plato, Apology 22b",
"roman": "analambánōn oûn autôn tà poiḗmata há moi edókei málista pepragmateûsthai autoîs, diērṓtōn àn autoùs tí légoien, hín’ háma ti kaì manthánoimi par’ autôn.",
"text": "ἀναλαμβάνων οὖν αὐτῶν τὰ ποιήματα ἅ μοι ἐδόκει μάλιστα πεπραγματεῦσθαι αὐτοῖς, διηρώτων ἂν αὐτοὺς τί λέγοιεν, ἵν’ ἅμα τι καὶ μανθάνοιμι παρ’ αὐτῶν."
}
],
"glosses": [
"Expresses iteration or habituality: had done, had been doing; would have done, would have been doing; used to do"
],
"id": "en-ἄν-grc-particle-O8GSfsq3",
"links": [
[
"iteration",
"iterative aspect#English"
],
[
"habituality",
"habitual aspect#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(with past indicative) Expresses iteration or habituality: had done, had been doing; would have done, would have been doing; used to do"
],
"raw_tags": [
"with past indicative"
],
"tags": [
"modal",
"particle"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ionic Greek",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "1 20 2 2 2 11 1 1 12 17 8 8 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 3 3 3 10 2 2 11 17 8 8 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek modal particles",
"parents": [
"Modal particles",
"Particles",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 3 3 4 9 2 2 10 19 7 7 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek particles",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 3 3 3 9 2 2 10 18 7 7 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek terms with redundant script codes",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant script codes",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "The Persians used to attack and seize the cattle and take them and, after taking them, to be encouraged by this achievement.",
"ref": "460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 4.130",
"roman": "hoi dè àn Pérsai epelthóntes lábeskon tà próbata kaì labóntes epēeíronto àn tôi pepoiēménōi.",
"text": "οἱ δὲ ἂν Πέρσαι ἐπελθόντες λάβεσκον τὰ πρόβατα καὶ λαβόντες ἐπηείροντο ἂν τῷ πεποιημένῳ."
}
],
"glosses": [
"Expresses iteration or habituality: had done, had been doing; would have done, would have been doing; used to do"
],
"id": "en-ἄν-grc-particle-O8GSfsq31",
"links": [
[
"iteration",
"iterative aspect#English"
],
[
"habituality",
"habitual aspect#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(with past indicative) Expresses iteration or habituality: had done, had been doing; would have done, would have been doing; used to do",
"(with Ionic past iterative)"
],
"raw_tags": [
"with Ionic past iterative",
"with past indicative"
],
"tags": [
"modal",
"particle"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Expresses generality, and often translatable with present or future tense in English"
],
"id": "en-ἄν-grc-particle-Qmwzbbjo",
"raw_glosses": [
"(with subjunctive in subordinate clauses) Expresses generality, and often translatable with present or future tense in English"
],
"raw_tags": [
"in subordinate clauses"
],
"tags": [
"modal",
"particle",
"with-subjunctive"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "if thus you will do and the Achaeans obey you",
"ref": "800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 2.364",
"roman": "ei dé ken hṑs hérxēis kaí toi peíthōntai Akhaioí",
"text": "εἰ δέ κεν ὣς ἕρξῃς καί τοι πείθωνται Ἀχαιοί"
},
{
"english": "if death ever come near, no one wishes to die",
"ref": "438 BCE, Euripides, Alcestis 671",
"roman": "ḕn d’ engùs élthēi thánatos, oudeìs boúletai thnḗiskein",
"text": "ἢν δ’ ἐγγὺς ἔλθῃ θάνατος, οὐδεὶς βούλεται θνῄσκειν"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Expresses generality, and often translatable with present or future tense in English",
"With εἰ (ei), contracted to ἐάν (eán), expresses a general condition that is likely to occur"
],
"id": "en-ἄν-grc-particle-RnsKJ7w4",
"links": [
[
"εἰ",
"εἰ#Ancient Greek"
],
[
"ἐάν",
"ἐάν#Ancient Greek"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(with subjunctive in subordinate clauses) Expresses generality, and often translatable with present or future tense in English",
"With εἰ (ei), contracted to ἐάν (eán), expresses a general condition that is likely to occur"
],
"raw_tags": [
"in subordinate clauses"
