"πικρός" meaning in Ancient Greek

See πικρός in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Adjective

IPA: /pi.krós/, /piˈkros/, /piˈkros/, /pi.krós/ (note: 5ᵗʰ BCE Attic), /piˈkros/ (note: 1ˢᵗ CE Egyptian), /piˈkros/ (note: 4ᵗʰ CE Koine), /piˈkros/ (note: 10ᵗʰ CE Byzantine), /piˈkros/ (note: 15ᵗʰ CE Constantinopolitan)
Etymology: From Proto-Hellenic *pikrós, formally identical to Proto-Slavic *pьstrъ (“variegated”), which is from Proto-Indo-European *piḱ-rós, from the root *peyḱ- (“color, speckle”). The Greek word appears to invoke an earlier meaning of "hew, cut out" > "sharp". A further cognate is ποικίλος (poikílos, “particoloured”). Etymology templates: {{root|grc|ine-pro|*peyḱ-|id=mark}}, {{inh|grc|grk-pro|*pikrós}} Proto-Hellenic *pikrós, {{cog|sla-pro|*pьstrъ||variegated}} Proto-Slavic *pьstrъ (“variegated”), {{inh|grc|ine-pro|*piḱrós|*piḱ-rós}} Proto-Indo-European *piḱ-rós Inflection templates: {{grc-adecl|πῐκρός|ᾱ́}} Forms: πῐκρός [canonical], pikrós [romanization], πῐκρᾱ́ [feminine], πῐκρόν [neuter], Attic declension-2 [table-tags], πῐκρός [masculine, nominative, singular], πῐκρᾱ́ [feminine, nominative, singular], πῐκρόν [neuter, nominative, singular], πῐκρώ [dual, masculine, nominative], πῐκρᾱ́ [dual, feminine, nominative], πῐκρώ [dual, neuter, nominative], πῐκροί [masculine, nominative, plural], πῐκραί [feminine, nominative, plural], πῐκρᾰ́ [neuter, nominative, plural], πῐκροῦ [genitive, masculine, singular], πῐκρᾶς [feminine, genitive, singular], πῐκροῦ [genitive, neuter, singular], πῐκροῖν [dual, genitive, masculine], πῐκραῖν [dual, feminine, genitive], πῐκροῖν [dual, genitive, neuter], πῐκρῶν [genitive, masculine, plural], πῐκρῶν [feminine, genitive, plural], πῐκρῶν [genitive, neuter, plural], πῐκρῷ [dative, masculine, singular], πῐκρᾷ [dative, feminine, singular], πῐκρῷ [dative, neuter, singular], πῐκροῖν [dative, dual, masculine], πῐκραῖν [dative, dual, feminine], πῐκροῖν [dative, dual, neuter], πῐκροῖς [dative, masculine, plural], πῐκραῖς [dative, feminine, plural], πῐκροῖς [dative, neuter, plural], πῐκρόν [accusative, masculine, singular], πῐκρᾱ́ν [accusative, feminine, singular], πῐκρόν [accusative, neuter, singular], πῐκρώ [accusative, dual, masculine], πῐκρᾱ́ [accusative, dual, feminine], πῐκρώ [accusative, dual, neuter], πῐκρούς [accusative, masculine, plural], πῐκρᾱ́ς [accusative, feminine, plural], πῐκρᾰ́ [accusative, neuter, plural], πῐκρέ [masculine, singular, vocative], πῐκρᾱ́ [feminine, singular, vocative], πῐκρόν [neuter, singular, vocative], πῐκρώ [dual, masculine, vocative], πῐκρᾱ́ [dual, feminine, vocative], πῐκρώ [dual, neuter, vocative], πῐκροί [masculine, plural, vocative], πῐκραί [feminine, plural, vocative], πῐκρᾰ́ [neuter, plural, vocative], πῐκρῶς [adverbial, feminine, masculine, neuter], πῐκρότερος [comparative, feminine, masculine, neuter], πῐκρότᾰτος [feminine, masculine, neuter, superlative]
  1. pointed, sharp, keen
    Sense id: en-πικρός-grc-adj-hENEjUXL Categories (other): Ancient Greek entries with incorrect language header, Pages with 2 entries, Pages with entries Disambiguation of Ancient Greek entries with incorrect language header: 17 10 16 24 5 23 5 Disambiguation of Pages with 2 entries: 18 9 20 20 0 20 0 6 6 Disambiguation of Pages with entries: 18 9 20 20 0 20 0 6 6
  2. (of taste) pungent, bitter, acrid
    Sense id: en-πικρός-grc-adj-0deNbUJW Categories (other): Ancient Greek entries with incorrect language header Disambiguation of Ancient Greek entries with incorrect language header: 17 10 16 24 5 23 5
  3. (of feeling) sharp, keen
    Sense id: en-πικρός-grc-adj-jl6i-xbI Categories (other): Ancient Greek entries with incorrect language header, Pages with 2 entries, Pages with entries Disambiguation of Ancient Greek entries with incorrect language header: 17 10 16 24 5 23 5 Disambiguation of Pages with 2 entries: 18 9 20 20 0 20 0 6 6 Disambiguation of Pages with entries: 18 9 20 20 0 20 0 6 6
  4. (of sound) piercing, shrill
    Sense id: en-πικρός-grc-adj-EPt-wTlt Categories (other): Ancient Greek entries with incorrect language header, Pages with 2 entries, Pages with entries Disambiguation of Ancient Greek entries with incorrect language header: 17 10 16 24 5 23 5 Disambiguation of Pages with 2 entries: 18 9 20 20 0 20 0 6 6 Disambiguation of Pages with entries: 18 9 20 20 0 20 0 6 6
  5. (figuratively) bitter, hateful Tags: figuratively
    Sense id: en-πικρός-grc-adj-Ln-N~8ac
  6. embittered, angry, hostile
    Sense id: en-πικρός-grc-adj-yVHisNZT Categories (other): Ancient Greek entries with incorrect language header, Pages with 2 entries, Pages with entries Disambiguation of Ancient Greek entries with incorrect language header: 17 10 16 24 5 23 5 Disambiguation of Pages with 2 entries: 18 9 20 20 0 20 0 6 6 Disambiguation of Pages with entries: 18 9 20 20 0 20 0 6 6
  7. relentless, spiteful, vindictive
    Sense id: en-πικρός-grc-adj-92OKpwSx
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Derived forms: γλῠκῠ́πῑκρος (glukúpīkros), θελξῐ́πῐκρος (thelxípikros), πῐ́κρᾱ (píkrā), πῐκρᾰ́ζω (pikrázō), πῐκραίνω (pikraínō), πῐκρᾰντῐκός (pikrantikós), πῐκρᾰ́ς (pikrás), πῐκρᾰσμός (pikrasmós), πῐκρῐ́ᾱ (pikríā), πῐκρῐ́δῐον (pikrídion), πῐκρῐ́δῐος (pikrídios), πῐκρῐ́ζω (pikrízō), πῐκρῐ́ς (pikrís), πῐκρόγᾰμος (pikrógamos), πῐκρόγλωσσος (pikróglōssos), πῐκρόκᾰρπος (pikrókarpos), πῐκρολογῐ́ᾱ (pikrologíā), πῐκρολόγος (pikrológos), πῐκρόλωτος (pikrólōtos), πῐκροποιός (pikropoiós), πῐκρότης (pikrótēs), πῐκρόχολος (pikrókholos), πῐκρόω (pikróō), πολῠ́πῐκρος (polúpikros)

