"toporъ" meaning in All languages combined

{
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "East Slavic:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "orv",
            "2": "топоръ"
          },
          "expansion": "Old East Slavic: топоръ (toporŭ)\nOld Ruthenian: топо́ръ (topór)\nBelarusian: тапо́р (tapór)\nUkrainian: топі́р (topír)\nRussian: топо́р (topór)",
          "name": "desctree"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old East Slavic: топоръ (toporŭ)\nOld Ruthenian: топо́ръ (topór)\nBelarusian: тапо́р (tapór)\nUkrainian: топі́р (topír)\nRussian: топо́р (topór)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "South Slavic:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "cu",
            "2": "-"
          },
          "expansion": "Old Church Slavonic:",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old Church Slavonic:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "bg",
            "2": "топо́р"
          },
          "expansion": "Bulgarian: топо́р (topór)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Bulgarian: топо́р (topór)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "Russian"
          },
          "expansion": "(Russian)",
          "name": "q"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Church Slavonic: топоръ (toporŭ) (Russian)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sh",
            "2": "-"
          },
          "expansion": "Serbo-Croatian:",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Serbo-Croatian:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sh",
            "2": "то̏пор",
            "sclb": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "Cyrillic script: то̏пор",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Cyrillic script: то̏пор"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sh",
            "2": "tȍpor",
            "sclb": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "Latin script: tȍpor",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Latin script: tȍpor"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sl",
            "2": "tópor"
          },
          "expansion": "Slovene: tópor",
          "name": "desc"
        },
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "obsolete"
          },
          "expansion": "(obsolete)",
          "name": "q"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Slovene: tópor; tôpor (obsolete)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "West Slavic:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "cs",
            "2": "topor"
          },
          "expansion": "Czech: topor",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Czech: topor"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "pl",
            "2": "topór"
          },
          "expansion": "Polish: topór",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Polish: topór"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sk",
            "2": "topor"
          },
          "expansion": "Slovak: topor",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Slovak: topor"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Sorbian:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "dsb",
            "2": "toporišćo",
            "der": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "⇒ Lower Sorbian: toporišćo",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "⇒ Lower Sorbian: toporišćo"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "hsb",
            "2": "toporo"
          },
          "expansion": "Upper Sorbian: toporo",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Upper Sorbian: toporo"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "rup",
            "2": "tãpor",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Aromanian: tãpor",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Aromanian: tãpor"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "ro",
            "2": "topor",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Romanian: topor",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Romanian: topor"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "loanword",
        "2": "Borrowed"
      },
      "expansion": "Borrowed",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sla-pro",
        "2": "ira",
        "3": "",
        "4": "",
        "5": "",
        "g": "",
        "g2": "",
        "g3": "",
        "id": "",
        "lit": "",
        "nocat": "",
        "pos": "",
        "sc": "",
        "sort": "",
        "tr": "",
        "ts": ""
      },
      "expansion": "Iranian",
      "name": "bor"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sla-pro",
        "2": "ira"
      },
      "expansion": "Borrowed from Iranian",
      "name": "bor+"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sla-pro",
        "2": "peo",
        "3": "*tapara-"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Persian *tapara-",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sla-pro",
        "2": "iir-pro",
        "3": "*paraćúš"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian *paraćúš",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "os",
        "2": "фӕрӕт",
        "t": "axe"
      },
      "expansion": "Ossetian фӕрӕт (færæt, “axe”)",
      "name": "nc"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "txb",
        "2": "peret",
        "t": "axe"
      },
      "expansion": "Tocharian B peret (“axe”)",
      "name": "nc"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "cv",
        "2": "пуртӑ",
        "t": "axe"
      },
      "expansion": "Chuvash пуртӑ (purt̬ă, “axe”)",
      "name": "nc"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ba",
        "2": "балта",
        "t": "axe"
      },
      "expansion": "Bashkir балта (balta, “axe”)",
      "name": "nc"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ru",
        "2": "балта"
      },
      "expansion": "Russian балта (balta)",
      "name": "nc"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pal",
        "2": "",
        "tr": "tabrak"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle Persian [script needed] (tabrak)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fa",