],
"tags": [
"modal",
"particle",
"with-subjunctive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "1 20 2 2 2 11 1 1 12 17 8 8 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 3 3 3 10 2 2 11 17 8 8 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek modal particles",
"parents": [
"Modal particles",
"Particles",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 3 3 4 9 2 2 10 19 7 7 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek particles",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 3 3 3 9 2 2 10 18 7 7 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek terms with redundant script codes",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant script codes",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"When combined with infinitive or participle in indirect speech, represents a finite verb with ἄν (án) in direct speech"
],
"id": "en-ἄν-grc-particle-f8tIKZmq",
"links": [
[
"ἄν",
"ἄν#Ancient Greek"
]
],
"tags": [
"modal",
"particle"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/án/"
},
{
"ipa": "/an/"
},
{
"ipa": "/an/"
},
{
"ipa": "/án/",
"note": "5ᵗʰ BCE Attic"
},
{
"ipa": "/an/",
"note": "1ˢᵗ CE Egyptian"
},
{
"ipa": "/an/",
"note": "4ᵗʰ CE Koine"
},
{
"ipa": "/an/",
"note": "10ᵗʰ CE Byzantine"
},
{
"ipa": "/an/",
"note": "15ᵗʰ CE Constantinopolitan"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "ke",
"word": "κε"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"english": "ken",
"tags": [
"Epic"
],
"word": "κεν"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "Lyric"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "ka",
"tags": [
"Doric"
],
"word": "κα"
}
],
"word": "ἄν"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "ἐάν"
},
"expansion": "ἐάν (eán)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "εἰ",
"3": "",
"4": "if"
},
"expansion": "εἰ (ei, “if”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "ἄν",
"3": "",
"4": "modal particle"
},
"expansion": "ἄν (án, “modal particle”)",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "A contracted form of ἐάν (eán), from εἰ (ei, “if”) + ἄν (án, “modal particle”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "ᾱ̓́ν",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "ā́n",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "conjunction",
"cat2": "",
"head": "ᾱ̓́ν",
"head2": ""
},
"expansion": "ᾱ̓́ν • (ā́n)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ᾱ̓́ν"
},
"expansion": "ᾱ̓́ν • (ā́n)",
"name": "grc-conjunction"
}
],
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"lang_code": "grc",
"pos": "conj",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"if (for more details, see εἰ (ei) and ἄν (án))"
],
"id": "en-ἄν-grc-conj-grc:if",
"links": [
[
"εἰ",
"εἰ#Ancient Greek"
],
[
"ἄν",
"ἄν#Ancient Greek"
]
],
"senseid": [
"grc:if"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"roman": "eán",
"word": "ἐάν"
},
{
"roman": "ḗn",
"tags": [
"Attic"
],
"word": "ἤν"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ǎːn/"
},
{
"ipa": "/an/"
},
{
"ipa": "/an/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ǎːn/",
"note": "5ᵗʰ BCE Attic"
},
{
"ipa": "/an/",
"note": "1ˢᵗ CE Egyptian"
},
{
"ipa": "/an/",
"note": "4ᵗʰ CE Koine"
},
{
"ipa": "/an/",
"note": "10ᵗʰ CE Byzantine"
},
{
"ipa": "/an/",
"note": "15ᵗʰ CE Constantinopolitan"
}
],
"word": "ἄν"
}
{
"categories": [
"Ancient Greek 1-syllable words",
"Ancient Greek conjunctions",
"Ancient Greek entries with incorrect language header",
"Ancient Greek lemmas",
"Ancient Greek modal particles",
"Ancient Greek oxytone terms",
"Ancient Greek particles",
"Ancient Greek terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Ancient Greek terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Ancient Greek terms with redundant script codes",
"Ancient Greek terms with unknown etymologies",
"Pages linking to anchors not found in Appendix:Glossary"
],
"derived": [
{
"roman": "eán",
"word": "ἐάν"
},
{
"roman": "ḗn",
"word": "ἤν"
},
{
"roman": "ā́n",
"word": "ᾱ̓́ν"
},
{
"roman": "epā́n",
"word": "ἐπᾱ́ν"
},
{
"roman": "epeidā́n",
"word": "ἐπειδᾱ́ν"
},
{
"roman": "héōs án",
"word": "ἕως ἄν"
},
{
"roman": "hópōs án",
"word": "ὅπως ἄν"
},
{
"roman": "hòs án",
"word": "ὃς ἄν"
},
{
"roman": "hótan",