Inflected forms

{
  "derived": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "roman": "glukúpīkros",
      "word": "γλῠκῠ́πῑκρος"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "roman": "thelxípikros",
      "word": "θελξῐ́πῐκρος"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "roman": "píkrā",
      "word": "πῐ́κρᾱ"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "roman": "pikrázō",
      "word": "πῐκρᾰ́ζω"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "roman": "pikraínō",
      "word": "πῐκραίνω"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "roman": "pikrantikós",
      "word": "πῐκρᾰντῐκός"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "roman": "pikrás",
      "word": "πῐκρᾰ́ς"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "roman": "pikrasmós",
      "word": "πῐκρᾰσμός"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "roman": "pikríā",
      "word": "πῐκρῐ́ᾱ"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "roman": "pikrídion",
      "word": "πῐκρῐ́δῐον"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "roman": "pikrídios",
      "word": "πῐκρῐ́δῐος"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "roman": "pikrízō",
      "word": "πῐκρῐ́ζω"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "roman": "pikrís",
      "word": "πῐκρῐ́ς"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "roman": "pikrógamos",
      "word": "πῐκρόγᾰμος"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "roman": "pikróglōssos",
      "word": "πῐκρόγλωσσος"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "roman": "pikrókarpos",
      "word": "πῐκρόκᾰρπος"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "roman": "pikrologíā",
      "word": "πῐκρολογῐ́ᾱ"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "roman": "pikrológos",
      "word": "πῐκρολόγος"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "roman": "pikrólōtos",
      "word": "πῐκρόλωτος"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "roman": "pikropoiós",
      "word": "πῐκροποιός"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "roman": "pikrótēs",
      "word": "πῐκρότης"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "roman": "pikrókholos",
      "word": "πῐκρόχολος"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "roman": "pikróō",
      "word": "πῐκρόω"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "roman": "polúpikros",
      "word": "πολῠ́πῐκρος"
    }
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "el",
            "2": "πικρός"
          },
          "expansion": "Greek: πικρός (pikrós)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Greek: πικρός (pikrós)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "pnt",
            "2": "πικρός"
          },
          "expansion": "Pontic Greek: πικρός (pikrós)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Pontic Greek: πικρός (pikrós)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "lzz",
            "2": "პრიკე",
            "3": "პრიკა",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Laz: პრიკე (p̌riǩe), პრიკა (p̌riǩa)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Laz: პრიკე (p̌riǩe), პრიკა (p̌riǩa)"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "grc",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*peyḱ-",
        "id": "mark"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "root"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "grc",
        "2": "grk-pro",
        "3": "*pikrós"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Hellenic *pikrós",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sla-pro",
        "2": "*pьstrъ",
        "3": "",
        "4": "variegated"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Slavic *pьstrъ (“variegated”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "grc",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*piḱrós",
        "4": "*piḱ-rós"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *piḱ-rós",
      "name": "inh"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Proto-Hellenic *pikrós, formally identical to Proto-Slavic *pьstrъ (“variegated”), which is from Proto-Indo-European *piḱ-rós, from the root *peyḱ- (“color, speckle”). The Greek word appears to invoke an earlier meaning of \"hew, cut out\" > \"sharp\". A further cognate is ποικίλος (poikílos, “particoloured”).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "πῐκρός",
      "tags": [
        "canonical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "pikrós",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "πῐκρᾱ́",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "πῐκρόν",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "Attic declension-2",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "grc-adecl",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "First and second declension",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "πῐκρός",
      "roman": "pikrós",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "πῐκρᾱ́",
      "roman": "pikrā́",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "πῐκρόν",
      "roman": "pikrón",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "πῐκρώ",