        "2": "تبر",
        "tr": "tabar"
      },
      "expansion": "Persian تبر (tabar)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "kmr",
        "2": "tevir"
      },
      "expansion": "Northern Kurdish tevir",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ckb",
        "2": "تهڤر"
      },
      "expansion": "Central Kurdish تهڤر (tevir)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "bal",
        "2": "",
        "tr": "tapar"
      },
      "expansion": "Baluchi [script needed] (tapar)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "mhr",
        "2": "товар"
      },
      "expansion": "Eastern Mari товар (tovar)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "eve",
        "2": "тобар"
      },
      "expansion": "Even тобар (toʙar)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ttt",
        "2": "тевер"
      },
      "expansion": "Tat тевер",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "xcl",
        "2": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Armenian",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "hy",
        "2": "տապար"
      },
      "expansion": "Armenian տապար (tapar)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ru",
        "2": "тёпать",
        "t": "тяпать, рубить топором, сечкой"
      },
      "expansion": "Russian тёпать (tjópatʹ, “тяпать, рубить топором, сечкой”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sla-pro",
        "2": "",
        "3": "*-orъ"
      },
      "expansion": "[Term?] + *-orъ",
      "name": "af"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "cs",
        "2": "sochor"
      },
      "expansion": "Czech sochor",
      "name": "nc"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "trk-cmn",
        "2": "*čak-",
        "t": "to strike"
      },
      "expansion": "Common Turkic *čak- (“to strike”)",
      "name": "nc"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "hu",
        "2": "csákány",
        "t": "pickaxe"
      },
      "expansion": "Hungarian csákány (“pickaxe”)",
      "name": "nc"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sga",
        "2": "bïáil",
        "t": "axe, hatchet"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Irish bïáil (“axe, hatchet”)",
      "name": "nc"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gem-pro",
        "2": "*bilją",
        "t": "blade; axe; sword"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *bilją (“blade; axe; sword”)",
      "name": "nc"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "onomatopoeia"
      },
      "expansion": "(onomatopoeia)",
      "name": "i"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "uk",
        "2": "тепорити",
        "t": "to drag, to tug"
      },
      "expansion": "Ukrainian тепорити (teporyty, “to drag, to tug”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ru",
        "2": "тепсти",
        "t": "тянуть, тащить, везти с усилием"
      },
      "expansion": "Russian тепсти (tepsti, “тянуть, тащить, везти с усилием”)",
      "name": "nc"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gem-pro",
        "2": "*bardō"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *bardō",
      "name": "nc"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gem-pro",
        "2": "*akwisī",
        "t": "axe"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *akwisī (“axe”)",
      "name": "nc"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Possible origin:\n* Per Brückner, Trubačev, Meillet, Miklošič: Borrowed from Iranian language (Old Persian *tapara-).\n** Per Zaliznyak, Martynov: Iranian *tapara is metathesized from *parata, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *paraćúš. Related to Ossetian фӕрӕт (færæt, “axe”), Tocharian B peret (“axe”). See also Chuvash пуртӑ (purt̬ă, “axe”) and Bashkir балта (balta, “axe”), Turkic balta (>? Russian балта (balta), ?балда (balda)).\n** Related to Middle Persian [script needed] (tabrak), modern Persian تبر (tabar), Northern Kurdish tevir / Central Kurdish تهڤر (tevir), Baluchi [script needed] (tapar), Eastern Mari товар (tovar), Even тобар (toʙar), Tat тевер and Old Armenian / Armenian տապար (tapar).\n* Per Mladenov, Vasmer, Chernykh, Snoj: somehow from *teti (“to beat”), *tepetь. Compare Russian тёпать (tjópatʹ, “тяпать, рубить топором, сечкой”), see also тяпка (tjapka, “hoe”), тяп (tjap, “удар топором, сечкой”).\n** From some o-grade noun/verb [Term?] + *-orъ. Compare Czech sochor < *soxa, *kosorъ/*kosořь (: *koserъ/*kosěrъ, *kosyřь?, *kosařь) < *kosa / ?*kositi, *stoborъ < *stebʰ-.\n** Compare *čekanъ/*čakanъ < Common Turkic *čak- (“to strike”) (> Hungarian csákány (“pickaxe”)), Old Irish bïáil (“axe, hatchet”), Proto-Germanic *bilją (“blade; axe; sword”) < *bʰeyH- (“to strike, beat; hew”) / *bʰeyh₂- (> *bidlo).\n* Per Зубатый: related to *topati (onomatopoeia), *tъpъtati (<? *(s)tewp-) and possibly Ukrainian тепорити (teporyty, “to drag, to tug”) (: ?Russian тепсти (tepsti, “тянуть, тащить, везти с усилием”)).\nCompare *sekyra (“axe”) : ?*sěťi (“to cut, mow”) (> *sěčivo, *dervosěkъ, *drъvosěkъ), *tesla (“adze”) : *tesati (“to hew”) and *oskъrdъ < *(s)kérdʰh₁eti (“to cut”), *bordy <? Proto-Germanic *bardō < ?, *okъša? < Proto-Germanic *akwisī (“axe”). See also *tęti, *drъvotonь (“wood-cutting place”), *kolti, *rǫbiti : ?*remeslo.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "topòrъ",
      "tags": [
        "canonical",
