See toppus on Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "top"
},
"expansion": "Old French: top, tup, tupe, tope, toup\n→ Galician: tope\n→ Spanish: tope\n→ Portuguese: topo\n⇒ Old French: toupet\n→ Old Galician-Portuguese: topete\nGalician: topete\nPortuguese: topete\nMiddle French: toupet, topet\nFrench: toupet (see there for further descendants)\nNorman: toupet, tupé\n→ Middle English: topet\n⇒? Old French: topoie, toupie, tourpe, tourpie\nMiddle French: toupie\nFrench: toupie",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old French: top, tup, tupe, tope, toup\n→ Galician: tope\n→ Spanish: tope\n→ Portuguese: topo\n⇒ Old French: toupet\n→ Old Galician-Portuguese: topete\nGalician: topete\nPortuguese: topete\nMiddle French: toupet, topet\nFrench: toupet (see there for further descendants)\nNorman: toupet, tupé\n→ Middle English: topet\n⇒? Old French: topoie, toupie, tourpe, tourpie\nMiddle French: toupie\nFrench: toupie"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "toppo"
},
"expansion": "Italian: toppo",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Italian: toppo"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "scn",
"2": "tuppu"
},
"expansion": "Sicilian: tuppu",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sicilian: tuppu"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "frk",
"3": "*topp",
"4": "",
"5": "summit, top"
},
"expansion": "Frankish *topp (“summit, top”)",
"name": "bor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Frankish *topp (“summit, top”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "toppum",
"tags": [
"oblique"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "/ˈtoppos/",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "/ˈtoppi/",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "/ˈtoppu/",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"oblique",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "/ˈtoppos/",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"oblique",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "*toppus<2>"
},
"expansion": "*toppus m (oblique *toppum); second declension",
"name": "la-noun"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "PIWR"
},
"expansion": "(Proto-Italo-Western-Romance)",
"name": "tlb"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Latin/toppus",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin masculine nouns in the second declension",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Italo-Western-Romance",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"summit, top"
],
"id": "en-toppus-la-noun-O9OFZz-K",
"links": [
[
"summit",
"summit"
],
[
"top",
"top"
]
],
"tags": [
"Proto-Italo-Western-Romance",
"declension-2",
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈtoppos/"
}
],
"word": "toppus"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "top"
},
"expansion": "Old French: top, tup, tupe, tope, toup\n→ Galician: tope\n→ Spanish: tope\n→ Portuguese: topo\n⇒ Old French: toupet\n→ Old Galician-Portuguese: topete\nGalician: topete\nPortuguese: topete\nMiddle French: toupet, topet\nFrench: toupet (see there for further descendants)\nNorman: toupet, tupé\n→ Middle English: topet\n⇒? Old French: topoie, toupie, tourpe, tourpie\nMiddle French: toupie\nFrench: toupie",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old French: top, tup, tupe, tope, toup\n→ Galician: tope\n→ Spanish: tope\n→ Portuguese: topo\n⇒ Old French: toupet\n→ Old Galician-Portuguese: topete\nGalician: topete\nPortuguese: topete\nMiddle French: toupet, topet\nFrench: toupet (see there for further descendants)\nNorman: toupet, tupé\n→ Middle English: topet\n⇒? Old French: topoie, toupie, tourpe, tourpie\nMiddle French: toupie\nFrench: toupie"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "toppo"
},
"expansion": "Italian: toppo",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Italian: toppo"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "scn",
"2": "tuppu"
},
"expansion": "Sicilian: tuppu",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sicilian: tuppu"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "frk",
"3": "*topp",
"4": "",
"5": "summit, top"
},
"expansion": "Frankish *topp (“summit, top”)",
"name": "bor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Frankish *topp (“summit, top”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "toppum",
"tags": [
"oblique"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "/ˈtoppos/",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "/ˈtoppi/",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "/ˈtoppu/",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"oblique",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "/ˈtoppos/",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"oblique",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "*toppus<2>"
},
"expansion": "*toppus m (oblique *toppum); second declension",
"name": "la-noun"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "PIWR"
},
"expansion": "(Proto-Italo-Western-Romance)",
"name": "tlb"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Latin/toppus",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"Latin lemmas",
"Latin masculine nouns",
"Latin masculine nouns in the second declension",
"Latin reconstructed nouns",
"Latin second declension nouns",
"Latin terms borrowed from Frankish",
"Latin terms derived from Frankish",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Italo-Western-Romance"
],
"glosses": [
"summit, top"
],
"links": [
[
"summit",
"summit"
],
[
"top",
"top"
]
],
"tags": [
"Proto-Italo-Western-Romance",
"declension-2",
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈtoppos/"
}
],
"word": "toppus"
}
Download raw JSONL data for toppus meaning in All languages combined (2.8kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-02-03 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-01-20 using wiktextract (05fdf6b and 9dbd323). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.