      "roman": "pikrṓ",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "masculine",
        "nominative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "πῐκρᾱ́",
      "roman": "pikrā́",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "feminine",
        "nominative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "πῐκρώ",
      "roman": "pikrṓ",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "neuter",
        "nominative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "πῐκροί",
      "roman": "pikroí",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "πῐκραί",
      "roman": "pikraí",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "πῐκρᾰ́",
      "roman": "pikrá",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "πῐκροῦ",
      "roman": "pikroû",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "masculine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "πῐκρᾶς",
      "roman": "pikrâs",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "πῐκροῦ",
      "roman": "pikroû",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "neuter",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "πῐκροῖν",
      "roman": "pikroîn",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "genitive",
        "masculine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "πῐκραῖν",
      "roman": "pikraîn",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "feminine",
        "genitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "πῐκροῖν",
      "roman": "pikroîn",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "genitive",
        "neuter"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "πῐκρῶν",
      "roman": "pikrôn",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "masculine",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "πῐκρῶν",
      "roman": "pikrôn",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "πῐκρῶν",
      "roman": "pikrôn",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "neuter",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "πῐκρῷ",
      "roman": "pikrôi",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "masculine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "πῐκρᾷ",
      "roman": "pikrâi",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "feminine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "πῐκρῷ",
      "roman": "pikrôi",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "neuter",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "πῐκροῖν",
      "roman": "pikroîn",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "dual",
        "masculine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "πῐκραῖν",
      "roman": "pikraîn",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "dual",
        "feminine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "πῐκροῖν",
      "roman": "pikroîn",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "dual",
        "neuter"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "πῐκροῖς",
      "roman": "pikroîs",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "masculine",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "πῐκραῖς",
      "roman": "pikraîs",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "feminine",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "πῐκροῖς",
      "roman": "pikroîs",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "neuter",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "πῐκρόν",
      "roman": "pikrón",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "masculine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "πῐκρᾱ́ν",
      "roman": "pikrā́n",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "feminine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "πῐκρόν",
      "roman": "pikrón",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "neuter",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "πῐκρώ",
      "roman": "pikrṓ",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "dual",
        "masculine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "πῐκρᾱ́",
      "roman": "pikrā́",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "dual",
        "feminine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "πῐκρώ",
      "roman": "pikrṓ",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "dual",
        "neuter"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "πῐκρούς",
      "roman": "pikroús",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "masculine",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "πῐκρᾱ́ς",
      "roman": "pikrā́s",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "feminine",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "πῐκρᾰ́",
      "roman": "pikrá",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "neuter",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "πῐκρέ",
      "roman": "pikré",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "πῐκρᾱ́",
      "roman": "pikrā́",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "πῐκρόν",
      "roman": "pikrón",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "πῐκρώ",
      "roman": "pikrṓ",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "masculine",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "πῐκρᾱ́",
      "roman": "pikrā́",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "feminine",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "πῐκρώ",