        "masculine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sla-decl-noun",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "o-stem",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "class"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "b",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accent-paradigm"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "topòrъ",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "toporà",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "nominative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "toporì",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "toporà",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "toporù",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "genitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "topòrъ",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "toporù",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "toporòma",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "dual"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "toporòmъ",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "topòrъ",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "toporà",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "dual"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "toporỳ",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "toporъ̀mь",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "toporòmь",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "toporòma",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "instrumental"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "topòry",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "toporě̀",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "toporù",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "locative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "topòrěxъ",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "topore",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "toporà",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "toporì",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "ap": "b",
        "stem": "o"
      },
      "name": "sla-decl-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Proto-Slavic",
  "lang_code": "sla-pro",
  "original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/toporъ",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Proto-Slavic entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Proto-Slavic nominals with accent paradigm b",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Slovene quotations with omitted translation",
          "parents": [
            "Quotations with omitted translation",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Undetermined quotations with omitted translation",
          "parents": [
            "Quotations with omitted translation",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "derived": [
        {
          "english": "axe pole",
          "word": "toporišče"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "axe, hatchet"
      ],
      "id": "en-toporъ-sla-pro-noun-dijBR8xF",
      "links": [
        [
          "axe",
          "axe"
        ],
        [
          "hatchet",
          "hatchet"
        ]
      ],
      "related": [
        {
          "english": "poplar",
          "word": "topolь"
        },
        {
          "english": "to heat",
          "word": "topiti"
        },
        {
          "english": "warm",
          "word": "teplъ"
        },
        {
          "english": "to drown",
          "word": "topiti"
        },
        {
          "word": "toňa"
        },
        {
          "word": "tepadlo"
        },
        {
          "english": "bat, beater",
          "word": "tepadlьnikъ"
        }
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "*sekyra"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "reconstruction"
      ],
      "wikipedia": [
        "Marko Snoj"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "toporъ"
}

{
  "derived": [
    {
      "english": "axe pole",
      "word": "toporišče"
    }
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "East Slavic:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "orv",
            "2": "топоръ"
          },
          "expansion": "Old East Slavic: топоръ (toporŭ)\nOld Ruthenian: топо́ръ (topór)\nBelarusian: тапо́р (tapór)\nUkrainian: топі́р (topír)\nRussian: топо́р (topór)",
          "name": "desctree"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old East Slavic: топоръ (toporŭ)\nOld Ruthenian: топо́ръ (topór)\nBelarusian: тапо́р (tapór)\nUkrainian: топі́р (topír)\nRussian: топо́р (topór)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "South Slavic:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "cu",
            "2": "-"
          },
          "expansion": "Old Church Slavonic:",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old Church Slavonic:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "bg",
            "2": "топо́р"
          },
          "expansion": "Bulgarian: топо́р (topór)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Bulgarian: топо́р (topór)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "Russian"
          },
          "expansion": "(Russian)",
          "name": "q"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Church Slavonic: топоръ (toporŭ) (Russian)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sh",
            "2": "-"
          },
          "expansion": "Serbo-Croatian:",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Serbo-Croatian:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sh",
            "2": "то̏пор",
            "sclb": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "Cyrillic script: то̏пор",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Cyrillic script: то̏пор"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sh",
            "2": "tȍpor",
            "sclb": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "Latin script: tȍpor",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Latin script: tȍpor"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sl",
            "2": "tópor"
          },
          "expansion": "Slovene: tópor",
          "name": "desc"
        },
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "obsolete"
          },
          "expansion": "(obsolete)",
          "name": "q"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Slovene: tópor; tôpor (obsolete)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "West Slavic:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "cs",
            "2": "topor"
          },
          "expansion": "Czech: topor",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Czech: topor"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "pl",
            "2": "topór"
          },
          "expansion": "Polish: topór",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Polish: topór"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sk",
            "2": "topor"