"word": "ὅταν"
},
{
"roman": "prìn án",
"word": "πρὶν ἄν"
},
{
"roman": "hōs án",
"word": "ὡς ἄν"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc"
},
"expansion": "Uncertain",
"name": "unc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "an"
},
"expansion": "Latin an",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "got",
"2": "𐌰𐌽"
},
"expansion": "Gothic 𐌰𐌽 (an)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*h₂en"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₂en",
"name": "nc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "οὐκ ἀν",
"t": ""
},
"expansion": "οὐκ ἀν (ouk an)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "rebracketed",
"2": "reanalyzed"
},
"expansion": "reanalyzed",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "",
"3": "*οὐ καν"
},
"expansion": "*οὐ καν (*ou kan)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*h₂óyu-kn̥"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₂óyu-kn̥",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "οὐκί"
},
"expansion": "οὐκί (oukí)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "οὐ"
},
"expansion": "οὐ (ou)",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Uncertain. Has been connected to similar particles in other Indo-European languages, especially Latin an and Gothic 𐌰𐌽 (an), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂en.\nA more recent hypothesis derives it instead from the phrase οὐκ ἀν (ouk an), supposing that it had been reanalyzed from an original *οὐ καν (*ou kan), in turn from a Proto-Indo-European *h₂óyu-kn̥; compare οὐκί (oukí), οὐ (ou).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "ᾰ̓́ν",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "án",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ᾰ̓́ν",
"mod": "1"
},
"expansion": "ᾰ̓́ν • (án) (modal particle)",
"name": "grc-particle"
}
],
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"lang_code": "grc",
"pos": "particle",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Ancient Greek terms with quotations",
"Epic Greek"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "[Agamemnon speaking to Achilles]: But in that case I myself will lead away your prize, fair-cheeked Briseis, and go to my tent, so that you may learn well how much greater I am than you.",
"ref": "800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 1.184–184",
"text": "ἐγὼ δέ κ’ ἄγω Βρισηΐδα καλλιπάρῃον\nαὐτὸς ἰὼν κλισίηνδε τὸ σὸν γέρας ὄφρ’ ἐῢ εἰδῇς\nὅσσον φέρτερός εἰμι σέθεν […]\negṑ dé k’ ágō Brisēḯda kallipárēion\nautòs iṑn klisíēnde tò sòn géras óphr’ eǜ eidêis\nhósson phérterós eimi séthen […]"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Expresses potentiality or conditionality",
"in that case and future tense"
],
"links": [
[
"potentiality",
"potential mood#English"
],
[
"conditionality",
"conditional mood#English"
],
[
"case",
"case"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"Expresses potentiality or conditionality",
"(only Epic, with subjunctive in main clauses) in that case and future tense"
],
"raw_tags": [
"in main clauses"
],
"tags": [
"Epic",
"modal",
"particle",
"with-subjunctive"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Expresses potentiality or conditionality",
"Expresses future potentiality: would or could do or be doing"
],
"links": [
[
"potentiality",
"potential mood#English"
],
[
"conditionality",
"conditional mood#English"
],
[
"would",
"would"
],
[
"could",
"could"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"Expresses potentiality or conditionality",
"(with optative) Expresses future potentiality: would or could do or be doing"
],
"raw_tags": [
"with optative"
],
"tags": [
"modal",
"particle"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Expresses potentiality or conditionality",
"Expresses present or rarely past potentiality: were doing, would be doing"
],
"links": [
[
"potentiality",
"potential mood#English"
],
[
"conditionality",
"conditional mood#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"Expresses potentiality or conditionality",
"(with imperfect indicative) Expresses present or rarely past potentiality: were doing, would be doing"
],
"raw_tags": [
"with imperfect indicative"
],
"tags": [
"modal",