      "roman": "pikrṓ",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "neuter",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "πῐκροί",
      "roman": "pikroí",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "πῐκραί",
      "roman": "pikraí",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "πῐκρᾰ́",
      "roman": "pikrá",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "πῐκρῶς",
      "roman": "pikrôs",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "adverbial",
        "feminine",
        "masculine",
        "neuter"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "πῐκρότερος",
      "roman": "pikróteros",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "comparative",
        "feminine",
        "masculine",
        "neuter"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "πῐκρότᾰτος",
      "roman": "pikrótatos",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "masculine",
        "neuter",
        "superlative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "πῐκρός",
        "2": "ᾱ́"
      },
      "name": "grc-adecl"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Ancient Greek",
  "lang_code": "grc",
  "pos": "adj",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "17 10 16 24 5 23 5",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Ancient Greek entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "18 9 20 20 0 20 0 6 6",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 2 entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "18 9 20 20 0 20 0 6 6",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "pointed, sharp, keen"
      ],
      "id": "en-πικρός-grc-adj-hENEjUXL",
      "links": [
        [
          "pointed",
          "pointed"
        ],
        [
          "sharp",
          "sharp"
        ],
        [
          "keen",
          "keen"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "17 10 16 24 5 23 5",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Ancient Greek entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "pungent, bitter, acrid"
      ],
      "id": "en-πικρός-grc-adj-0deNbUJW",
      "links": [
        [
          "pungent",
          "pungent"
        ],
        [
          "bitter",
          "bitter"
        ],
        [
          "acrid",
          "acrid"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(of taste) pungent, bitter, acrid"
      ],
      "raw_tags": [
        "of taste"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "17 10 16 24 5 23 5",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Ancient Greek entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "18 9 20 20 0 20 0 6 6",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 2 entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "18 9 20 20 0 20 0 6 6",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "sharp, keen"
      ],
      "id": "en-πικρός-grc-adj-jl6i-xbI",
      "links": [
        [
          "sharp",
          "sharp"
        ],
        [
          "keen",
          "keen"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(of feeling) sharp, keen"
      ],
      "raw_tags": [
        "of feeling"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "17 10 16 24 5 23 5",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Ancient Greek entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "18 9 20 20 0 20 0 6 6",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 2 entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "18 9 20 20 0 20 0 6 6",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "piercing, shrill"
      ],
      "id": "en-πικρός-grc-adj-EPt-wTlt",
      "links": [
        [
          "piercing",
          "piercing"
        ],
        [
          "shrill",
          "shrill"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(of sound) piercing, shrill"
      ],
      "raw_tags": [
        "of sound"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "bitter, hateful"
      ],
      "id": "en-πικρός-grc-adj-Ln-N~8ac",
      "links": [
        [
          "bitter",
          "bitter"
        ],
        [
          "hateful",
          "hateful"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(figuratively) bitter, hateful"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "figuratively"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "17 10 16 24 5 23 5",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Ancient Greek entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "18 9 20 20 0 20 0 6 6",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 2 entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "18 9 20 20 0 20 0 6 6",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "embittered, angry, hostile"
      ],
      "id": "en-πικρός-grc-adj-yVHisNZT",
      "links": [
        [
          "embitter",
          "embitter"
        ],
        [
          "angry",
          "angry"
        ],
        [
          "hostile",
          "hostile"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "relentless, spiteful, vindictive"
      ],
      "id": "en-πικρός-grc-adj-92OKpwSx",
      "links": [
        [
          "relentless",
          "relentless"
        ],
        [
          "spiteful",
          "spiteful"
        ],
        [
          "vindictive",