          },
          "expansion": "Slovak: topor",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Slovak: topor"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Sorbian:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "dsb",
            "2": "toporišćo",
            "der": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "⇒ Lower Sorbian: toporišćo",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "⇒ Lower Sorbian: toporišćo"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "hsb",
            "2": "toporo"
          },
          "expansion": "Upper Sorbian: toporo",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Upper Sorbian: toporo"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "rup",
            "2": "tãpor",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Aromanian: tãpor",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Aromanian: tãpor"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "ro",
            "2": "topor",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Romanian: topor",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Romanian: topor"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "loanword",
        "2": "Borrowed"
      },
      "expansion": "Borrowed",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sla-pro",
        "2": "ira",
        "3": "",
        "4": "",
        "5": "",
        "g": "",
        "g2": "",
        "g3": "",
        "id": "",
        "lit": "",
        "nocat": "",
        "pos": "",
        "sc": "",
        "sort": "",
        "tr": "",
        "ts": ""
      },
      "expansion": "Iranian",
      "name": "bor"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sla-pro",
        "2": "ira"
      },
      "expansion": "Borrowed from Iranian",
      "name": "bor+"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sla-pro",
        "2": "peo",
        "3": "*tapara-"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Persian *tapara-",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sla-pro",
        "2": "iir-pro",
        "3": "*paraćúš"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian *paraćúš",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "os",
        "2": "фӕрӕт",
        "t": "axe"
      },
      "expansion": "Ossetian фӕрӕт (færæt, “axe”)",
      "name": "nc"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "txb",
        "2": "peret",
        "t": "axe"
      },
      "expansion": "Tocharian B peret (“axe”)",
      "name": "nc"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "cv",
        "2": "пуртӑ",
        "t": "axe"
      },
      "expansion": "Chuvash пуртӑ (purt̬ă, “axe”)",
      "name": "nc"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ba",
        "2": "балта",
        "t": "axe"
      },
      "expansion": "Bashkir балта (balta, “axe”)",
      "name": "nc"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ru",
        "2": "балта"
      },
      "expansion": "Russian балта (balta)",
      "name": "nc"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pal",
        "2": "",
        "tr": "tabrak"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle Persian [script needed] (tabrak)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fa",
        "2": "تبر",
        "tr": "tabar"
      },
      "expansion": "Persian تبر (tabar)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "kmr",
        "2": "tevir"
      },
      "expansion": "Northern Kurdish tevir",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ckb",
        "2": "تهڤر"
      },
      "expansion": "Central Kurdish تهڤر (tevir)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "bal",
        "2": "",
        "tr": "tapar"
      },
      "expansion": "Baluchi [script needed] (tapar)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "mhr",
        "2": "товар"
      },
      "expansion": "Eastern Mari товар (tovar)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "eve",
        "2": "тобар"
      },
      "expansion": "Even тобар (toʙar)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ttt",
        "2": "тевер"
      },
      "expansion": "Tat тевер",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "xcl",
        "2": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Armenian",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "hy",
        "2": "տապար"
      },
      "expansion": "Armenian տապար (tapar)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ru",
        "2": "тёпать",
        "t": "тяпать, рубить топором, сечкой"
      },
      "expansion": "Russian тёпать (tjópatʹ, “тяпать, рубить топором, сечкой”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sla-pro",
        "2": "",
        "3": "*-orъ"
      },
      "expansion": "[Term?] + *-orъ",
      "name": "af"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "cs",
        "2": "sochor"
      },
      "expansion": "Czech sochor",
      "name": "nc"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "trk-cmn",
        "2": "*čak-",
        "t": "to strike"
      },
      "expansion": "Common Turkic *čak- (“to strike”)",
      "name": "nc"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "hu",
        "2": "csákány",
        "t": "pickaxe"
      },
      "expansion": "Hungarian csákány (“pickaxe”)",
      "name": "nc"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sga",
        "2": "bïáil",
        "t": "axe, hatchet"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Irish bïáil (“axe, hatchet”)",
      "name": "nc"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gem-pro",
        "2": "*bilją",
        "t": "blade; axe; sword"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *bilją (“blade; axe; sword”)",
      "name": "nc"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "onomatopoeia"
      },
      "expansion": "(onomatopoeia)",
      "name": "i"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "uk",
        "2": "тепорити",
        "t": "to drag, to tug"
      },
      "expansion": "Ukrainian тепорити (teporyty, “to drag, to tug”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ru",
        "2": "тепсти",
        "t": "тянуть, тащить, везти с усилием"
      },
