See uɸostos on Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-bry-pro",
"2": "*gwass"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Brythonic: *gwass",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Brythonic: *gwass"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xbm",
"2": "uuas",
"3": "guas"
},
"expansion": "Middle Breton: uuas, guas",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Breton: uuas, guas"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "br",
"2": "gwaz"
},
"expansion": "Breton: gwaz",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Breton: gwaz"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xcb",
"2": "gos"
},
"expansion": "Cumbric: gos",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Cumbric: gos"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "oco",
"2": "guas"
},
"expansion": "Old Cornish: guas",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Cornish: guas"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kw",
"2": "gwas"
},
"expansion": "Cornish: gwas",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Cornish: gwas"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "owl",
"2": "guas"
},
"expansion": "Old Welsh: guas",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Welsh: guas"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "wlm",
"2": "gwas"
},
"expansion": "Middle Welsh: gwas",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Welsh: gwas"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "gwas"
},
"expansion": "Welsh: gwas",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Welsh: gwas"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "foss"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish: foss",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Irish: foss"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gd",
"2": "fasdadh"
},
"expansion": "Scottish Gaelic: fasdadh",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scottish Gaelic: fasdadh"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-gau",
"2": "*uassos"
},
"expansion": "Gaulish: *uassos",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Gaulish: *uassos"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "Vassa",
"bor": "1",
"pos": "cognomen of a Brescian"
},
"expansion": "→ Latin: Vassa (cognomen of a Brescian)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Latin: Vassa (cognomen of a Brescian)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "LL.",
"2": "vassus",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Late Latin: vassus",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Late Latin: vassus"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ML.",
"2": "vassallus",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Medieval Latin: vassallus",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Medieval Latin: vassallus (see there for further descendants)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "",
"4": "*upo-sth₂-ó-s",
"t": "standing beneath"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *upo-sth₂-ó-s (“standing beneath”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*upó",
"3": "*steh₂-",
"4": "*-ós",
"nocat": "1",
"t1": "under",
"t2": "to stand",
"t3": "agent suffix"
},
"expansion": "*upó (“under”) + *steh₂- (“to stand”) + *-ós (“agent suffix”)",
"name": "af"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Derived from Proto-Indo-European *upo-sth₂-ó-s (“standing beneath”), from *upó (“under”) + *steh₂- (“to stand”) + *-ós (“agent suffix”). Matasović, however, is confused at how the -o- in *uɸo- became -a- in Gaulish and Brythonic. However, Schrijver believes that in Brythonic, sequences of *wo regularly split into *wa and *wo depending on whether the *w was lenited; in this case, the vowel in the Brythonic descendants would be generalized from the lenited form. The Gaulish conversion of *wo to ua is regular.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "cel-decl-noun-o-m",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "uɸostos",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"singular",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "uɸostou",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"masculine",
"nominative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "uɸostoi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"plural",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "uɸoste",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"singular",
"stem",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "uɸostou",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"masculine",
"stem",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "uɸostoi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"plural",
"stem",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "uɸostom",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"singular",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "uɸostou",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual",
"masculine",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "uɸostons",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"plural",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "uɸostī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"singular",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "uɸostous",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive",
"masculine",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "uɸostom",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"plural",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "uɸostūi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"masculine",
"singular",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "uɸostobom",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual",
"masculine",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "uɸostobos",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"masculine",
"plural",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "uɸostei",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"masculine",
"singular",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative",
"masculine",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"masculine",
"plural",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "uɸostū",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"masculine",
"singular",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "uɸostobim",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental",
"masculine",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "uɸostūis",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"masculine",
"plural",
"stem"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "noun",
"cat2": "",
"g": "m",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "*uɸostos m",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "uɸost"
},
"name": "cel-decl-noun-o-m"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Celtic",
"lang_code": "cel-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/uɸostos",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Celtic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"servant"
],
"id": "en-uɸostos-cel-pro-noun-KVryxVxx",
"links": [
[
"servant",
"servant"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "uɸostos"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-bry-pro",
"2": "*gwass"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Brythonic: *gwass",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Brythonic: *gwass"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xbm",