          "vindictive"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/pi.krós/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/piˈkros/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/piˈkros/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/pi.krós/",
      "note": "5ᵗʰ BCE Attic"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/piˈkros/",
      "note": "1ˢᵗ CE Egyptian"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/piˈkros/",
      "note": "4ᵗʰ CE Koine"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/piˈkros/",
      "note": "10ᵗʰ CE Byzantine"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/piˈkros/",
      "note": "15ᵗʰ CE Constantinopolitan"
    }
  ],
  "word": "πικρός"
}
{
  "categories": [
    "Ancient Greek 2-syllable words",
    "Ancient Greek adjectives",
    "Ancient Greek entries with incorrect language header",
    "Ancient Greek lemmas",
    "Ancient Greek oxytone terms",
    "Ancient Greek terms derived from Proto-Hellenic",
    "Ancient Greek terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
    "Ancient Greek terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *peyḱ- (mark)",
    "Ancient Greek terms inherited from Proto-Hellenic",
    "Ancient Greek terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
    "Ancient Greek terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Pages with 2 entries",
    "Pages with entries",
    "el:Taste"
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "roman": "glukúpīkros",
      "word": "γλῠκῠ́πῑκρος"
    },
    {
      "roman": "thelxípikros",
      "word": "θελξῐ́πῐκρος"
    },
    {
      "roman": "píkrā",
      "word": "πῐ́κρᾱ"
    },
    {
      "roman": "pikrázō",
      "word": "πῐκρᾰ́ζω"
    },
    {
      "roman": "pikraínō",
      "word": "πῐκραίνω"
    },
    {
      "roman": "pikrantikós",
      "word": "πῐκρᾰντῐκός"
    },
    {
      "roman": "pikrás",
      "word": "πῐκρᾰ́ς"
    },
    {
      "roman": "pikrasmós",
      "word": "πῐκρᾰσμός"
    },
    {
      "roman": "pikríā",
      "word": "πῐκρῐ́ᾱ"
    },
    {
      "roman": "pikrídion",
      "word": "πῐκρῐ́δῐον"
    },
    {
      "roman": "pikrídios",
      "word": "πῐκρῐ́δῐος"
    },
    {
      "roman": "pikrízō",
      "word": "πῐκρῐ́ζω"
    },
    {
      "roman": "pikrís",
      "word": "πῐκρῐ́ς"
    },
    {
      "roman": "pikrógamos",
      "word": "πῐκρόγᾰμος"
    },
    {
      "roman": "pikróglōssos",
      "word": "πῐκρόγλωσσος"
    },
    {
      "roman": "pikrókarpos",
      "word": "πῐκρόκᾰρπος"
    },
    {
      "roman": "pikrologíā",
      "word": "πῐκρολογῐ́ᾱ"
    },
    {
      "roman": "pikrológos",
      "word": "πῐκρολόγος"
    },
    {
      "roman": "pikrólōtos",
      "word": "πῐκρόλωτος"
    },
    {
      "roman": "pikropoiós",
      "word": "πῐκροποιός"
    },
    {
      "roman": "pikrótēs",
      "word": "πῐκρότης"
    },
    {
      "roman": "pikrókholos",
      "word": "πῐκρόχολος"
    },
    {
      "roman": "pikróō",
      "word": "πῐκρόω"
    },
    {
      "roman": "polúpikros",
      "word": "πολῠ́πῐκρος"
    }
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "el",
            "2": "πικρός"
          },
          "expansion": "Greek: πικρός (pikrós)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Greek: πικρός (pikrós)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "pnt",
            "2": "πικρός"
          },
          "expansion": "Pontic Greek: πικρός (pikrós)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Pontic Greek: πικρός (pikrós)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "lzz",
            "2": "პრიკე",
            "3": "პრიკა",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Laz: პრიკე (p̌riǩe), პრიკა (p̌riǩa)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Laz: პრიკე (p̌riǩe), პრიკა (p̌riǩa)"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "grc",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*peyḱ-",
        "id": "mark"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "root"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "grc",
        "2": "grk-pro",
        "3": "*pikrós"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Hellenic *pikrós",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sla-pro",
        "2": "*pьstrъ",
        "3": "",
        "4": "variegated"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Slavic *pьstrъ (“variegated”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "grc",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*piḱrós",
        "4": "*piḱ-rós"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *piḱ-rós",
      "name": "inh"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Proto-Hellenic *pikrós, formally identical to Proto-Slavic *pьstrъ (“variegated”), which is from Proto-Indo-European *piḱ-rós, from the root *peyḱ- (“color, speckle”). The Greek word appears to invoke an earlier meaning of \"hew, cut out\" > \"sharp\". A further cognate is ποικίλος (poikílos, “particoloured”).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "πῐκρός",
      "tags": [
        "canonical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "pikrós",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "πῐκρᾱ́",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "πῐκρόν",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "Attic declension-2",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "grc-adecl",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "First and second declension",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "πῐκρός",