      "expansion": "Russian тепсти (tepsti, “тянуть, тащить, везти с усилием”)",
      "name": "nc"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gem-pro",
        "2": "*bardō"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *bardō",
      "name": "nc"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gem-pro",
        "2": "*akwisī",
        "t": "axe"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *akwisī (“axe”)",
      "name": "nc"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Possible origin:\n* Per Brückner, Trubačev, Meillet, Miklošič: Borrowed from Iranian language (Old Persian *tapara-).\n** Per Zaliznyak, Martynov: Iranian *tapara is metathesized from *parata, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *paraćúš. Related to Ossetian фӕрӕт (færæt, “axe”), Tocharian B peret (“axe”). See also Chuvash пуртӑ (purt̬ă, “axe”) and Bashkir балта (balta, “axe”), Turkic balta (>? Russian балта (balta), ?балда (balda)).\n** Related to Middle Persian [script needed] (tabrak), modern Persian تبر (tabar), Northern Kurdish tevir / Central Kurdish تهڤر (tevir), Baluchi [script needed] (tapar), Eastern Mari товар (tovar), Even тобар (toʙar), Tat тевер and Old Armenian / Armenian տապար (tapar).\n* Per Mladenov, Vasmer, Chernykh, Snoj: somehow from *teti (“to beat”), *tepetь. Compare Russian тёпать (tjópatʹ, “тяпать, рубить топором, сечкой”), see also тяпка (tjapka, “hoe”), тяп (tjap, “удар топором, сечкой”).\n** From some o-grade noun/verb [Term?] + *-orъ. Compare Czech sochor < *soxa, *kosorъ/*kosořь (: *koserъ/*kosěrъ, *kosyřь?, *kosařь) < *kosa / ?*kositi, *stoborъ < *stebʰ-.\n** Compare *čekanъ/*čakanъ < Common Turkic *čak- (“to strike”) (> Hungarian csákány (“pickaxe”)), Old Irish bïáil (“axe, hatchet”), Proto-Germanic *bilją (“blade; axe; sword”) < *bʰeyH- (“to strike, beat; hew”) / *bʰeyh₂- (> *bidlo).\n* Per Зубатый: related to *topati (onomatopoeia), *tъpъtati (<? *(s)tewp-) and possibly Ukrainian тепорити (teporyty, “to drag, to tug”) (: ?Russian тепсти (tepsti, “тянуть, тащить, везти с усилием”)).\nCompare *sekyra (“axe”) : ?*sěťi (“to cut, mow”) (> *sěčivo, *dervosěkъ, *drъvosěkъ), *tesla (“adze”) : *tesati (“to hew”) and *oskъrdъ < *(s)kérdʰh₁eti (“to cut”), *bordy <? Proto-Germanic *bardō < ?, *okъša? < Proto-Germanic *akwisī (“axe”). See also *tęti, *drъvotonь (“wood-cutting place”), *kolti, *rǫbiti : ?*remeslo.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "topòrъ",
      "tags": [
        "canonical",
        "masculine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sla-decl-noun",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "o-stem",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "class"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "b",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accent-paradigm"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "topòrъ",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "toporà",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "nominative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "toporì",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "toporà",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "toporù",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "genitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "topòrъ",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "toporù",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "toporòma",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "dual"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "toporòmъ",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "topòrъ",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "toporà",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "dual"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "toporỳ",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "toporъ̀mь",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "toporòmь",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "toporòma",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "instrumental"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "topòry",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "toporě̀",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "toporù",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "locative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "topòrěxъ",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "topore",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "toporà",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "toporì",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "ap": "b",
        "stem": "o"
      },
      "name": "sla-decl-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Proto-Slavic",
  "lang_code": "sla-pro",
  "original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/toporъ",
  "pos": "noun",
  "related": [
    {
      "english": "poplar",
      "word": "topolь"
    },
    {
      "english": "to heat",
      "word": "topiti"
    },
    {
      "english": "warm",
      "word": "teplъ"
    },
    {
      "english": "to drown",
      "word": "topiti"
    },
    {
      "word": "toňa"
    },
    {
      "word": "tepadlo"
    },
    {
      "english": "bat, beater",
      "word": "tepadlьnikъ"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Proto-Slavic entries with incorrect language header",
        "Proto-Slavic hard masculine o-stem nouns",
        "Proto-Slavic hard o-stem nouns",
        "Proto-Slavic lemmas",
        "Proto-Slavic masculine nouns",
        "Proto-Slavic nominals with accent paradigm b",
        "Proto-Slavic nouns",
        "Slovene quotations with omitted translation",
        "Slovene terms with quotations",
        "Undetermined quotations with omitted translation",
        "Undetermined terms with quotations"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "axe, hatchet"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "axe",
          "axe"
        ],
        [
          "hatchet",
          "hatchet"
        ]
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "*sekyra"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "reconstruction"
      ],
      "wikipedia": [
        "Marko Snoj"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "toporъ"
}