"2": "uuas",
"3": "guas"
},
"expansion": "Middle Breton: uuas, guas",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Breton: uuas, guas"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "br",
"2": "gwaz"
},
"expansion": "Breton: gwaz",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Breton: gwaz"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xcb",
"2": "gos"
},
"expansion": "Cumbric: gos",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Cumbric: gos"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "oco",
"2": "guas"
},
"expansion": "Old Cornish: guas",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Cornish: guas"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kw",
"2": "gwas"
},
"expansion": "Cornish: gwas",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Cornish: gwas"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "owl",
"2": "guas"
},
"expansion": "Old Welsh: guas",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Welsh: guas"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "wlm",
"2": "gwas"
},
"expansion": "Middle Welsh: gwas",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Welsh: gwas"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "gwas"
},
"expansion": "Welsh: gwas",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Welsh: gwas"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "foss"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish: foss",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Irish: foss"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gd",
"2": "fasdadh"
},
"expansion": "Scottish Gaelic: fasdadh",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scottish Gaelic: fasdadh"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-gau",
"2": "*uassos"
},
"expansion": "Gaulish: *uassos",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Gaulish: *uassos"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "Vassa",
"bor": "1",
"pos": "cognomen of a Brescian"
},
"expansion": "→ Latin: Vassa (cognomen of a Brescian)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Latin: Vassa (cognomen of a Brescian)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "LL.",
"2": "vassus",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Late Latin: vassus",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Late Latin: vassus"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ML.",
"2": "vassallus",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Medieval Latin: vassallus",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Medieval Latin: vassallus (see there for further descendants)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "",
"4": "*upo-sth₂-ó-s",
"t": "standing beneath"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *upo-sth₂-ó-s (“standing beneath”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*upó",
"3": "*steh₂-",
"4": "*-ós",
"nocat": "1",
"t1": "under",
"t2": "to stand",
"t3": "agent suffix"
},
"expansion": "*upó (“under”) + *steh₂- (“to stand”) + *-ós (“agent suffix”)",
"name": "af"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Derived from Proto-Indo-European *upo-sth₂-ó-s (“standing beneath”), from *upó (“under”) + *steh₂- (“to stand”) + *-ós (“agent suffix”). Matasović, however, is confused at how the -o- in *uɸo- became -a- in Gaulish and Brythonic. However, Schrijver believes that in Brythonic, sequences of *wo regularly split into *wa and *wo depending on whether the *w was lenited; in this case, the vowel in the Brythonic descendants would be generalized from the lenited form. The Gaulish conversion of *wo to ua is regular.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "cel-decl-noun-o-m",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "uɸostos",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"singular",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "uɸostou",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"masculine",
"nominative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "uɸostoi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"plural",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "uɸoste",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"singular",
"stem",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "uɸostou",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"masculine",
"stem",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "uɸostoi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"plural",
"stem",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "uɸostom",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"singular",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "uɸostou",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual",
"masculine",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "uɸostons",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"plural",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "uɸostī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"singular",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "uɸostous",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive",
"masculine",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "uɸostom",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"plural",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "uɸostūi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"masculine",
"singular",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "uɸostobom",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual",
"masculine",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "uɸostobos",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"masculine",
"plural",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "uɸostei",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"masculine",
"singular",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative",
"masculine",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"masculine",
"plural",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "uɸostū",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"masculine",
"singular",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "uɸostobim",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental",
"masculine",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "uɸostūis",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"masculine",
"plural",
"stem"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "noun",
"cat2": "",
"g": "m",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "*uɸostos m",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "uɸost"
},
"name": "cel-decl-noun-o-m"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Celtic",
"lang_code": "cel-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/uɸostos",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Celtic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Celtic lemmas",
"Proto-Celtic masculine nouns",
"Proto-Celtic nouns",
"Proto-Celtic o-stem nouns",
"Proto-Celtic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European"
],
"glosses": [
"servant"
],
"links": [
[
"servant",
"servant"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "uɸostos"
}
Download raw JSONL data for uɸostos meaning in All languages combined (6.4kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-02-26 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-02-21 using wiktextract (ce0be54 and f2e72e5). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.