      "roman": "pikrós",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "πῐκρᾱ́",
      "roman": "pikrā́",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "πῐκρόν",
      "roman": "pikrón",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "πῐκρώ",
      "roman": "pikrṓ",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "masculine",
        "nominative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "πῐκρᾱ́",
      "roman": "pikrā́",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "feminine",
        "nominative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "πῐκρώ",
      "roman": "pikrṓ",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "neuter",
        "nominative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "πῐκροί",
      "roman": "pikroí",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "πῐκραί",
      "roman": "pikraí",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "πῐκρᾰ́",
      "roman": "pikrá",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "πῐκροῦ",
      "roman": "pikroû",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "masculine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "πῐκρᾶς",
      "roman": "pikrâs",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "πῐκροῦ",
      "roman": "pikroû",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "neuter",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "πῐκροῖν",
      "roman": "pikroîn",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "genitive",
        "masculine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "πῐκραῖν",
      "roman": "pikraîn",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "feminine",
        "genitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "πῐκροῖν",
      "roman": "pikroîn",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "genitive",
        "neuter"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "πῐκρῶν",
      "roman": "pikrôn",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "masculine",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "πῐκρῶν",
      "roman": "pikrôn",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "πῐκρῶν",
      "roman": "pikrôn",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "neuter",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "πῐκρῷ",
      "roman": "pikrôi",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "masculine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "πῐκρᾷ",
      "roman": "pikrâi",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "feminine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "πῐκρῷ",
      "roman": "pikrôi",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "neuter",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "πῐκροῖν",
      "roman": "pikroîn",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "dual",
        "masculine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "πῐκραῖν",
      "roman": "pikraîn",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "dual",
        "feminine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "πῐκροῖν",
      "roman": "pikroîn",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "dual",
        "neuter"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "πῐκροῖς",
      "roman": "pikroîs",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "masculine",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "πῐκραῖς",
      "roman": "pikraîs",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "feminine",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "πῐκροῖς",
      "roman": "pikroîs",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "neuter",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "πῐκρόν",
      "roman": "pikrón",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "masculine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "πῐκρᾱ́ν",
      "roman": "pikrā́n",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "feminine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "πῐκρόν",
      "roman": "pikrón",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "neuter",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "πῐκρώ",
      "roman": "pikrṓ",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "dual",
        "masculine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "πῐκρᾱ́",
      "roman": "pikrā́",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "dual",
        "feminine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "πῐκρώ",
      "roman": "pikrṓ",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "dual",
        "neuter"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "πῐκρούς",
      "roman": "pikroús",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "masculine",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "πῐκρᾱ́ς",
      "roman": "pikrā́s",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "feminine",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "πῐκρᾰ́",
      "roman": "pikrá",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "neuter",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "πῐκρέ",
      "roman": "pikré",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "πῐκρᾱ́",