"particle"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Ancient Greek terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "And definitely it is a shame to have to say after the fact “Who on earth could have imagined this would happen? By Zeus, of course [we] should have done this and that, and not done this and that.”",
"ref": "341 BCE, Demosthenes, Third Philippic 68",
"roman": "kaì mḕn ekeînó g’ aiskhrón, hústerón pot’ eipeîn “tís gàr àn ōiḗthē taûta genésthai? nḕ tòn Dí’, édei gàr tò kaì tò poiêsai kaì tò mḕ poiêsai.”",
"text": "καὶ μὴν ἐκεῖνό γ’ αἰσχρόν, ὕστερόν ποτ’ εἰπεῖν “τίς γὰρ ἂν ᾠήθη ταῦτα γενέσθαι; νὴ τὸν Δί’, ἔδει γὰρ τὸ καὶ τὸ ποιῆσαι καὶ τὸ μὴ ποιῆσαι.”"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Expresses potentiality or conditionality",
"Expresses past potentiality"
],
"links": [
[
"potentiality",
"potential mood#English"
],
[
"conditionality",
"conditional mood#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"Expresses potentiality or conditionality",
"(with aorist indicative) Expresses past potentiality"
],
"raw_tags": [
"with aorist indicative"
],
"tags": [
"modal",
"particle"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Expresses unreality",
"Past or rarely present unreality: would have done, would do"
],
"links": [
[
"unreality",
"irrealis mood#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(with past indicative) Expresses unreality",
"(with aorist) Past or rarely present unreality: would have done, would do"
],
"raw_tags": [
"with aorist",
"with past indicative"
],
"tags": [
"modal",
"particle"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Expresses unreality",
"Present or past unreality: would do, would be doing; would have been doing"
],
"links": [
[
"unreality",
"irrealis mood#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(with past indicative) Expresses unreality",
"(with imperfect) Present or past unreality: would do, would be doing; would have been doing"
],
"raw_tags": [
"with imperfect",
"with past indicative"
],
"tags": [
"modal",
"particle"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Expresses unreality",
"Present or less commonly past unreality:",
"Present or less commonly past unreality"
],
"links": [
[
"unreality",
"irrealis mood#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(with past indicative) Expresses unreality",
"(with pluperfect) Present or less commonly past unreality:"
],
"raw_tags": [
"with pluperfect",
"with past indicative"
],
"tags": [
"modal",
"particle"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Ancient Greek terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Taking up [the poets’] works that seemed to me to have taken them the most trouble [to write], I would question them on what they meant, so that I could at the same time learn something from them.",
"ref": "400 BCE – 387 BCE, Plato, Apology 22b",
"roman": "analambánōn oûn autôn tà poiḗmata há moi edókei málista pepragmateûsthai autoîs, diērṓtōn àn autoùs tí légoien, hín’ háma ti kaì manthánoimi par’ autôn.",
"text": "ἀναλαμβάνων οὖν αὐτῶν τὰ ποιήματα ἅ μοι ἐδόκει μάλιστα πεπραγματεῦσθαι αὐτοῖς, διηρώτων ἂν αὐτοὺς τί λέγοιεν, ἵν’ ἅμα τι καὶ μανθάνοιμι παρ’ αὐτῶν."
}
],
"glosses": [
"Expresses iteration or habituality: had done, had been doing; would have done, would have been doing; used to do"
],
"links": [
[
"iteration",
"iterative aspect#English"
],
[
"habituality",
"habitual aspect#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(with past indicative) Expresses iteration or habituality: had done, had been doing; would have done, would have been doing; used to do"
],
"raw_tags": [
"with past indicative"
],
"tags": [
"modal",
"particle"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Ancient Greek terms with quotations",
"Ionic Greek"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "The Persians used to attack and seize the cattle and take them and, after taking them, to be encouraged by this achievement.",
"ref": "460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 4.130",
"roman": "hoi dè àn Pérsai epelthóntes lábeskon tà próbata kaì labóntes epēeíronto àn tôi pepoiēménōi.",
"text": "οἱ δὲ ἂν Πέρσαι ἐπελθόντες λάβεσκον τὰ πρόβατα καὶ λαβόντες ἐπηείροντο ἂν τῷ πεποιημένῳ."