      "roman": "pikrā́",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "πῐκρόν",
      "roman": "pikrón",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "πῐκρώ",
      "roman": "pikrṓ",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "masculine",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "πῐκρᾱ́",
      "roman": "pikrā́",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "feminine",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "πῐκρώ",
      "roman": "pikrṓ",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "neuter",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "πῐκροί",
      "roman": "pikroí",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "πῐκραί",
      "roman": "pikraí",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "πῐκρᾰ́",
      "roman": "pikrá",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "πῐκρῶς",
      "roman": "pikrôs",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "adverbial",
        "feminine",
        "masculine",
        "neuter"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "πῐκρότερος",
      "roman": "pikróteros",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "comparative",
        "feminine",
        "masculine",
        "neuter"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "πῐκρότᾰτος",
      "roman": "pikrótatos",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "masculine",
        "neuter",
        "superlative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "πῐκρός",
        "2": "ᾱ́"
      },
      "name": "grc-adecl"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Ancient Greek",
  "lang_code": "grc",
  "pos": "adj",
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "pointed, sharp, keen"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "pointed",
          "pointed"
        ],
        [
          "sharp",
          "sharp"
        ],
        [
          "keen",
          "keen"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "pungent, bitter, acrid"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "pungent",
          "pungent"
        ],
        [
          "bitter",
          "bitter"
        ],
        [
          "acrid",
          "acrid"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(of taste) pungent, bitter, acrid"
      ],
      "raw_tags": [
        "of taste"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "sharp, keen"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "sharp",
          "sharp"
        ],
        [
          "keen",
          "keen"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(of feeling) sharp, keen"
      ],
      "raw_tags": [
        "of feeling"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "piercing, shrill"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "piercing",
          "piercing"
        ],
        [
          "shrill",
          "shrill"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(of sound) piercing, shrill"
      ],
      "raw_tags": [
        "of sound"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "bitter, hateful"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "bitter",
          "bitter"
        ],
        [
          "hateful",
          "hateful"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(figuratively) bitter, hateful"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "figuratively"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "embittered, angry, hostile"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "embitter",
          "embitter"
        ],
        [
          "angry",
          "angry"
        ],
        [
          "hostile",
          "hostile"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "relentless, spiteful, vindictive"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "relentless",
          "relentless"
        ],
        [
          "spiteful",
          "spiteful"
        ],
        [
          "vindictive",
          "vindictive"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/pi.krós/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/piˈkros/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/piˈkros/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/pi.krós/",
      "note": "5ᵗʰ BCE Attic"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/piˈkros/",
      "note": "1ˢᵗ CE Egyptian"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/piˈkros/",
      "note": "4ᵗʰ CE Koine"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/piˈkros/",
      "note": "10ᵗʰ CE Byzantine"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/piˈkros/",
      "note": "15ᵗʰ CE Constantinopolitan"
    }
  ],
  "word": "πικρός"
}

Download raw JSONL data for πικρός meaning in Ancient Greek (11.0kB)

{
  "called_from": "inflection/865",
  "msg": "inflection table: IF WITHOUT ELSE EVALS False: πικρός/Ancient Greek 'Number' base_tags={'d', 'o', 'l', 'c', 'i', 't', '-', '2', 'n', 'A', 's', 'e'}",
  "path": [
    "πικρός"
  ],
  "section": "Ancient Greek",
  "subsection": "adjective",
  "title": "πικρός",
  "trace": ""
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Ancient Greek dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-11-28 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-11-21 using wiktextract (65a6e81 and 0dbea76). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.