}
],
"glosses": [
"Expresses iteration or habituality: had done, had been doing; would have done, would have been doing; used to do"
],
"links": [
[
"iteration",
"iterative aspect#English"
],
[
"habituality",
"habitual aspect#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(with past indicative) Expresses iteration or habituality: had done, had been doing; would have done, would have been doing; used to do",
"(with Ionic past iterative)"
],
"raw_tags": [
"with Ionic past iterative",
"with past indicative"
],
"tags": [
"modal",
"particle"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Expresses generality, and often translatable with present or future tense in English"
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(with subjunctive in subordinate clauses) Expresses generality, and often translatable with present or future tense in English"
],
"raw_tags": [
"in subordinate clauses"
],
"tags": [
"modal",
"particle",
"with-subjunctive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Ancient Greek terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "if thus you will do and the Achaeans obey you",
"ref": "800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 2.364",
"roman": "ei dé ken hṑs hérxēis kaí toi peíthōntai Akhaioí",
"text": "εἰ δέ κεν ὣς ἕρξῃς καί τοι πείθωνται Ἀχαιοί"
},
{
"english": "if death ever come near, no one wishes to die",
"ref": "438 BCE, Euripides, Alcestis 671",
"roman": "ḕn d’ engùs élthēi thánatos, oudeìs boúletai thnḗiskein",
"text": "ἢν δ’ ἐγγὺς ἔλθῃ θάνατος, οὐδεὶς βούλεται θνῄσκειν"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Expresses generality, and often translatable with present or future tense in English",
"With εἰ (ei), contracted to ἐάν (eán), expresses a general condition that is likely to occur"
],
"links": [
[
"εἰ",
"εἰ#Ancient Greek"
],
[
"ἐάν",
"ἐάν#Ancient Greek"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(with subjunctive in subordinate clauses) Expresses generality, and often translatable with present or future tense in English",
"With εἰ (ei), contracted to ἐάν (eán), expresses a general condition that is likely to occur"
],
"raw_tags": [
"in subordinate clauses"
],
"tags": [
"modal",
"particle",
"with-subjunctive"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"When combined with infinitive or participle in indirect speech, represents a finite verb with ἄν (án) in direct speech"
],
"links": [
[
"ἄν",
"ἄν#Ancient Greek"
]
],
"tags": [
"modal",
"particle"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/án/"
},
{
"ipa": "/an/"
},
{
"ipa": "/an/"
},
{
"ipa": "/án/",
"note": "5ᵗʰ BCE Attic"
},
{
"ipa": "/an/",
"note": "1ˢᵗ CE Egyptian"
},
{
"ipa": "/an/",
"note": "4ᵗʰ CE Koine"
},
{
"ipa": "/an/",
"note": "10ᵗʰ CE Byzantine"
},
{
"ipa": "/an/",
"note": "15ᵗʰ CE Constantinopolitan"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"roman": "ke",
"word": "κε"
},
{
"english": "ken",
"tags": [
"Epic"
],
"word": "κεν"
},
{
"word": "Lyric"
},
{
"roman": "ka",
"tags": [
"Doric"
],
"word": "κα"
}
],
"word": "ἄν"
}
{
"categories": [
"Ancient Greek 1-syllable words",
"Ancient Greek conjunctions",
"Ancient Greek entries with incorrect language header",
"Ancient Greek lemmas",
"Ancient Greek terms with IPA pronunciation"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "ἐάν"
},
"expansion": "ἐάν (eán)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "εἰ",
"3": "",
"4": "if"
},
"expansion": "εἰ (ei, “if”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "ἄν",
"3": "",
"4": "modal particle"
},
"expansion": "ἄν (án, “modal particle”)",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "A contracted form of ἐάν (eán), from εἰ (ei, “if”) + ἄν (án, “modal particle”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "ᾱ̓́ν",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "ā́n",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "conjunction",
"cat2": "",
"head": "ᾱ̓́ν",
"head2": ""
},
"expansion": "ᾱ̓́ν • (ā́n)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ᾱ̓́ν"
},
"expansion": "ᾱ̓́ν • (ā́n)",
"name": "grc-conjunction"
}
],
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"lang_code": "grc",
"pos": "conj",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"if (for more details, see εἰ (ei) and ἄν (án))"
],
"links": [
[
"εἰ",
"εἰ#Ancient Greek"
],
[
"ἄν",
"ἄν#Ancient Greek"
]
],
"senseid": [
"grc:if"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ǎːn/"
},
{
"ipa": "/an/"
},
{
"ipa": "/an/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ǎːn/",
"note": "5ᵗʰ BCE Attic"
},
{
"ipa": "/an/",
"note": "1ˢᵗ CE Egyptian"
},
{
"ipa": "/an/",
"note": "4ᵗʰ CE Koine"
},
{
"ipa": "/an/",
"note": "10ᵗʰ CE Byzantine"
},
{
"ipa": "/an/",
"note": "15ᵗʰ CE Constantinopolitan"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"roman": "eán",
"word": "ἐάν"
},
{
"roman": "ḗn",
"tags": [
"Attic"
],
"word": "ἤν"
}
],
"word": "ἄν"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Ancient Greek dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-01 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-04-21 using wiktextract (f4fd8c9 and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.